This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for t...This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for the pavement asset management and a general optimization model is established for the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment.Also,the bundling of pavement segments for the project implementation is discussed.Using the examples of Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Transportation Plan for Pennsylvania Interstate System,the application of performance-based pavement needs assessment is demonstrated.It is shown that unconstrained analysis can help decision-makers investigate the real maintenance and rehabilitation needs;financially-constrained analysis can help decision-makers select projects for implementation and examine the corresponding future pavement conditions.Trade-off analysis can help decision-makers investigate the outcomes of different investment levels on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation and make the final decision on the investment level.The proposed case study provides a good example of performance-based pavement needs assessment for developing countries.展开更多
The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggeste...The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggested that organisms interact with such realities for survival needs and become concerned about the consequences. He suggested a code of conduct for reality-based behaviors to address concerns. Perceptions and impressions provide measures （praman） of information in sense experience, and with other evidence guide choices and decisions to act and bear consequences. Ethical behaviors rooted in reality have desirable consequences, and inconsistent and contradictory behaviors are undesirable consequences. Omniscience （God, Brahm） is discarded as a self-referential ad hoc construct inconsistent and contradictory to real world behaviors. This article is survey of assumptions and models to represent, interpret, and validate knowledge that begins with logical deduction for inference （anuman） based on evidence from sense experience （Jain 2011）. Secular and atheistic thrust of thought and practice encourages reasoning and open-ended search with affirmed assertions and independent evidence. Individual identity （atm） emerges with consistent behaviors to overcome fallibility and unreliability by minimizing doubt （Syad-Saptbhangi Nay）. The first Tirthankar Rishabh Nath （ca. 2700 BC） suggested that the content （sat） of real and abstract objects and concerns during a change is conserved as the net balance of the inputs and outputs （Tatia 1994）. Identity and content of assertions and evidence is also conserved during logical manipulations for reasoning. Each assertion and its negation are to be affirmed with independent evidence, and lack of evidence for presence is not necessarily the evidence for either non-absence or non-existence.展开更多
Using data for China for the years 1991 to 2005 by province and employing the semi- parametric panel data model estimation method developed by Horowitz （2004） and Henderson et al. （2006） and Hubler＇s non-parametr...Using data for China for the years 1991 to 2005 by province and employing the semi- parametric panel data model estimation method developed by Horowitz （2004） and Henderson et al. （2006） and Hubler＇s non-parametric generalized method of moments （GMM） estimation （2005）, this article constructs a dynamic semi-parametric panel data model and describes the dynamic changing trajectory of the effect on consumption of income disparity among urban residents. Our findings show that there is a significant ＂ratchet effect＂ in the consumption of urban residents; that income disparity among urban residents has a clear negative influence on consumption; and that the trajectory of this influence shows a roughly bimodal curve.展开更多
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB1601202)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2019JM-228)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51308335)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chang’an University(No.300102218401)
文摘This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for the pavement asset management and a general optimization model is established for the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment.Also,the bundling of pavement segments for the project implementation is discussed.Using the examples of Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Transportation Plan for Pennsylvania Interstate System,the application of performance-based pavement needs assessment is demonstrated.It is shown that unconstrained analysis can help decision-makers investigate the real maintenance and rehabilitation needs;financially-constrained analysis can help decision-makers select projects for implementation and examine the corresponding future pavement conditions.Trade-off analysis can help decision-makers investigate the outcomes of different investment levels on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation and make the final decision on the investment level.The proposed case study provides a good example of performance-based pavement needs assessment for developing countries.
文摘The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggested that organisms interact with such realities for survival needs and become concerned about the consequences. He suggested a code of conduct for reality-based behaviors to address concerns. Perceptions and impressions provide measures （praman） of information in sense experience, and with other evidence guide choices and decisions to act and bear consequences. Ethical behaviors rooted in reality have desirable consequences, and inconsistent and contradictory behaviors are undesirable consequences. Omniscience （God, Brahm） is discarded as a self-referential ad hoc construct inconsistent and contradictory to real world behaviors. This article is survey of assumptions and models to represent, interpret, and validate knowledge that begins with logical deduction for inference （anuman） based on evidence from sense experience （Jain 2011）. Secular and atheistic thrust of thought and practice encourages reasoning and open-ended search with affirmed assertions and independent evidence. Individual identity （atm） emerges with consistent behaviors to overcome fallibility and unreliability by minimizing doubt （Syad-Saptbhangi Nay）. The first Tirthankar Rishabh Nath （ca. 2700 BC） suggested that the content （sat） of real and abstract objects and concerns during a change is conserved as the net balance of the inputs and outputs （Tatia 1994）. Identity and content of assertions and evidence is also conserved during logical manipulations for reasoning. Each assertion and its negation are to be affirmed with independent evidence, and lack of evidence for presence is not necessarily the evidence for either non-absence or non-existence.
文摘Using data for China for the years 1991 to 2005 by province and employing the semi- parametric panel data model estimation method developed by Horowitz （2004） and Henderson et al. （2006） and Hubler＇s non-parametric generalized method of moments （GMM） estimation （2005）, this article constructs a dynamic semi-parametric panel data model and describes the dynamic changing trajectory of the effect on consumption of income disparity among urban residents. Our findings show that there is a significant ＂ratchet effect＂ in the consumption of urban residents; that income disparity among urban residents has a clear negative influence on consumption; and that the trajectory of this influence shows a roughly bimodal curve.
