副热带高压控制下一次极端暴雨成因分析及成功预警

2022年10月8日,临沧市双江县忙懦乡遭遇历史性极端暴雨,最大小时雨量达到57.2 mm。该文通过高空、区域自动站雨量、ERA5再分析、FY-2G、多普勒天气雷达等资料综合分析,揭示此次暴雨的成因:①此过程的大尺度环流背景是在强盛的副高控制下,由中尺度系统触发产生的强降雨。②强降雨期间大气层结不稳定,存在暖湿底层与干冷高层,低抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度;强降雨发生与水汽输送和水汽辐合大值区相对应,低层辐合中高层辐散且与强垂直上升运动区配合。③两个强降雨时段对应不同的雷达回波特征,初时段无大范围的降雨回波,局地出现中-γ尺度对流回波;次时段降雨回波范围扩大,形成列车效应。④忙懦乡的地形和低层东偏南气流对中尺度对流系统的触发与维持起到关键作用。⑤“1262”服务模式提前发出警报,夜间强降雨得以有效预警,避免了人员伤亡,成为预警联动的成功案例。

Soil erosion of unpaved loess roads subjected to an extreme rainstorm event: a case study of the Jiuyuangou watershed on the Loess Plateau, China

Rainfall can cause serious soil loss in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region, but little focus has been placed on the extreme rainstorm effects on unpaved loess road soil erosion. A field survey method was used to investigate the erosional effects of the '7·26' heavy rainfall event on unpaved loess roads in the Jiuyuangou watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed that the average and maximum widths of the eroded gullies that formed on the unpaved roads were 0.65-1.48 m and 1.00-3.60 m, respectively. The average and maximum depths of theeroded gullies were 0.42-1.13 m and 0.75-4.30 m, respectively. The average width-to-depth ratio was 1.31, indicating that the widening effect was greater than the downcutting effect in the eroded gullies. In addition, the gully density ranged from 0.07 to 0.29 m m-2, and the road surface dissection degree ranged from 0.03 to 0.41 km2 km-2. Eroded gullies generally developed at the slope toe of the cut bank side. The average eroded gully width and depth at turns in the road were 1.47-2.64 times and 1.30-3.47 times greater, respectively, than those in other road sections. The road erosion modulus increased from the upper section to the lower section of the roads. The average road erosion modulus of the study catchment was 235,000 t km-2. Turns in the road were associated with collapses, sinkholes and other gravitational erosion phenomena. The amount of road erosion under extreme rainfall conditions is mainly related to the interactions among road length, width, slope and soil bulk density. Our results provide a useful reference for developing further measures for preventing road erosion on the Loess Plateau.

Synergistic Effect of the Planetary-scale Disturbance, Typhoon and Meso-β-scale Convective Vortex on the Extremely Intense Rainstorm on 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou

On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.

Mechanism Analysis of " 7·21" Extremely Heavy Rainstorm Process in 2012 in Beijing

Extremely heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on July 21,2012, which was the most serious since 1961. Based on analyzing the precipitation characteristics, formation mechanism of the rainstorm process was analyzed. Results showed that when the precipitation process occurred, it was stable east-high and west-low situation at 500 hPa, and there was a steady stream of water vapor transportation at middle and low layers and strong vertical ascending motion at 700 hPa. The distribution of physical quantity field （relative humidity, vorticity and divergence） showed that they were all benefited to the formation of rainstorm. Then, falling zone of rainstorm and the movement of rain belt, generation, development and weakening of precipitation were analyzed. Finally, according to circulation situation and the distribution of physical quantity at each layer, vertical distribu- tion of physical quantity and distribution of water vapor and jet stream, ＂7 · 21＂ rainstorm model was summarized.

水土保持生态建设下的黄土高原典型流域水沙响应

为探讨黄土高原多沙粗沙区流域水沙关系演变特征及其对水土流失治理的响应,以黄河中游无定河流域为研究对象,综合采用水沙关系曲线、数理统计等多种方法,系统分析1956—2019年间无定河流域水沙关系多时间尺度演变特征及其与水土流失治理的协同响应。研究结果表明:1)研究时段内,无定河流域年径流及年输沙量呈锐减趋势(P<0.05),且均在1970年左右发生减少突变;2)流域水沙关系在年际和场次洪水尺度上均发生深刻变化。2010年以后,暴雨频发导致流域内侵蚀物源头供应明显增加,流域河道泥沙输送能力小幅提高;3)水土保持措施实施对流域水沙锐减影响较大。2000年前后在相似降雨条件下,单位降雨量径流量和单位降雨量输沙量较20世纪70年代减少47%和62%。水土保持措施面积增加与流域径流输沙减少呈现较好的一致性,流域水土流失治理在提高黄河多沙粗沙区流域下垫面抗侵蚀能力等方面发挥重要作用。研究结果可为科学认知区域水土流失治理成效及入黄泥沙锐减成因提供参考。

Analysis on the Cause and Forecast Deviation of an Extreme Rainstorm in Changsha Urban Area

Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.

Analysis of Forecast Failure of a Regional Rainstorm in Qinghai

Based on the ground observation, ERA5 and other data, the regional rainstorm that occurred in northeastern Qinghai on the night of August 28, 2020 was analyzed. The results show that this precipitation occurred in the climate background of relatively high temperature, high humidity and extreme low pressure, and the precipitation process was divided into warm-area precipitation before the front and frontal precipitation, among which the warm-area precipitation was dominant, and it was a regional warm-area rainstorm. The global models, mesoscale models and forecasters as important operational reference all failed to make effective forecasts or prompts for the warm-area precipitation before the front in advance(24 or 12 h), the predicted precipitation was obviously small, and the predicted frontal precipitation by the models were obviously large. The western low-level meso-β-scale wind direction convergence system moving eastwards encountered the high-humidity area at the front of the meso-γ-scale wind speed convergence system to trigger this regional warm-area rainstorm. From the analysis of the mesoscale convergent system based on the vorticity budget equation, it is found that different terms played different roles in the process of warm-area rainstorm. The advective term dominated before the appearance of precipitation, which was favorable for the generation of mesoscale eddies. During the precipitation period, the torsion term and the convergence term were dominant. The torsion term was beneficial to the conversion of horizontal vorticity to vertical vorticity and the enhancement of precipitation intensity. Its maximum was generated 1-2 h earlier than the heavy precipitation. In the later period of precipitation, the convergence term was dominant, which was beneficial to the maintenance of precipitation. In the early stage of precipitation, the apparent heat source was located behind the apparent water vapor sink, which was conducive to the increase in the thickness of the heating column, and the precipitation intensity gradually increased. During the occurrence of heavy precipitation, the apparent heat source and the apparent water vapor sink basically coincided, and the latent heat released by condensation strengthened the upward movement, so that precipitation intensity increased. In this process, the water vapor mainly came from the southeast of the plateau(southwest airflow), followed by the plateau slope area(southeast airflow). During this regional warm-area rain that was wrongly predicted, the extreme minimum pressure, the torsional term in the vorticity budget equation and the abnormal water vapor transport have certain indications for the warm-area rainstorm.

Analysis of Design Rainstorm Hydrograph Based on Asymmetrical Extreme Value Copula

In this paper,the maximum 1-hour rainfall( rain peak),the maximum 6-hour rainfall and the maximum 24-hour rainfall in the Caojiang River basin from 1967 to 2013 were taken as samples. The typical typhoon rainstorm hydrograph of joint distribution of rainfall in three periods was constructed based on the asymmetric Archimedean Gumbel-Hougaard extreme value Copula. The main conclusions were as follows:( 1) the design rainstorm value in the Caojiang River basin calculated by using the joint distribution of rainfall in three periods was larger than the design rainstorm value of the joint distribution in two periods and that of a single period. The design rainstorm process hydrograph amplified at the same frequency had the optimal overall effect,which provided a new idea and method for studying the design rainfall patterns.( 2) According to the maximum 24-hour rainfall,the risk rate of the multi-peak rainstorm process that the main peak was in the back was the highest,and the constructed typical design rainstorm process hydrograph was the most representative.( 3) " OR" joint return period of rainfall combination in three periods as the design criteria of a watershed was applicable to responding to the risk of rainfall and flood in this watershed.

江淮梅雨期持续性暴雨和极端强降水事件的位涡比较分析

基于我国气象台站观测降水数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),从位势涡度(位涡)强迫垂直运动的角度,揭示了江淮梅雨期持续性暴雨和极端强降水事件的动力学机制及差异。基于改进的两种事件定义方法,识别出1979—2020年梅雨区共发生了24次持续性暴雨事件及24次极端强降水事件。事件合成分析表明,持续性暴雨事件最强雨带主要位于长江及其以南地区,而极端强降水事件最强雨带则位于长江及其以北地区。持续性暴雨事件与热带大气低频振荡密切相关,其中南亚高压偏东、西北太平洋副热带高压偏西,因而高空偏南的西风急流附近具有高值位涡的干冷空气向南和向低空入侵,在中低层与西南暖湿气流辐合并形成梅雨锋区。极端强降水事件更大程度地取决于偏北的西风急流南侧的高空辐散及位涡强迫的强冷空气。对于极端强降水事件位涡收支的定量诊断表明,在强降水达到峰值及之前,高层负的位涡倾向主要由负的垂直位涡平流所导致,而中低层正的位涡倾向则主要取决于垂直非绝热加热的位涡制造和垂直位涡平流。结合典型个例的垂直速度分解,进一步证实梅雨区上空水平位涡平流随高度增加的垂直分布激发的上升运动分量在极端强降水事件起着重要作用。

近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程气候特征及长期变化规律

【目的】充分认识三峡地区区域暴雨过程的气候特征及长期变化规律对于科学防汛以及合理利用水资源具有重要意义。【方法】基于三峡地区33个国家级气象观测站1961—2022年逐日降水量资料和目前重庆市气候中心业务采用的区域性暴雨过程监测指标,对三峡地区区域性暴雨过程进行客观识别,并利用多种数理统计方法分析区域性暴雨过程的气候特征和长期变化规律。【结果】结果表明:(1)三峡地区近三分之二的暴雨以区域性过程形式出现,平均每年区域性暴雨过程有8.4次,主要出现在5—9月,尤以6—7月为集中发生时段。区域性暴雨过程首次开始日期多年平均为5月8日,末次结束日期为9月17日。平均每次过程的暴雨覆盖范围为8.6站,持续时间1.3 d,平均暴雨强度为74.7 mm/d。(2)三峡地区区域性暴雨过程年频次存在2~3 a和8 a左右的变化周期,年平均区域性暴雨过程覆盖范围存在4~6 a和8~11 a周期变化。(3)近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的首次开始日期显著提前,末次结束日期无明显变化,发生期显著变长;发生频次没有明显变化趋势、平均持续时间、平均覆盖范围、平均综合强度也均没有明显变化趋势,但平均暴雨强度呈增强趋势。(4)近62 a,三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的各项指标均未发生突变现象。【结论】研究成果为三峡地区防汛减灾、水资源管理以及回应三峡工程对局地气候影响的社会关切等提供科学支撑。

基于元胞自动机的城市内涝风险识别模型研究

【目的】目前的城市内涝模拟模型面临着资料要求高、计算量大、适用尺度小等诸多挑战,探索简便高效、操作性强的内涝模拟模型,可为缺乏资料的城市提供识别内涝风险、提升防灾水平的有力工具。【方法】集成元胞自动机对复杂系统的模拟能力和地理信息系统平台的空间数据处理能力,结合水文水力学原理定义元胞及其规则,建立城市内涝风险识别模型;利用开源数据,将模型应用于杭州主城八区;对比已有研究讨论模型的适用性和局限性。【结果】结果显示:(1)元胞边长为60 m、时间步长为4 min的模拟结果最好,参数率定与模型验证的纳什效率系数分别为0.9693和0.9714。(2)2021年研究区百年一遇短时强降雨条件下,建设用地中内涝风险区占比6.94%;将雨水管渠设计重现期由5 a一遇提升至10 a一遇,内涝风险区占比降至6.30%。(3)该模型不需要划分汇水区、数据资料要求少,在平原城市短时强降雨的内涝模拟中具有良好的实用性及和易操作性;但也存在物理机制弱、模拟结果不够精细等局限。【结论】基于CA的城市内涝风险识别模型并不是水文水力学数值模型的改进,而是在权衡数据资料要求、模型运算效率、识别结果准确性等多方面因素之后建立的简化模型,对平原城市内涝防治具有较好的适用性。

四川两次极端暴雨强降水特征及与雷达回波和闪电关系分析

选取了2020年8月四川两次历史性极端暴雨过程,根据量级和持续时间对强降水进行划分,分析其时空分布特征及与雷达回波和闪电的关系。结果表明:短时强降水主要发生在22时—次日03时,降水强度为30~<50 mm/h的站次最多,区域集中在盆地西部。随着降水量级的增加,站点对应的闪电密度均增大,小时平均回波、最强回波、最弱回波均呈增强的趋势。随着降水持续时间的增加,站点对应的负地闪平均强度增强。第一次过程强降水站次与闪电频次的高值中心具有良好的对应关系。第二次过程随着降水量级增大,对应的回波均方根误差减小,而第一次过程则相反。

山西极端暴雨环流特征及水汽异常研究

研究山西极端暴雨发生规律对开展预报预警、灾害防御具有重要意义。本文利用常规观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),采用标准化距平作为异常度,运用环流分析和物理量诊断等方法,研究1981—2018年6—9月山西17次极端暴雨的气候特征、环流影响系统和水汽异常特征。结果表明:山西极端暴雨主要出现在7—8月,暴雨区主要位于中南部,2010年以来极端暴雨明显多发;影响系统主要是700 h Pa低涡和台风系统,有偏南和偏东两支水汽通道。极端暴雨过程中,低层水汽含量明显偏高,从暴雨区平均比湿的过程最大值看,大部分过程850 h Pa超过14.2 g·kg^(-1),700 h Pa则可超过9.8 g·kg^(-1)、对应暴雨区平均异常度达1.6以上;水汽的极端性在低层水汽通量辐合中心表现突出,17次极端暴雨700、850 h Pa暴雨区水汽通量辐合中心过程最大值的异常度均值分别达-8、-6,其中台风减弱低压影响下的极端暴雨850 h Pa水汽通量辐合中心最大异常度达-12。根据以上环流和水汽特征建立极端暴雨概念模型,并给出极端暴雨低层水汽含量和水汽通量辐合强度预报参考指标。

东南风低空急流影响“21·7”郑州市极端暴雨分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)最佳路径数据、美国环境预报中心(National Center of Environmental Prediction,NCEP)最终分析格点资料(Final Analysis,FNL)及常规观测数据等,分析了2021年7月郑州极端暴雨过程的特征机理。结果表明:(1)两个TC同时远距离输送大量水汽,东南风低空急流与强降水关系密切。当东南风急流北上到太原、邢台等站后郑州市暴雨减弱。郑州市6 h降水超过62.5 mm站点数目增减与850 hPa地转偏差数值变化趋势一致。(2) 20日白天郑州站极端降水发生前,从850 hPa经500 hPa至200 hPa风向从东南风顺转为西南风。200 hPa与850 hPa水平风的垂直切变(Vertical Wind Shear,VWS)从最大值开始减小、可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)明显加大、不稳定程度减小,这些都是极端暴雨发生的有利条件。极端暴雨具有明显的湿对流特点。(3)纬、经向风变率诊断表明,最有利于郑州市850 hPa东风维持的因子是地转偏差,最有利于南风加大的因子是动量平流。动量对流促使郑州市暴雨过程850 hPa南风减小,故动量上、下传递并非850 hPa南风加大原因。

“23·7”华北极端强降水特征和水汽条件研究

利用地面气象站降水资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2023年7月29日—8月1日华北极端强降水的特征和水汽条件进行研究。结果表明,“23·7”华北极端强降水具有降水时间长、累计降水量大的特征,表现出显著极端性。降水主要位于太行山和燕山山前,最大降水带与山脉走向基本一致。极端强降水期间存在显著的环流异常,偏北的副热带高空急流、异常偏北的西太平洋副热带高压是导致此次极端强降水的关键环流;北上的台风“杜苏芮”残余环流、台风“卡努”和低空急流等是此次极端强降水的主要影响天气系统。此次极端强降水的水汽条件存在显著的阶段性特征,7月29日08时—31日08时主要降水区域低层辐合、高层辐散和上升运动较强,低层气旋式风场发展深厚,水汽由台风“杜苏芮”残余环流近距离输送及“卡努”接力输送,并以前者为主,京津冀地区整层水汽处于净流入状态,最大水汽净流入速度达1.5×10^(8)kg/s;7月31日08时—8月1日08时上升运动、对流层低层辐合和高层辐散均显著减弱,低层气旋式风场厚度收缩,“杜苏芮”残余环流消亡,仅由台风“卡努”远距离输送水汽,京津冀地区整层水汽处于净流出状态,最大水汽净流出速度为5×10^(7)kg/s。太行山和燕山地形的阻挡作用使得水汽辐合中心长时间滞留,同时其摩擦作用可能有利于山前上升运动增强,为本次极端强降水提供了有利条件。

利用重力卫星监测区域地下水储量对郑州“7·20”特大暴雨的响应

在极端降水频发的背景下,如何更好地理解枯竭型含水层对降水事件的响应,是气候变化与人类活动影响下地下水资源管理面临的新课题。以2021年7月20日郑州特大暴雨为例,利用重力卫星在监测大尺度质量变化方面的优势,揭示在长期超采背景下极端降水对区域含水层系统地下水储量变化的影响。研究发现,GRACE重力卫星可以清晰地捕捉到此次降水过程引起的地下水储量增加,重力卫星与水井观测的相关系数为0.84。此次降水过程使研究区(37.91万km^(2))地下水储量累计增加了132.78亿m^(3)(截至2021年11月底)。降水对应的地下水补给系数(地下水补给量与降水量的比值)达到0.36,明显高于历史降水过程的平均补给系数0.19,显示了强降雨过程对区域含水层的独特补给能力。本研究表明,强降水对枯竭型含水层有重要补给作用,重力卫星在评估极端降水事件对区域地下水储量变化影响方面具有潜力。

2023年6月一次北部湾低压极端暴雨过程天气气候特征

利用逐日再分析资料,对2023年6月7-10日北部湾低压持续性极端暴雨过程的天气气候特征进行研究。结果表明,(1)持续性极端暴雨前期和期间,副热带高压异常偏北偏西,位置稳定。孟加拉湾-南海-菲律宾一带热带辐合带活跃,南海西部有低压系统生成,并移入北部湾。(2)季节内振荡(MJO)处在第2、3位相,受其东传影响,中高纬度环流形成的槽脊位置有利冷空气南下影响广西。中层500 hPa我国东北地区附近有东北低涡维持,低涡后部强盛偏北风引导冷空气南下,受偏北偏西的副高阻挡,有小股冷空气渗透南下影响广西。(3)低层850 hPa印度洋越赤道气流和西南季风强盛但活动偏南,印度洋-中南半岛-南海的西南风急流受台风“古超”阻挡转向成南风,使气流在北部湾形成气旋性弯曲。广西西北部有弱东北风,增强北部湾周边气流的气旋性辐合。(4)广西南部和北部湾一带位于200 hPa东亚副热带高空急流右侧与850 hPa西南风低空急流左侧,高空辐散和低层辐合,1000~300 hPa水汽通量辐合区水汽条件充沛。中、低纬度天气系统的协同作用,为这次持续性极端暴雨提供有利的稳定大尺度环流背景,以及充分的热力、动力条件。

黄土高原不同土地利用类型区浅层滑坡侵蚀特征分析——以蔡家川滑坡事件为例

近年来,黄土高原极端暴雨引发的滑坡、泥流等剧烈水土流失引起了广泛关注。2021年10月3—6日,山西省吉县蔡家川一带强降雨诱发了大面积浅层滑坡灾害。本文利用灾前灾后无人机影像和遥感图像、降雨数据及现场调查数据,对本次降雨过程、浅层滑坡起动条件和侵蚀特征进行了分析。结果表明:本次降雨为典型的“长历时、低雨强”类型,滑坡发生前的前期降雨历时达72 h,累积雨量达121.8 mm,滑坡集中发生时段的雨强达33.2 mm·(6h)^(-1)。与“短历时、高雨强”暴雨激发的滑坡相比,滑坡流动性相对较高。前期降雨是影响群发性滑坡灾害发生与流动性的重要因素。不同土地利用类型区滑坡起动地形条件差异显著,所需坡度与汇水面积均表现为:封禁林区>人工林区>农地区;地层岩性的渗透性也影响着浅层滑坡的起动,相同降雨量条件下,渗透性更好的林区发生浅层滑坡需要更高的面积坡度阈值。不同土地利用类型区,滑坡点密度、面密度与侵蚀强度的大小均表现为:农地区>人工林区>封禁林区,说明土地利用类型会在一定程度上影响滑坡的侵蚀程度,以乔木为主的林区更不利于滑坡发生。

海河流域大清河系暴雨中心移植和地区洪水组成分析

近年来极端天气事件频发,暴雨洪涝灾害的突发性、极端性愈发显著,海河流域大部分区域多年未经特大洪水检验,为分析未来可能发生极端暴雨洪水的致灾情况,开展暴雨中心预测及可能的地区洪水组成分析十分必要。研究以多年未发生极端暴雨洪水的大清河系为对象,基于研究区域103个雨量站降水数据,预测了河系暴雨中心可能位置,以“63·8”暴雨分布为参照,开展暴雨中心移植及地区洪水组成分析。结果表明:大清河系特大暴雨中心位置较为稳定,可能的暴雨中心位置海拔高度主要介于100~600 m之间;在相同雨量条件下,暴雨中心位于水库下游山区附近(“63·8”)时,产生洪水总量相对较大,暴雨中心位于平原地区附近时相对较小,且暴雨中心位置的变化对地区洪水组成的影响显著。

郑州“7·20”极端暴雨的双偏振雷达回波与风场特征分析

为了细致地了解郑州极端暴雨的雷达回波特征与内部动力特征间的联系,利用地面自动站、探空、欧洲中期再分析资料以及双偏振雷达,分析了中尺度对流系统发展和成熟阶段的回波和雷达反演的风场结构,揭示了对流系统内粒子相态特征,动力特征等宏微观特征。主要研究结果如下:反射率因子特征为南北向的带状区域逐渐汇集为团状;径向速度特征为低层辐合和风向随高度顺转的强垂直风切变;基于雷达偏振量的分析,给出了对流系统局部结构,进一步的研究表明:差分反射率狭窄的强弧状区域可有效地指示对流系统内的强上升运动,其为极端降水系统的持续性发展提供了动力强迫;剖面上差分反射率柱与差分相位常数柱在空间分布上呈现出分离现象,两者体现出对流系统内的强上升运动,为暴雨的发展与增强提供了强有力的支持。