Turbulent mixing above the Atlantic Water around the Chukchi Borderland in 2014

This study presents an analysis of the CTD data and the turbulent microstructure data collected in 2014, the turbulent mixing environment above the Atlantic Water（AW） around the Chukchi Borderland region is studied.Surface wind becomes more efficient in driving the upper ocean movement along with the rapid decline of sea ice,thus results in a more restless interior of the Arctic Ocean. The turbulent dissipation rate is in the range of4.60×10–10（–3.31×10–9 W/kg with a mean value of 1.33×10–9 W/kg, while the diapycnal diffusivity is in the range of1.45×10–6–1.46×10–5m2/s with a mean value of 4.84×10–6 m2/s in 200–300 m（above the AW）. After investigating on the traditional factors（i.e., wind, topography and tides） that may contribute to the turbulent dissipation rate, the results show that the tidal kinetic energy plays a dominating role in the vertical mixing above the AW. Besides, the swing of the Beaufort Gyre（BG） has an impact on the vertical shear of the geostrophic current and may contribute to the regional difference of turbulent mixing. The parameterized method for the double-diffusive convection flux above the AW is validated by the direct turbulent microstructure results.

Phylogenetic diversity of planktonic bacteria in the Chukchi Borderland region in summer

Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their di- versity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic （AAP） bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria （Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses）, Bac- teroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone li- braries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro- teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.

Glacial bedforms in the Northwind Abyssal Plain,Chukchi Borderland

A series of sub-parallel linear glacial scours are identified on the crest of the Baoshi Seamount in the Northwind Abyssal Plain by compiling new multibeam data acquired during the 9 th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-Arc9)in 2018 and previously published data.The new data reveal scours that developed at water depths of 850–1030 m with an orientation of about 75°/255°.The maximum water depth occurs in the southernmost scour and is deeper than that from previous investigations,which showed a maximum scouring depth of about 900 m on the seamount.The topographic and geomorphological characteristics suggest that these scours resulted from erosion by the ice shelf extending from the Chukchi margin and/or Laurentide Ice Sheet that grounded on the crest of the seamount and moved in a NE–SW direction.Other possibilities of their genesis include armadas of large icebergs/multi-keel icebergs calved from the Chukchi Shelf or the Laurentide Ice Sheet.The new data provide new constraints for assessing the extent and volume of the ice sheet in the Chukchi area during glacial maxima.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Giraffe in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

Among the nine sub-species of giraffes, the Maasai giraffe is the most widespread and common in Northern and Southern Kenya. Although it’s considered by the IUCN to be a species of no conservation concern, they have been reported to have declined in some of their range areas mostly due to bush meat activities, habitat fragmentation and loss. There are also concerns recent climatic changes especially prevalence of droughts is increasingly becoming another threat to their survival. In this regard, this study examined the status and trend of the Maasai giraffe in the Kenya-Tanzania border after the 2007 to 2009 drought. Amboseli had the highest giraffe number (averaging 2, 062.5 ± 534.7 giraffes), followed by a distant Lake Natron area (725.8 ± 129.4 giraffes), Magadi/Namanga (669.5 ± 198.0 giraffes), and lastly West Kilimanjaro area (236.5 ± 47.8 giraffes). Further, the proportion of giraffes were highest in Amboseli (55.09% ± 5.65%) followed by Lake Natron area (20.98% ± 3.42%), Magadi/Namanga area (16.35% ± 3.83%), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (7.58% ± 2.12%). But in terms of population growth after droughts, giraffe had positive growth in all locations in the borderland, with Magadi leading (+339.82 ± 329.99) followed Lake Natron area (+37.62 ± 83.27), Amboseli area (+38.11 ± 7.09), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (+3.21 ± 57.95.27). Their wet season population and density was much higher than that of the dry season. However, though the species was widely spread in the borderland, they seemed to avoid the region between Lake Magadi and Amboseli which is traversed by the Nairobi-Namanga highway both in wet and dry season. There is a need to develop a collaborative management framework for cross-border conservation to enhance their protection, conservation and genetic linkage.

Population Status and Trend of Water Dependent Grazers (Buffalo and Waterbuck) in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

Even though over many years the IUCN has considered the African buffalo and waterbuck and abundant species in Africa with no conservation concern, the situation is rapidly changing. Using aerial counts in wet and dry season in 2010 and 2013, this study assessed the trend, population status and distribution of the African buffalo and common waterbuck in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland. Both species were rare in the borderland, with the Amboseli region had the highest number of buffalo (241.5 ± 29.9), followed by Magadi/Namanga (58.0 ± 22.0), West Kilimanjaro (38.8 ± 34.9), and lastly Lake Natron (14.5 ± 9.0) areas. In terms of density, Amboseli also led with 0.03 ± 0.00 (buffalo per km2), but rest had similar densities of 0.01 ± 0.00 buffalo per km2. In terms of percent changes in buffalo, Amboseli area had a positive increase (+10.59 ± 27.71), but with a negative growth of -17.12 in the dry season. All other changes in all locations had negative (decline) buffalo numbers over time. For waterbuck numbers, Amboseli area also led with 12.3 ± 3.9 waterbuck), followed by Magadi/Namanga (10.3 ± 3.7.0), Lake Natron (3.8 ± 3.4), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (0.5 ± 0.5) areas. In terms of waterbuck density, they were low and less than 0.00 ± 0.00 per km2. For percent changes in waterbuck numbers, Magadi/Namanga had higher positive change (+458.33 ± 291.67), but all other locations had negative (decline) changes with the worst being West Kilimanjaro and Lake Natron areas. Further, buffalo number was dependent (p = 0.008) on the season, with numbers being higher in the wet season than dry season. For waterbuck, numbers were independent (p = 0.72) of the season, with numbers being similar across seasons. The findings of this study showed that both species were negatively affected by drought. We recommend a constant joint monitoring program between Kenya and Tanzania, and jointly combat poaching, habitat fragmentation and encroachment to build viable populations in the borderland.

The Biomathematics Is a Borderland Science

In the latter decades,biomathematics played an important role in life sciences.Today,a great variety of biomathematical methods are applied in biology and medicine.Practically every mathematical procedure that is useful in physics,chemistry,engineering,and economics has also found an important application in the life sciences.At present,many life scientists are really interested in going deeply into biomathematics.Any attempt to apply biomathematics to the life systems involves three stages.Firstly,we observe the phenomena and formulate a biomathematical description in the form of a differential equation,algebraic equation,statistic comparison or whatever.We then temporarily forget the real life system and use biomathematical reasoning to solve the equation.This stage may involve inventing new biomathematics or extending what exists.Finally,we return to the real life system and interpret this solution in terms of reality;this interpretation may require experimental testing.Commonly,the most difficult stage is the first one;this is certainly so in biology and medicine at present we hardly know enough about the“laws”governing the components of life systems to write down their appropriate relationships with confidence.

The Biophysics Is a Borderland Science

Biophysics as an immense spectrum comprehended by one of the most commonly applied borderland mental process embracing from the nature,through living systems up to spiritual processes brings it along inevitable that the reader will join issue here and there with the deductions of this book but in actual fact it was just one of the goals of this work.To get hold of the biophysical view is not an easy task,because it applies mathematical apparatus to biological systems;on the other hand as a reward it guides to fascinating results,recognizing theoretically which conformity of rules are valid on principle in the Universe in the inanimate-living-spiritual triple system from the lowest to the highest organizational level.In this way one can make up the reader’s claim to consider systematically those problems arising from the various fields of science and life in the countless variety of interrelations and in their very different consequences.

Post Drought Population Status and Trend of Specialized Browsers in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

We examined the population status, trend and distribution of Gerenuk, Fringe-eared Oryx and Lesser kudu in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The species were characterized by low numbers and sparsely distributed in the borderland but were more prevalent and abundant in the Amboseli region. However, West Kilimanjaro had the highest positive change in density between 2010 and 2013 [Gerenuk = +1650.48 ± 1150.31, lesser kudu = +912.78 ± 487.63 and Fringe-eared Oryx = +366.65 ± 233.32]. Changes in density and composition varied seasonally among the different sectors of the borderland, with Gerenuk having the highest change in the Amboseli area during the wet season. Lesser kudu had the highest change in Amboseli and Kilimanjaro during the wet season while Fringe-eared Oryx had the highest change in the wet season in West Kilimanjaro area. Spatial distribution of the species varied seasonally and across different sectors of the borderland. In the dry season, Gerenuk exhibited a clumped distribution mainly in Amboseli National Park, and between Natron and West Kilimanjaro but in the wet season, it spread out more though higher concentrations were still found Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro. Lesser concentrated in mostly in West Kilimanjaro and Amboseli during the dry season but was widely dispersed during the wet season. Similarly, during the dry season, the Fringe-eared Oryx was confined in the Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro areas but during the wet season, it much more spread out with clusters in the Mbirikani area of the Amboseli region and a few places in Magadi, Natron and West Kilimanjaro. Management implications of the findings obtained in this study area here-in discussed.

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Ostrich in the Mid Kenya—Tanzania Borderland

The Maasai ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a the largest avian species in East Africa and though it’s not considered to be a species of conservation concern, some populations are on the decline and this is attributed to bush meat activities, predation on their eggs illegal consumption by humans, habitat destruction and forage competition with other large wildlife species. Climate change is also emerging to be another major threat due to interference with food availability which in turn interferes with the breeding rhythm. Thus, this study examined the population status, trend and distribution of the Maasai ostrich in the Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The results showed that the species was found across the entire borderland but the Amboseli region had the highest number and density of Maasai ostrich (726.00 ± 100.9;0.08 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2), followed by Lake Natron area (330.8 ± 69.8;0.05 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2) and the least was in West Kilimanjaro (85.5 ± 18.0;0.03 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2). Drought caused a decline in the population of the Maasai ostrich but the Amboseli area experienced the highest decline in density (?13.44 ± 12.61) compared to other borderland sectors. However, the populations increased in most sectors after the drought, and wet season numbers and densities were higher than the dry season. The highest positive increase in number and density was in Lake Natron area (+85.65 ± 91.06) followed by West Kilimanjaro (+68.39 ± 59.54), and the least was in the Magadi area (+22.26 ± 32.05). There is a need to enhance conservation of avian species like the Maasai ostrich other than just focusing on the charismatic species such as the African elephant and black rhino. We therefore recommend joint collaboration in monitoring all large wildlife populations across the Kenya-Tanzania borderland with a view of understanding their status, trend and best management actions that can enhance their conservation.

边疆的空间生产与传统中国的国家建构——以先秦秦汉时期为中心的探讨

传统中国的边疆是一个具有生产性的空间。借用列斐伏尔等马克思主义学者有关空间的研究方法,作为空间的边疆,它既是关系要素的聚集场域,也具有促进关系变动的能力。在边疆的空间中,同时代内地的观念、制度与物资在此汇聚,内地的社会关系也塑造着边疆的基本运行模式。边疆的空间特性又不同于内地,它除了具有地方性之外,还具有国家性。国家的整体性在边疆空间中得到集中而具体的呈现,国家的目标、行为能力、责任义务也以边疆为重要的投射场域。边疆既叠加了地方性、国家性,还具有地域邻接性,成为少数族群进入中华文明的接纳空间。这多重关系的相互作用,使得边疆成为一个引发历史变动的场域,因而边疆空间便具有了生产“历史可能性”的能力。

论北疆文化传承发展与铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内在关系

北疆文化融红色文化和草原文化、农耕文化、黄河文化、长城文化等于一体,是内蒙古各民族在长期交往交流交融中共同创造的地域文化,也是中华文化的重要组成部分。铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代党的民族工作和民族地区各项工作的主线,民族地区的文化建设必须紧紧围绕并且毫不偏离这条主线。中国是统一的多民族国家的基本国情、内蒙古地处边疆民族地区的区情,决定了铸牢中华民族共同体意识在北疆文化传承发展中的主线和总纲地位;北疆文化的传承发展也为内蒙古各民族铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供了重要的情感支撑和精神纽带,两者相辅相成。中国历代王朝和地方政权的北疆治理与内蒙古地区各民族中华民族共同体意识的形成发展,推动了北疆文化的传承发展。打造“北疆文化”品牌,是内蒙古自治区以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线,着眼于完成好“五大任务”和全方位建设“模范自治区”两件大事,积极推进文化建设,奋力书写中国式现代化内蒙古新篇章和建设中华民族现代文明内蒙古篇的重要举措。

边境牧区推进共同富裕的实践经验、现实不足与优化路径——以内蒙古自治区X旗为例

实现共同富裕,任何一个区域、一个民族都不能少。边境牧区扎实推动共同富裕是新时期以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线,谱写中国式现代化新篇章的现实要求。以内蒙古自治区X旗为例,党建引领与示范带动、政策支持与自我能动、保障激励与意识促动的有机结合成为边境牧区推进共同富裕的实践经验。由于条件要素的现实制约,边境牧区面临着公共服务与引才育才衔接不畅、政策制定与牧民生计对接不精、物质富足与精神富有强弱不均的现实不足。铸牢中华民族共同体意识是党的民族工作和民族地区各项工作的主线,边境牧区推进共同富裕必须围绕这一主线展开。从增强公共服务与人才振兴的联动性、提升政策支持与边民需求的适恰性、深化物质富裕与精神富足的协同性三方面着手优化边境牧区推进共同富裕的实践路径,能够有形有感有效铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

西部边疆基层干部治理能力提升机制探析

基层社会治理是国家治理的重要组成部分,是中国式现代化建设的重要方面。加强西部边疆建设关键看基层干部治理能力。当前学界对基层干部治理能力研究比较丰富,但在研究视角、研究方法和研究内容等方面存在一定不足,研究成果付之阙如。基于此,从西部边疆基层干部治理能力现状、困境出发,提出西部边疆基层干部要始终坚持党的领导、坚守初心使命、坚持依法治理、提高执政本领、提升实践能力、激发工作积极性等对策,为提升西部边疆基层治理水平与治理效能提供可行性理论参考。

北疆文化的价值实现与社会影响

北疆文化作为地域性文化,既延续了中华民族传统文化的优良品质,也充分展现了北疆区域鲜明的文化特色。北疆文化的价值实现对铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要的现实意义,北疆文化建设也为铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供了重要抓手。从文化社会学结构主义的视角出发,科学诠释北疆文化的定位和研究路径,细化北疆文化所具有的时代精神、群体凝聚、符号系统和制度体系的价值面向,并深入探讨北疆文化价值实现路径和社会功能发挥内在机制,既可为铸牢中华民族共同体意识和建设中华民族共有美好精神家园提供社会学学科视角的理论支持,又能拓展和丰富文化社会学领域的地域文化研究经验。

何以留住治边人才:边境民族地区乡镇公务员工作嵌入与离职倾向

边境民族地区乡镇公务员的频繁流动甚至流失,成为有效落实国家治边方略的现实制约。基于182份广西边境民族地区乡镇公务员问卷数据的定量研究,从工作嵌入视角深入探究公务员离职倾向的效应关系及其保留策略。研究发现:工作嵌入中的组织嵌入与家庭嵌入均对离职倾向有显著负向预测作用,组织嵌入的预测作用更明显,家庭嵌入次之;工作价值观中的声望型、社会型维度在工作嵌入与离职倾向关系中有重要负向调节作用;家庭嵌入、组织嵌入和工作价值观三者对离职倾向存在三重交互作用。为此,以创新差异化福利、“地方化”甄选机制与培训内容、“家庭友好制度”等留职策略,增强公务员扎根服务边境民族地区乡镇的嵌入度、获得感和幸福感,从而有效降低边境民族地区乡镇公务员的离职倾向,为边境治理提供人才支撑。

西北冰洋大西洋水与太平洋冬季水在波弗特流涡变化背景下的调整与响应

大西洋水是北冰洋内部最重要的储热层,而西北冰洋楚科奇边陲区域是大西洋水进入加拿大海盆的关键海域,研究大西洋水在楚科奇边陲区域的变化能深入揭示大西洋水对北冰洋的影响。本文收集整理并校正1999-2021年的大量历史水文数据,探讨了近年来在波弗特流涡加强和摆动背景下,大西洋水、太平洋冬季水和双扩散阶梯结构在西北冰洋楚科奇边陲区域的时空变化。结果表明,在研究时段内楚科奇边陲区域出现了3次大西洋水暖异常信号,出现时间分别在2000年、 2012年和2018年,异常暖水核心处的位温均超过1℃。太平洋冬季水核心和大西洋水核心间垂向平均热含量在楚科奇边陲区域中部和东部显著升高,主要归因于太平洋冬季水核心位温的增高。太平洋冬季水核心深度对波弗特流涡变化的响应相比大西洋水更显著。太平洋冬季水核心位温与大西洋水核心位温的联动变化调制着双扩散阶梯结构的变化。加拿大海盆内的双扩散阶梯结构呈现出从大阶梯结构向小阶梯结构过渡、直至大范围消亡的演变。该过程的主要调控机制为大西洋水核心位温的降低以及其上界面层化的增强抑制了垂向混合。

边疆人类学:源流、对象与中国语境

现代世界通过边界划定各国的领土范围,随之产生的边疆成为诸多国家内部文明空间的重要区域。在现实中,边界不仅明确区隔两个国家的地理空间,还影响了特定空间中的人文社会,以及相应的文明生成。因此,对边疆区域相关实践的关注,成为边疆人类学的重要研究领域。从学科源流来看,随着中国周边与世界格局的深刻变化,国内学界对于边疆的关注,从边疆社会面临外部冲击时的救亡图存意识及行动,开始转向主动开拓关于国家整体性的认知。在这个过程中,边疆研究与人类学理论与研究方法在应用中不断结合,具有自身本位的中国边疆人类学开始形成。关于边疆人类学研究对象的讨论,需要从具体的边疆实践出发,本着人类学田野调查方法关注、记录和解释人类社会文化的基本要求,从边界、区域、边民社会、人地关系4个方面获得具体经验,以贯彻边疆人类学的研究旨趣和实践路径。进入新时代,中国边疆人类学的发展,一方面通过记录并客观呈现边疆社会丰富的文化内涵,致力于中华民族文化的整体性表达;另一方面,则具有回应国家建设与决策的重大实践意义。以此为基础,创造丰富的边疆田野民族志、思考边疆治理现代化的人文路径、挖掘中华民族共同体意识的深层内涵,在理解中华文明空间的基础上建设中华民族现代文明,不仅体现了中国边疆人类学的现实使命,同时,在智识生产方面也为中国与国际学术实践创造更多的路径与可能。

北疆史诗文化的基本学理建构

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