Daily Operation Optimization of a Residential Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power System Using Genetic Algorithm

To decrease the cost of electricity generation of a residential molten carbonate fuel cell （MCFC） power system, multi-crossover genetic algorithm （MCGA）, which is based on ＂multi-crossover＂ and ＂usefulness-based selection rule＂, is presented to minimize the daily fuel consumption of an experimental 10kW MCFC power system for residential application. Under the operating conditions obtained by MCGA, the operation constraints are satisfied and fuel consumption is minimized. Simulation and experimental results indicate that MCGA is efficient for the operation optimization of MCFC power systems.

Impact of Electric Vehicles on a Carbon Constrained Power System—A Post 2020 Case Study

Electric vehicles (EVs) offer great potential to move from fossil fuel dependency in transport once some of the technical barriers related to battery reliability and grid integration are resolved. The European Union has set a target to achieve a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 relative to 2005 levels. This target is binding in all the European Union member states. If electric vehicle issues are overcome then the challenge is to use as much renewable energy as possible to achieve this target. In this paper, the impacts of electric vehicle charged in the all-Ireland single wholesale electricity market after the 2020 deadline passes is investigated using a power system dispatch model. For the purpose of this work it is assumed that a 10% electric vehicle target in the Republic of Ireland is not achieved, but instead 8% is reached by 2025 considering the slow market uptake of electric vehicles. Our experimental study shows that the increasing penetration of EVs could contribute to approach the target of the EU and Ireland government on emissions reduction, regardless of different charging scenarios. Furthermore, among various charging scenarios, the off-peak charging is the best approach, contributing 2.07% to the target of 10% reduction of Greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.

The Power-Energy Coupling Effect of Mixed Hard-Carbon/Graphite Anode

As the anode materials of lithium-ion battery, the hard carbon has the higher power performance while the graphite has the higher energy performance, respectively. In this work, novel mixed hard carbon/graphite anodes are presented showing the coupling effect of power and mixed anodes was investigated at the varying charging rates, showing the tunable behaviors dependent on the hard carbon/graphite ratios. By studying the specific capacity evolution in different split potential ranges, we found that the mixed anodes with a higher proportion of hard carbon were advantageous when working in the cut-off potential greater than 0.10 V. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was measured at various anode potentials, which depicted the evolution of cell resistance with the state of charge. With the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we found that the capacity evolution with mixed ratio is attributed to the lithiation-level induced difference of charge transfer resistance and Warburg resistance. A coupling effect was discovered showing a great potential in balancing the power-energy performance of mixed anode by simply controlling the ratio of hard-carbon/graphite.

ZTE DSLAM Improves Operators' Carbon Footprint and Slashes Power Costs

ZTE Corporation (ZTE), a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, revealed on May 6, 2008 that its award winning Broadband Universal Access System could help operators make a major impact on their carbon footprint as well as save millions of dollars a year in power costs. ZTE’s DSLAM ZXDSL FSAP 9806H overreaches the European code of conduct on energy consumption for broadband equipment, offering a significant power consumption savings per port.

Collaborative robust dispatch of electricity and carbon under carbon allowance trading market

The launch of the carbon-allowance trading market has changed the cost structure of the power industry.There is an asynchronous coupling mechanism between the carbon-allowance-trading market and the day-ahead power-system dispatch.In this study,a data-driven model of the uncertainty in the annual carbon price was created.Subsequently,a collaborative,robust dispatch model was constructed considering the annual uncertainty of the carbon price and the daily uncertainty of renewable-energy generation.The model is solved using the column-and-constraint generation algorithm.An operation and cost model of a carbon-capture power plant(CCPP)that couples the carbon market and the economic operation of the power system is also established.The critical,profitable conditions for the economic operation of the CCPP were derived.Case studies demonstrated that the proposed low-carbon,robust dispatch model reduced carbon emissions by 2.67%compared with the traditional,economic,dispatch method.The total fuel cost of generation decreases with decreasing,conservative,carbon-price-uncertainty levels,while total carbon emissions continue to increase.When the carbon-quota coefficient decreases,the system dispatch tends to increase low-carbon unit output.This study can provide important guidance for carbon-market design and the low-carbon-dispatch selection strategies.

Low-Carbon Dispatch of an Integrated Energy System Considering Confidence Intervals for Renewable Energy Generation

Addressing the insufficiency in down-regulation leeway within integrated energy systems stemming from the erratic and volatile nature of wind and solar renewable energy generation,this study focuses on formulating a coordinated strategy involving the carbon capture unit of the integrated energy system and the resources on the load storage side.A scheduling model is devised that takes into account the confidence interval associated with renewable energy generation,with the overarching goal of optimizing the system for low-carbon operation.To begin with,an in-depth analysis is conducted on the temporal energy-shifting attributes and the low-carbon modulation mechanisms exhibited by the source-side carbon capture power plant within the context of integrated and adaptable operational paradigms.Drawing from this analysis,a model is devised to represent the adjustable resources on the charge-storage side,predicated on the principles of electro-thermal coupling within the energy system.Subsequently,the dissimilarities in the confidence intervals of renewable energy generation are considered,leading to the proposition of a flexible upper threshold for the confidence interval.Building on this,a low-carbon dispatch model is established for the integrated energy system,factoring in the margin allowed by the adjustable resources.In the final phase,a simulation is performed on a regional electric heating integrated energy system.This simulation seeks to assess the impact of source-load-storage coordination on the system’s low-carbon operation across various scenarios of reduction margin reserves.The findings underscore that the proactive scheduling model incorporating confidence interval considerations for reduction margin reserves effectively mitigates the uncertainties tied to renewable energy generation.Through harmonized orchestration of source,load,and storage elements,it expands the utilization scope for renewable energy,safeguards the economic efficiency of system operations under low-carbon emission conditions,and empirically validates the soundness and efficacy of the proposed approach.

Influence of Microwave Power on the Properties of Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon Films Prepared by ECR Plasma Enhanced DC Magnetron Sputtering

Electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） plasma was applied to enhance the direct current magnetron sputtering to prepare hydrogenated diamond-like carbon （H-DLC） films. For different microwave powers, both argon and hydrogen gas are introduced separately as the ECR working gas to investigate the influence of microwave power on the microstructure and electrical property of the H-DLC films deposited on P-type silicon substrates. A series of characterization methods including the Raman spectrum and atomic force microscopy are used. Results show that, within a certain range, the increase in microwave power affects the properties of the thin films, namely the sp3 ratio, the hardness, the nanoparticle size and the resistivity all increase while the roughness decreases with the increase in microwave power. The maximum of resistivity amounts to 1.1×10^9 Ω.cm. At the same time it is found that the influence of microwave power on the properties of H-DLC films is more pronounced when argon gas is applied as the ECR working gas, compared to hydrogen gas.

Reliability of Power System Integrated with Wind Generation Considering Carbon Tax

This paper proposes a method to evaluate the reliability of power system with different capacities of wind power while considering carbon tax. The proposed method is a hybrid approach which combines Frequency and Duration (F&D) method and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. MCS method is used to achieve a model to simulate the random status of power system. Also, the proposed method is applied on the IEEE 14-bus test system to investigate the effects of integrating different capacities of wind energy to the reliability of power system with considering carbon tax.

Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies in Coal-Fired Power Plants

With a particular reference to China Huaneng Group's practices in CO_2 capture, this article presents a brief ing on the current development of CO_2 capture technologies in coal-fired power plants both in China and abroad. Sooner or later, the integration of CO_2 capture and storage (CCS) facility with coal-fired power plant will be inevitably put on the agenda of developers.

含碳捕集电厂-电转气-液化天然气协同的综合能源系统优化调度

为解决能源转型过程中面临的碳排放量高、供气不足等难题,提出一种含碳捕集电厂-电转气-液化天然气协同的综合能源系统优化调度模型。首先,考虑碳捕集电厂和电转气设备的“碳耦合”以及液化天然气站的“电-气耦合”,构建含碳捕集电厂-电转气-液化天然气的电气热综合能源系统模型;其次,引入阶梯型碳交易机制,提出碳捕集电厂-电转气-液化天然气协同运行的综合能源系统低碳经济调度模型;最后,以云南某大型工业园区为例,验证所提模型能够有效提高系统的风光消纳水平和能源利用效率,具有显著的低碳经济效益。

Decoding the Einstein-Type Formula for Reducing Energy Conversion to Carbon Emissions in Renewables Systems

This article explores the role of distributed energy resources such as efficient solar cells that drive carbon neutrality within the solar energy. For example, the perovskite solar cells offer high efficiency and potential for low-cost production. A novel theoretical model is discovered in distributed energy resources for power emissions and cost. The smart carbon neutrality approaches are analyzed in both theory and experiments. The advantages, current challenges, and future prospects of the related solutions are discussed methodically. By addressing stability and scalability issues, these approaches can contribute significantly to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable energy solutions.

碳交易耦合下现货电能量市场日前出清方法

为实现现货电能量市场和碳交易市场的有效协同,从电力交易中心把控系统碳排放的角度出发,构建一种电-碳耦合市场运营机制,并提出考虑动态碳排放强度的电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型。首先,在现有的电力市场运行规则基础上将碳交易市场进行嵌入,构建电-碳耦合市场联合运行机制;其次,基于边际发电成本特性和单调非递减阶梯式报价规则,构建传统能源发电商和碳捕集电厂的分段报价曲线;再次,推导传统能源发电商和碳捕集电厂的动态碳排放强度模型,并基于等面积原则构建二者的阶梯式动态碳排放强度曲线;然后,考虑阶梯式报价曲线和动态碳排放强度,以综合成本最小为目标兼顾电网运行和物理约束,构建电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型。最后,在PJM-5节点和IEEE-39节点电力系统进行算例仿真分析,通过设置不同的场景验证所提电-碳耦合市场日前出清模型的有效性。

多时间尺度下考虑源-荷协同降碳的综合能源系统分布鲁棒低碳调度

为了降低综合能源系统运行过程中的碳排放水平,并考虑源-荷不确定性对调度结果的影响,提出多时间尺度下考虑源-荷协同降碳的综合能源系统分布鲁棒低碳调度策略。在考虑氢能的储液式碳捕集电厂中加入余热发电装置,建立碳捕集与封存-电制氢-有机朗肯循环模型。在荷侧引入综合需求响应,构建源-荷协同降碳机制,结合荷侧的“削峰填谷”进一步降低系统的碳排放。为了减少可再生能源出力不确定性对系统的影响,提出日前-日内多时间尺度滚动优化策略,日前阶段构建基于数据驱动的分布鲁棒优化模型;日内阶段基于日前调度结果,通过短时间尺度滚动优化降低功率波动的影响。算例仿真结果表明:所提模型和策略可以很好地实现系统低碳性和经济性的均衡。

考虑碳-绿证市场耦合的多虚拟电厂电-碳P2P交易模型

为了探索多市场交易下虚拟电厂(VPP)之间的点对点(P2P)交易模式,提出一种考虑碳-绿证市场耦合的多VPP电-碳P2P交易模型。建立包含光伏、储能、中央空调、碳捕集机组和用户负荷的多VPP聚合模型,建立绿证-碳配额耦合的VPP交易模型;在此基础上,基于合作博弈理论,建立多VPP社会效益最大化模型,采用交替方向乘子法对模型进行分布式求解,并建立非对称纳什议价模型对合作剩余利润进行分配;通过算例分析验证所提模型能在提升经济效益的同时,减少VPP的CO_(2)排放量。

基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网双层电碳协同调度模型

为使虚拟电厂更好地适应多种低碳能源并存的碳市场,建立了一种基于对等架构的虚拟电厂-配电网协同调度双层模型。引入碳排放流理论,结合电网潮流确定节点碳排放责任。建立双层模型,上层为配电网最优潮流模型,下层为虚拟电厂点对点交易模型。上、下层模型间使用目标级联分析法构建对等架构,并通过共识变量实现协同调度。下层模型使用基于共识的自适应步长交替方向乘子法处理虚拟电厂间点对点交易问题,促进资源消纳的同时实现了隐私保护。以IEEE 33节点配电网为例,对调度结果进行多种分析,验证了所提模型的有效性。

碳中和背景下能源动力专业人才基本素养新特质研究

2021年,教育部发布的《高等学校碳中和科技创新行动计划》中强调“加快制定碳中和领域人才培养方案”。这是碳中和背景下,支撑和推进我国能源革命进程,建设清洁低碳、安全高效能源体系的重点学科领域。明确碳中和背景下,能源动力专业人才基本素养的新要素、新特质,是构建各级培养目标、逆向制定培养方案、设置课程、深入教学过程改革,实现自主培养高质量人才的依据和逻辑起点。

双碳目标背景下电力集团储能电站与传统能源碳减排投资决策

为有效调整电力集团能源结构以支撑我国双碳目标的实现,电力集团储能电站与传统能源碳减排(CCUS机组)投资决策研究已成为当下亟待研究的热点问题。为此,本文同时考虑风电间歇性与高峰期电力需求存在随机波动情景,将分时定价研究框架运用至储能电站与CCUS机组联合投资决策模型构建中,以研究不同策略下电力集团储能电站或CCUS机组最优投资决策与最优策略选择。研究发现:(1)各投资策略均存在最优容量水平,但需要储能电站与CCUS机组单位投资成本、CCUS机组单位运营成本满足一定上限条件,且最优容量受化石能源消费占比约束影响明显;除碳价较低且CCUS机组单位运营成本偏高情形外,联合投资(ST)策略始终是利润视角下的最优投资策略。(2)提高碳价、降低峰谷电价差值会提升最优投资容量,较高的发电与运营成本将降低最优CCUS机组容量;投资储能电站能够降低减排强度阈值,对CCUS机组产生一定的减排挤出效应。(3)当电力需求价格敏感度偏高且峰谷电价差值较大、碳价与CCUS机组单位运营成本同步增加、单位投资成本差异较大时,单一投资(NT或SN)策略碳排放水平最低,否则,ST策略始终为最优投资策略。

交通能源转型决策分析综述

实现交通强国目标要求高度发展基础设施、构建高效运营体系、推动技术创新和实现可持续发展。在双碳目标这一背景下,交通部门需通过能源转型实现深度减碳,这既符合交通强国构建过程中的可持续发展要素,也需要避免因能源转型决策错误或过于急切而对交通基础设施、运营体系的资源配置产生负面影响,从而影响交通强国战略的顺利推进。交通能源转型涉及多个关键决策变量,如汽车动力技术、基础设施建设、用户行为和政策制定等,其复杂性和重要性不容忽视。该文旨在从交通强国和双碳目标相融合的角度,结合综述和案例研究,深入探讨交通能源转型决策分析的意义、方法、工具和经验,为国家政策的制定和企业决策提供理论与实践参考,引发对相关决策分析的重视和研究。首先,对交通能源转型决策分析的内涵和动机进行了阐述。然后,从汽车动力技术、基础设施、用户行为和政策制定4个角度出发,运用优化模型思维方法,并引用已有文献中的分析案例进行详细示范,涵盖诸如电动车辆行驶里程优化、充电网络规划、用户选择行为决策、政策减排效益及公平性等内容。此外,借助已发表的案例或政策实施情况,着重指出了交通能源转型决策分析中不当假设可能对行业和社会产生的影响。最后,总结了交通能源转型决策分析的重要性和可操作性,提出了若干研究课题建议,以促进该领域的深入研究。该文研究内容可为交通能源转型决策提供全面的理论支持和实践参考,有利于推动我国交通领域的可持续发展。

考虑绿证-阶梯碳双向交互与碳捕集的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

完善绿证市场与碳市场的互动机制有利于提升综合能源系统的低碳经济运行水平。为此,提出一种考虑绿证-阶梯碳双向交互与碳捕集的综合能源系统低碳经济调度策略。引入绿证交易机制与阶梯式碳交易机制,通过挖掘绿证所蕴含的低碳属性价值,构建绿证-阶梯碳双向交互模型,以绿证获得量和碳排放权交易量为交互媒介联动绿证市场与碳市场;建立含储液罐的碳捕集电厂综合灵活运行模型,以扩大风电的上网空间;以系统综合运行成本最小为优化目标,设置多个运行场景对所提调度策略的有效性进行对比验证。算例结果表明,所提策略能够改善系统的用能结构,有效提高系统的风电消纳能力与低碳经济效益。