Coupling Mechanism of Rural Settlements and Mountain Disasters in the Upper Reaches of Min River

Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters(collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.) and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows:(1) Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.(2) The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.

Relationship between Land Cover Changes with Water Quantity in Lake Victoria—A Case Study of Mara River Basin in Tanzania

LV(Lake Victoria)is valuable to the East African sub region and Africa in general,sources of water for LV are from its catchment areas and tributaries e.g.Kagera and Mara Rivers on Tanzania part.Apparently,catchment areas in proximities of LV and on MR(Mara River),indeed on MRB(Mara River Basin)in particular,are experiencing increased anthropogenic activities such as mining,fishing,settlements,agriculture etc.,which lead to increased water usage,land degradation and environmental pollution.Such activities threaten the sustainability of the environment surrounding MRB and impliedly LV and its ecosystem.The level of water in LV is reported to be declining threatening its extinction.This paper is reporting on a study undertaken to establish the relationship between land cover changes with ground water discharge from specifically MRB into LV over the period of 24 years,i.e.1986 to 2010.Methodology used is assessment of vegetation changes by using remote sensing through analysis of TM(Thematic Mapper)Landsat Images of 1986,1994,2002 and 2010 ETM(Enhanced Thematic Mapper)Landsat images,from which respective land cover change maps were generated and compared with ground water levels from MRB.Results indicates that there is a significant decline of land cover and ground water flowing into LV from MRB,and that there is positive correlation between land cover changes and the quantity of ground water flowing from MRB to LV.This phenomenon is common to all tributaries of LV,thus leading to decline of water in LV.It is recommended that relevant government institutions should endeavor formulating policies to control excessive use of wetlands and drylands in the proximity of LV and MRB in particular,such that the flow of water to LV may be sustained.

Land-Use Changes and Human Driving in and Near the Yangtze River Delta from 1995–2015

We analyzed the characteristics and trends of land-use change in and near the coastal zone of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) during five periods(1995, 2000 2005, 2010, and 2015) using remotely sensed Landsat imagery. Using automatic supervised classification combined with visual interpretation, we obtained land-use information for five study areas(Nantong, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningbo, and Zhoushan). Significant land-use changes have occurred in this area between 1995 and 2015, characterized in particular by large reductions in cultivated land and rapid increases in urbanized land. In addition, land reclamation was very active in this period as an effective supplement to the increased demand for land development: since 1995, 1622 km^2 of land was reclaimed from near-coastal regions in the study area. This increase in urbanization was jointly driven by population, economic, transportation, and policy factors. Urban areas expanded from the center outward in concentric rings, with infrastructure guiding the radial expansion of development along transportation corridors, thus forming a network of connections. Due to the influence of national land regulation policies, the expansion rate of development in the YRD gradually diminished after 2010. This indicates that the area's resource and environmental carrying capacity has reached a saturation stage in which urbanization has transitioned from broad and incremental expansion to the intensive use of land resources.

On paleodrainage evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene based on radar remote sensing in northeastern Ejin Banner,Inner Mongolia

Radar remote sensing can acquire information of sub-surface covered by sand in arid area, detect surface roughness and vegetation coronet's layer and linear feature such as linear structure and channel sensitively. With sediment facies analysis, this paper studies the features of environmental evolution in mid-late Epipleistocene (60 ka BP-20 ka BP) in northeastern Ejin Banner. The conclusions are listed as follows: (1) The evolution of the three lakes, i.e. Gaxunnur, Sugunur and Tian'e lakes, are dominated by faults and regional climate. (2) By analyzing sedimentary section of old Juyanze Lake, the three lakes used to be a large outflow lake before 50 ka BP in northeastern Ejin Banner, and at 50 ka BP, temperature declined rapidly in northwestern China. The event caused the lake's shrinkage. (3) By fault activity uplift in the northern part of old Juyan Lake and depression in the southern part, the lake's water followed from north to south at around 35 ka BP, old Juyanze fluvial fan was formed. At the same time, Juyan Lake separated from Sugunur Lake and Wentugunr old channel was abandoned. (4) In recent 2000 years, Ruoshui River is a wandering river, sometimes it flows into Juyan Lake and sometimes Sugunur and Gaxunnur lakes. Due to human activities and over exploitation, the oasis ecosystem is rapidly degenerated in 15 years (1986-2000).

Moraine-dammed glacial lake changes during the recent 40 years in the Poiqu River Basin,Himalayas

Glacier retreat is not only a symbol of temperature and precipitation change, but a dominating factor of glacial lake changes in alpine regions, which are of wide concern for high risk of potential outburst floods. Of all types of glacial lakes, moraine-dammed lakes may be the most dangerous to local residents in mountain regions. Thus, we monitored the dy- namics of 12 moraine-dammed glacial lakes from 1974 to 2014 in the Poiqu River Basin of central west Himalayas, as well as their associated glaciers with a combination of remote sensing, topographic maps and digital elevation models （DEMs）. Our results indicate that all monitored moraine-dammed glacial lakes have expanded by 7.46 km2 in total while the glaciers retreated by a total of 15.29 km2 correspondingly. Meteorological analysis indicates a warming and drying trend in the Nyalam region from 1974 to 2014, which accelerated glacier retreat and then augmented the supply of moraine-dammed glacial lakes from glacier melt. Lake volume and water depth changed from 1974 to 2014 which indicates that lakes Kangxico, Galongco, and Youmojanco have a high potential for outburst floods and in urgent need for continuous moni- toring or artificial excavation to release water due to the quick increase in water depths and storage capacities. Lakes Jialongco and Cirenmaco, with outburst floods in 1981 and 2002, have a high potential risk for outburst floods because of rapid lake growth and steep slope gradients surrounding them.

Satellite Images Applied to Assess the Influence of Amazon River Seasonal Dynamic on the Floodplain Lake Morphology

The objective of this study is to assess the influence of the Amazon River seasonal dynamic on floodplain lake morphology. The study area includes the Amazon River floodplain reach encompassed by the Madeira and Tapajós River confluences. Products from the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to derive variables such as lake size, shape and number. The main steps in the research were: data base implementation, legend definition, image processing (merge, segmentation, classification and edition), morphological mapping and quantitative assessment. Four classes of lacustrine morphology were defined in this study: circular/elliptical, elongated, composite, and dendritic. The result showed that 1) the lake class increased 18.38% from the low- to high-water period;2) there was a reduction in the total number of lakes from low to high water;3) the most common lake type was the circular/elliptical;and 4) better results were obtained integrating SAR and optical sensors.

Evolution of Desertification Types on the North Shore of Qinghai Lake

Land desertification is a widely concerned ecological environment problem.Studying the evolution trend of desertification types is of great significance to prevent and control land desertification.In this study,we applied the decision tree classification method,to study the land area and temporal and spatial change law of different types of desertification in the North Bank of Qinghai Lake area from 1987 to 2014,based on the current land use situation and TM remote sensing image data of Haiyan County,Qinghai Province,The results show that the area of mild desertification land and moderate desertification land in the study area has decreased,while the area of severe desertification land and extreme desertification land has increased significantly in the past 30 years.The area of desertification land decreased by 4.02 km2,of which the area of mild and moderate desertification land decreased by 39.73 km2 and 36.8 km2 respectively,and the area of severe and extreme desertification land increased by 32.78 km2 and 39.73 km2 respectively.As for the mutual transformation relationship,the transformation from severe desertification land to extreme desertification land is the main,and the junction of severe desertification land and extreme desertification land is the sensitive area of transformation.In the north shore of Qinghai Lake,the sandy land tends to expand eastward.The research provides reference basis for local land desertification monitoring,and has a great guidance for local effective land desertification and soil and water conservation.

基于Sentinel-2卫星遥感影像的巢湖及南淝河叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a是反映水生态环境污染状况的重要指标,定量反演叶绿素a浓度有助于及时监测水体营养状态变化,对富营养化水体治理具有重要意义。以巢湖及南淝河支流下游为研究区域,利用Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据源,构建其叶绿素a浓度反演模型,探究叶绿素a浓度的时空变化规律。结果显示,构建的深度神经网络(DNN)模型反演精度较高(R^(2)=0.96,MRE=31.62%,RMSE=24.4μg/L)。通过分析减少训练样本量对DNN模型精度的影响,发现训练样本较少时,模型仍具有较高的精度;根据其精度的敏感模型训练样本个数,将训练集按组等分,模型呈现较好的稳定性并具有一定的适用性。分析表明,研究区叶绿素a浓度在时间上呈现夏秋季上升、春冬季下降的规律,在空间上呈现湖区西高东低、局部近岸区分布较高的特点。

雅鲁藏布江中游石冰川发育特征及潜在成灾机制分析

石冰川是以冰岩混合物为基础在重力和冻融作用下形成的一类具有蠕滑特征的冰缘地貌,大量分布于中国青藏高原和天山地区,了解其发育特征对于研究高寒山区环境演化和致灾机理具有重要的理论和现实意义。近年来的监测研究发现,受气候变暖影响,石冰川表面蠕滑出现了显著的加速过程,形成泥石流或滑坡的风险增大。青藏高原是全球气候变暖的敏感区,由气候变暖引起的地质灾害受到广泛关注。鉴于此,笔者采用现场测量、遥感解译和理论分析的方法,分析并探讨了雅鲁藏布江中游桑-加峡谷两岸石冰川的发育特征和潜在成灾机制。结果表明,石冰川的形成和发育与孕育基床的地形、气候和太阳辐射有关,在气温升高、短历时强降雨或强烈地震作用下,石冰川易形成泥石流或滑坡灾害威胁下游,主要表现为石冰川下游段组成物质的不稳定性。

无人机遥感技术在巡河场景中的应用研究

该文首先详细介绍无人机遥感技术在巡河场景应用的意义和重要性。在无人机技术方面,该文介绍其原理和基本应用,包括遥感数据的获取、处理和应用。在无人机技术方面,该文详细讲述其优势和应用,如无人机的机动性、高效性和低成本性等。研究结果表明,无人机遥感技术的深入研究和应用,可以更好地保护和管理河湖资源,为人类的生存和发展提供更好的保障,应该继续加强该领域的相关研究和实践。该研究对该领域的相关研究和实践具有重要的参考价值。

雅砻江流域深切河谷区滑坡类型、成因及分布规律——以子拖西―麻郎错河段为例

【研究目的】雅砻江流域是中国西部重要的林牧业基地、水电能源基地和少数民族聚居区,开展流域内的滑坡成因和分布规律研究,对于制定科学的防灾减灾策略、保障经济社会稳定发展具有重要意义。【研究方法】以雅砻江中游深切河谷区子拖西―麻郎错河段为研究区,通过高分辨率卫星遥感解译、InSAR分析、结合现场调查获取滑坡基础数据;采用工程地质分析方法总结分析典型的滑坡类型及其成因机制;利用GIS空间分析和统计方法,揭示滑坡的分布规律及发育的优势范围。【研究结果】(1)研究区内共查明滑坡606处,其中面积104~105m^(2)的滑坡数量最多,约占总数的60%;面积103~104m^(2)和面积105~106m^(2)的滑坡数量相当,各约占总数的20%;(2)根据主控诱发因素将滑坡划分为降雨诱发型、构造控制型、开挖诱发型、河流侵蚀型和蓄水诱发型等5种主要类型;降雨和蓄水对岩土体强度的弱化效应、断裂构造对岩体结构及其力学性质的劣化效应、开挖和河流侵蚀对斜坡前缘抗滑支撑作用的解除效应等是导致滑坡形成的关键机理;(3)海拔高程2500~3500 m、坡度15°~35°、坡向NE-E和S-W是滑坡发育的优势地形范围;(4)由薄层状板岩、粉砂质板岩构成的软变质岩组是滑坡发育的优势岩组,花岗岩、石英闪长岩等坚硬侵入岩构成的岩浆岩组中滑坡最不发育;(5)康都断层、千杯尼玛断层、祝桑断层、唐岗断层、霍泽扎日断层和涅达断层这6条断层对滑坡的影响不显著,研究区下游麻子石断层、程章断层、然公断层、鸡打—米龙—木灰断层两侧及其交汇部位滑坡发育最为密集;(6)滑坡发育分布与河流水系距离之间呈明显的负相关性,距河流水系0~0.5 km是滑坡发育的优势距离,宏观上滑坡沿着河谷成带状集中分布。【结论】研究成果可以为认识雅砻江深切河谷区滑坡的成因和规律,防控流域链式灾害风险提供重要的科学依据。

江苏省河湖动态遥感监测探索与实践

经过多年实践,卫星遥感监测技术已成为江苏省河湖监管的重要手段。2023年起,江苏省以“两河两湖”为试点开展每日动态遥感监测,利用高分卫星和无人机智能巡检技术,对存量问题进行全面清查建库,对增量问题建立“即时发现、前置处置、动态清零”的河湖违法占用动态监测处置体系,实现了河湖违法行为“早发现、早制止、早处置”,有效遏制了大型河湖违法事件的发生,为河湖管理和执法提供了即时解决方案,对其他河湖空间管控具有参考意义。

遥感监测技术在江西省重点河湖库“清四乱”中的应用研究

为及时排查与整改处置影响河湖库面貌及功能发挥的乱占、乱采、乱堆、乱建问题,探索利用遥感监测手段开展定期监测,充分发挥卫星遥感影像高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的优势,为河湖库“四乱”问题高频度遥感监测提供数据保障。结合江西省重点河湖库遥感监测实施案例,通过构建遥感解译标志、生成“四乱”问题疑似图斑数据库、采用无人机辅助实地核实等技术手段开展遥感监测,对监测成果进行科学分析,为河湖管理及行政执法提供科学依据和决策支持。

卫星遥感在河湖岸线保护与利用监测中的应用

主要结合当前河湖长制与推进“四乱”问题治理常态化、规范化管理需求,通过套合河湖岸线规划数据,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,在制定河湖“乱占、乱堆、乱采和乱建”遥感解译分类标准基础上,以人机交互的方式提取疑似河湖“四乱”问题,并辅助外业核查,研制了一套利用卫星遥感技术开展河湖岸线保护与开发利用的技术路线与方法。研究结果表明:借助卫星遥感技术,可实现对河湖“四乱”问题的大范围、多频次、精准化监测,为河湖管护与河湖“四乱”问题治理提供一套完整、科学、可靠的解决方案。

基于K-means聚类分析处理遥感影像的河湖“四乱”因素识别

2018年水利部部署开展河湖“清四乱”专项行动,为提高河湖乱占、乱采、乱堆、乱建(“四乱”)问题的识别效率,应用K-means聚类分析方法对卫星遥感影像进行检测,分析了2020~2022年上海市26条(总长649 km)河道与淀山湖、元荡湖两个湖泊的“四乱”问题。结果表明:2020~2022年,28个河湖河口线外延6 m范围内有274处变化,其中疑似“四乱”问题82处。相比同期人工巡查,基于K-means聚类分析的遥感影像因素识别技术在识别河湖“四乱”中具有巡查效率高、巡查范围广、巡查成本低等优势。研究成果可以为下阶段河湖治理和保护监管以及信息化建设提供参考。

基于长时序稠密遥感数据分析黄河流域大中型湖库水域面积动态变化特征

黄河流域在我国经济社会发展和生态安全中具有重要地位。但从全流域的角度,基于长时序稠密遥感数据对黄河流域大中型湖库开展的研究却较少。本文基于MODIS 8天合成数据,提取了2000—2020年黄河流域大中型湖库长时序的水域信息,分析其时空变化特征,结果表明:从月际变化看,3—5月为水域面积第一个快速增长时期,6—10月为第二个增长时期,在10月达到最大值,10月之后逐渐下降,至次年2月达到最小值;从年际变化看,近20年上、中、下游湖库水域面积均呈现增长趋势,其中上游地区对全流域面积增长的贡献度最大,中游次之;湖库水域空间分布不均衡,上、中、下游近20年湖库水域面积平均占比分别为69.27%、25.02%、5.72%。

一种改进的深度学习冰湖遥感制图方法及应用

冰湖溃决洪水是一种严重的山地自然灾害,威胁着中国高寒区的居民及铁路公路等重要基础设施,自动高效的冰湖遥感制图方法是冰湖灾害评估、监测预警的基础,然而现有自动制图方法在实际冰湖提取应用上难以达到传统人工和半自动冰湖提取方法上的精度,仍需进一步提高。文章在原生UNet模型基础上,在各桥连接部分融合极化自注意力机制,将输入影像特征分别在空间和通道层保持高分辨率,并通过非线性合成输出细腻的特征,构建了一种改进的U-Net冰湖遥感深度学习制图方法,并将其成功应用在高原铁路关键区。研究结果表明:1)与PSPNet、DeepLabV3+、原生U-Net三种经典模型相比,改进模型在冰湖预测数据集上的各项指标上都有提升,精确率、召回率、交并比和F_1值分别达到了0.972 5、0.966 5、0.940 8和0.969 4,相较于原生U-Net网络,精确度、召回率、交并比和F_1值分别提高了5.01%、6.05%、10.73%和5.53%;2)基于Landsat-8卫星遥感数据,应用改进模型完成了2013—2022年帕隆藏布和易贡藏布案例区冰湖信息自动高效提取,如2020年冰湖总体精度为98.16%,与参照数据的重叠度达到96.66%,提取的精度满足冰湖灾害评估和监测预警研究需求,可用于铁路等重大工程沿线冰湖灾害防治的实践。

河湖库“清四乱”遥感监测系统设计与实现

围绕河湖库“清四乱”常态化、规范化总体要求,利用卫星遥感影像,设计并研发河湖库“清四乱”遥感监测系统,基于B/S和移动端架构,整合遥感监测、督查暗访、整改销号、考核评估等河湖库“清四乱”管理过程,实现“四乱”问题从发现到销号全过程管理,为河湖库监管提供了强有力的技术支撑。

青藏高原近25年来河流、湖泊的变迁及其影响因素

结合20世纪70年代中期的MSS图像和90年代末期的ETM+图像解译,对近25年来青藏高原河流、湖泊的分布现状及其变迁进行了分析。研究表明,青藏高原河流总体上变化不明显,部分地区外流水系个别河段略有摆动,内流水系少数河段发生改道、断流,入湖河流河口段发生延伸、退缩等变化。青藏高原多数天然湖泊变化较大,主要是部分湖泊面积缩小或扩大;少数湖泊解体或归并;有的已干涸的湖泊又重新汇水,有的湖泊则接近干涸。导致河流、湖泊演变的主要影响因素有气温变化、降水变化及冰川变化、气候雪线变化等。

我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目

随着我国新一期冰川编目工作的进行和深入,开展全国范围内的冰湖编目已提上日程。基于278幅大比例尺地形图(20世纪70-80年代)、38景ASTER影像和7景TM(2004-2008年),通过建立冰湖编目规范,对我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖进行遥感调查与编目,分析近30年来冰湖的分布及其变化特征。结果显示:(1)本区2004-2008年间共有冰湖1680个,总面积215.28km2;(2)近30年来我国喜马拉雅山地区冰湖变化总体呈现数量减少、面积增大的趋势,数量减少了4%;总面积增大了29%;(3)近30年来有294个冰湖消失,新增加224个冰湖,变化最快的为冰碛湖,在消失的冰湖中66%为冰碛湖,新增加的冰湖中88%为冰碛湖。进一步分析表明冰湖面积增加是气候变暖、冰川退缩和冰川加速消融的产物。