China's Voluntary Mitigation Target and Road of Low-carbon Development

China is going through a rapid development stage of industrialization and urbanization.Although tremendous achievements have been made in the aspects of energy conservation,improvement of energy effectiveness and development of new and renewable energies,because of the rapid development of economy,it is difficult to change the huge total amount and fast increase of CO2 emission in the near future.China has to confront the tough challenge to address global climate change.China plans to reduce carbon intensity,that is,CO2 emissions per unit GDP,by 40 to 45% by 2020 compared with the 2005 level.It is a strategic option to coordinate domestic sustainable development with coping with global climate change on the basis of China's national circumstances,representing the core content and key measures for transforming development pattern and realizing low-carbon development.To achieve the target,more capital and technology inputs are required for energy conservation and low-carbon development during the twelfth and Thirteenth Five Year Plan period than in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period.In addition,energy conservation achieved by structural adjustment,industrial upgrading and product value-added improvement is also expected to play a greater role.Therefore,China should strengthen technological innovation,make greater efforts to transform the development pattern,take advantage of the synergistic effect of policies and measures while coping with global climate change and building a domestic tow-oriented society.China should also establish an industrial system characterized by low-carbon emission.Then China will ultimately achieve a win-win situation in both domestic sustainable development and coping with global climate change.

A decomposition model to analyze effect of SO_2 emission density of China

A decomposition model was applied to study the resource-saving and environment-friendly effects of air pollutant emissions(taking industrial SO2 emission as an example) in China.From the results,it is found that 38.93% and 61.07% are contributed to environment-friendly and resource-saving effects,respectively,by the dramatic decrease in industrial SO2 emission density(nearly 70% from 2001 to 2010).This indicates that China has achieved important progress during the 11th FYP(five-year plan) compared with the 10th FYP.A simultaneous equations model was also employed to analyze the influencing factors by using data from 30 provinces in China.The results imply that the influence of environmental regulation on environment-friendly effect is not obvious during the 10th FYP but obvious during the 11th FYP.Thus,the government should continue promoting the environment-friendly effect by further enhancing environmental regulation and strengthening the role of environmental management.

Variational formulas and approximation theorems for the first eigenvalue in dimension one

Some complete variational formulas and approximation theorems for the first eigenvalue of elliptic operators in dimension one or a class of Markov chains are presented.

Fractional integration associated with second order divergence operators on R^n

The classical Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev theorems for Riesz potentials (?Δ)?α/2 are extended to the generalised fractional integrals L –α/2 for 0 < α < n, where L=?div A? is a uniformly complex elliptic operator with bounded measurable coefficients in ?n.

The prefer red-site tendency of alloying element Nb in Fe γ phase and its effect on grain boundary cohesion

The discrete variational (DV) and DMol methods within the framework of density functional theory are used to study the effect of alloying element Nb on Fe γ phase.The impurity formation energy in bulk and segregation energies at grain boundary and free surface are calculated.The results show that Nb prefers to segregate at grain boundary.The difference in segregation energies between the grain boundary and the corresponding free surface is -0.39 eV for solute Nb.According to Rice-Wang model,it can be predicted that Nb can enhance grain boundary cohesion.The calculated results of interatomic energy and charge density show that charge would be redistributed,and the bonds across grain boundary are strengthened by the substitution of Nb for Fe.As a result,it is difficult for the grain boundary to move.Thus the dragging effect of Nb is explained electronically.

“We Were Not at School Today”: First-Person Pronouns and Discursive Construction of Identities by Emerging Middle-Class Chinese Parents

In the process of China’s dynamic social changes over the past decades, the young-parent identity construction of an emerging middle class and the resulting changes of social-cultural values in this context have attracted the attention of academic research in recent years. With the focus on the discursive construction of parent identity, this study examines the utilization of first-person pronouns in three different interactional contexts, namely, parent-teacher interaction, parent-parent interaction, and parent-child interaction. The study further explores the patterns of alignment between the parents and their children, parents and teachers of their children, and peer parents during the process of identity construction, followed by a discussion of the implication that young, emerging middleclass Chinese parents fundamentally shape themselves as "concerned" and "involved" parents and the change of values between collectivity and agency. The study not only demonstrates the dynamic and pluralistic nature of parent identity but also deepens our understanding of the indexical roles of first-person pronouns in the discursive construction of emerging middle-class Chinese parent identity and its relationship with the recent social-cultural changes in the Chinese context.