文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

BDSec:Security Authentication Protocol for BeiDou-Ⅱ Civil Navigation Message

Due to the lack of authentication mechanism in BeiDou navigation satellite system(BDS),BD-Ⅱ civil navigation message(BDⅡ-CNAV) are vulnerable to spoofing attack and replay attack.To solve this problem,we present a security authentication protocol,called as BDSec,which is designed by using China’s cryptography Shangyong Mima(SM) series algorithms,such as SM2/4/9 and Zu Chongzhi(ZUC)algorithm.In BDSec protocol,both of BDⅡ-CNAV and signature information are encrypted using the SM4 algorithm(Symmetric encryption mechanism).The encrypted result is used as the subject authentication information.BDSec protocol applies SM9 algorithm(Identity-based cryptography mechanism) to protect the integrity of the BDⅡ-CNAV,adopts the SM2 algorithm(Public key cryptosystem) to guarantee the confidentiality of the important session information,and uses the ZUC algorithm(Encryption and integrity algorithm) to verify the integrity of the message authentication serial number and initial information and the information in authentication initialization sub-protocol respectively.The results of the SVO logic reasoning and performance analysis show that BDSec protocol meets security requirements for the dual user identity authentication in BDS and can realize the security authentication of BDⅡ-CNAV.

Exploring the Applications of Digital Twin Technology in Enhancing Sustainability in Civil Engineering:A Review

With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.

基于Civil 3D进行符合国标的超高加宽设计

BIM的快速发展为道路设计提供了新的发展契机。作为一款成熟的道路设计BIM软件,无论是设计规范,还是装配部件,Civil 3D都支持自主定义,这为道路行业BIM的发展提供了一个很好的设计平台。在各等级道路中,道路的超高加宽设计对于行车的安全性与舒适性至关重要,但是在进行路线超高加宽设计时,Civil 3D所依托的是美国标准规范。为了让设计更适合中国道路实际情况,根据中国路线设计规范修编Civil 3D的超高加宽设计文件是至关重要的,可以为中国标准下的公路行业BIM设计发展提供一定的帮助。

基于Civil3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究与应用

针对目前BIM正向设计所存在的出图效率低、设计工具操作不习惯、数据互通丢失率高等问题,结合某二级公路交叉口,将Civil 3D作为其正向设计的工具,开展基于Civil 3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究,对道路交叉设计、道路优化、三维可视化等方面进行关键技术研究。研究结果表明,通过对地形数据优化分析,生成三维地形曲面,结合Civil 3D智能化、智慧化设计的特点,生成施工图级别的正向设计成果。工程应用结果表明,使用Civil 3D进行道路交叉口的正向设计,可以提高设计效率、减少设计错误、考虑不全面等问题,减少后期因为施工、地质突发情况对设计变更的影响。

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

基于Civil 3D部件编辑器的矿山排土场参数化设计研究

近年来,民用建筑行业BIM技术得到迅速发展,将其应用于有色冶金矿山设计工作势在必行,改变以往人工计算、应用AutoCAD插件出图的现状。为实现排土场参数化设计,结合排土场设计经验和计算机语言,基于Civil 3D部件编辑器(SAC)研究了参数化设计流程;针对排土场横断面形式,创建了多级边坡部件参数化模型,实现了快速建模、三维模型到二维图纸的转换以及排土场库容精确计算。基于SAC的排土场三维参数化设计技术促进了设计效率和精度的提升,总结形成了参数化设计技术在排土场设计过程中的应用流程,为类似项目提供参考。

基于Midas Civil在大型履带吊车作用下的钢栈桥结构设计

为保证钢栈桥可以在大型履带吊车作用下安全使用,以四川省成都市某景观人行桥项目为例,对钢栈桥进行针对性的结构设计,采用Midas Civil有限元软件进行钢栈桥建模和结构分析,并简要阐述了钢栈桥的施工要点。通过模型建立过程的加载方式、工况的介绍,计算分析了各个工况的钢栈桥的变形值、应力、稳定性,计算结果均满足容许值,为工程的实施提供了理论数据支持。

基于Civil 3D和MIKE 21耦合的全二维溃堤洪水动态模拟应用

为探究基于Civil 3D和MIKE 21耦合的全二维水动力模型在溃堤洪水动态模拟中的实际应用效果,文章采用实测地形资料,利用Civil 3D创建河道内、外全二维高精度地形曲面,结合MIKE 21构建全二维水动力模型,计算得到不同溃口工况下提防沿线的淹没深度及流场分布。结果表明,采用Civil 3D创建河道内地形曲面较横断面数据概化更为精准,更能直观展示河道内洪水演进变化。该研究为工程设计提供了科学可靠的数据支持,对于指导防洪工程建设具有重要意义。

基于Civil3D集成造价法在截渗墙投资编制中的应用

常规截渗墙造价工作在计算各地层工程量时占用大量时间,导致造价编制的效率与精度很难同时得到保证。为了解决这个问题,将基于Civil3D集成造价方法在截渗墙造价编制中进行应用,通过引入Civil3D软件进行三维算量,将各个地层的工程量直接导出至Excel,计算工程量方便快捷,并且统一土层信息制作土层信息表,通过参数判别自动匹配单价模板,提高了造价工作的效率与成果质量。

Civil3d部件编辑器关键技术应用研究

部件编辑器(Autodesk Subassembly Composer)是Civil3d软件进行BIM设计的重要辅助工具软件,在利用Civil3d的道路功能进行BIM建模时,经常会遇到一些特殊的应用需求,针对这一问题,文章以Civil3d建模中的渠道交叉部位、条件逻辑目标、渐变段建模几种具体应用为例,研究部件编辑器的应用关键技术,在有效解决了上述问题的同时,拓宽了部件编辑器应用范围,提升了Civil3d的应用广度,对提高BIM正向设计效率和成模能力具有重要意义。

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

基于Midas Civil的桥梁承载力检算分析

文章以衡山路跨陇海立交桥第1联边跨、中跨受力最不利梁为工程研究案例,基于Midas Civil有限元软件对桥梁承载力进行检算分析,并介绍桥梁工程检算参数取值。通过Midas Civil建立桥梁模型,模拟桥梁结构和荷载,对比分析桥梁元结构的承载能力和桥梁实际承载能力,结果表明该桥梁结构满足规范荷载等级使用要求。研究可为同类型工程提供经验参考。

基于MIDAS Civil的连续梁桥偏心桥墩受力分析探讨

在桥梁的设计中,偏心桥墩对总体设计有着较大影响,合理的桥墩形式不仅可以使整体结构受力更加合理,而且也能使上、下部结构的造型协调一致、轻巧美观。魏榆路左转匝道9号墩采用了偏心桥墩设计,为了探讨合理的偏心桥墩结构形式,运用MIDAS Civil有限元软件对9号墩进行了建模分析,计算结果表明采用盖梁两侧做不对称悬挑的桥墩形式可进一步提高结构的安全系数,可为今后类似的偏心结构体系桥墩的设计提供参考。

Civil 3D在某砂石料场运输道路设计中的应用

为提高道路的设计质量及工作效率,依据现场实测高程数据及相关资料,针对性地研究了Civil 3d在道路设计中的应用。获取实测高程数据建立原始地形曲面,直观地表达了现场地形的变化情况。通过Civil 3D软件的横、纵断面设计功能,建立了道路的三维模型。利用Civil 3D参数化设计对象联动的功能,对道路进行动态调整,提高了设计效率,对比不同设计方案下的开挖量情况,对方案进行迭代优化。

Problem Analysis and Effective Strategies of Ecological Civilization Education for Undergraduates in the New Age

The ecological civilization in the new age is one important aspect for undergraduates.We must enhance the concept of their civilization and improve the quality of civilization.Carrying out ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has a practical significance for enriching the contents of ideological and political education to realize their all-round development.Nowadays,some undergraduates lack awareness of ecological civilization and ignore its importance.For this reason,undergraduates need to pay attention to ecological civilization and improve their own ecological civilization literacy to promote the all-round development in qualities in the new age.This paper mainly analyzes the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education and explores effective strategies to solve the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education.The strategies include integrating ecological civilization resources,innovating methods of ecological civilization,strengthening ecological educator team construction,embodying ecological culture in campus construction and creating the atmosphere,emphasizing innovative practices for ecological civilization,strengthening publicity of social-ecological civilization,and attaching importance to family education of ecological civilization.

Civil 3D在工程施工复杂场地土方计算中的应用

在工程施工过程中往往涉及到场地土方的计算,尤其是在一些复杂的场地内修建道路、管线或者构筑物时,如何更高效准确的计算场地土方,对设计方案编制、现场土方平衡亦或工程量核算都是一项重要的工作。随着BIM技术的发展,Civil 3D软件是Autodesk为土木与基础设施行业提供的三维设计解决方案,适用于岩土、勘测、总图、场地规划、水利工程、道路设计等多个不同的应用领域,Civil 3D不仅提供了强大的地形分析和处理功能,更重要的是能从多种源数据快速灵活的创建三维的数字地形模型。根据我长期在市政工程施工中的实践,通过对Civil 3D软件的应用,利用其三维建模和曲面编辑的优势,运用“点-线-面-体”的建模思路,将一维的点(x,y,z)转换成三维的体,总结出一种适用于复杂土方计算的方法。

Research on the Development Path of Green Marine Economy in the Era of Ecological Civilization

This article explores the development path of the green marine economy in the era of ecological civilization.It highlights the importance of developing a green marine economy and how it has become a global consensus.The article suggests that China should take proactive measures to optimize its marine industrial structure,promote marine scientific and technological innovation,strengthen marine resource protection and environmental governance,and enhance the competitiveness of the marine economy.The ultimate objective is to achieve sustainable development of the ocean,expand the blue economic space,and accomplish the goal of green marine economic development.