A Mechanism for Biological Control-Tempo-Spatial Synchronization of Natural Enemy and Insect Pest Population Dynamics at the Peak by Increase of Biodiversity

To reveal the mechanism of control of the Woolly Apple Aphid （Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, WAA） by increase of biodiversity in the apple orchard, a consecutive two-year field trials were conducted in Yurman province, China. The results showed that the peak of natural enemy density curve in the cover cropping orchard was well temporally synchronized with that of the WAA density on trees, but did not synchronize with that of WAA density on trees in clean orchard. In addition, the frequency of natural enemies and WAA within a same sample in cover cropping orchard was obviously higher than that in clean cultivated orchard during the peak of population curves, indicating that natural enemies spatially synchronized with aphids. The density of WAA for the whole growing season in cover cropping orchard was much less than that in clean orchard. Therefore, the temporal-spatial synchrony of natural enemy and aphid populations was proposed as one of the mechanisms for aphid control in cover cropped orchards.

Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.

Ecology and Role of the Rove Beetle, <i>Dalotia coriaria</i>, and Insidious Flower Bug, <i>Orius insidiosus</i>, in Greenhouse Biological Control Programs

Greenhouse production systems typically involve growing multiple crop types simultaneously, including ornamentals and vegetables. Therefore, greenhouse producers commonly deal with multiple pest complexes. Two important insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops are fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.) and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). A plant protection strategy that can be used to manage both pests is biological control. The rove beetle (Dalotia coriaria) and insidious flower bug (Orius insidiosus) are generalist predators commercially available for use in greenhouse production systems targeting fungus gnats and the western flower thrips. This article describes the biology, behavior, ecology, and role of both natural enemies in greenhouse production systems, and discusses the direct and indirect effects of pesticides (insecticides, miticides, and fungicides) on D. coriaria and O. inisidiosus.

Invasion biology of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley: Current knowledge and future directions

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which is native to North America, emerged as a major invasive insect pest of multiple crops in Asia at the beginning of the 21 st century. Considering the economic significance of this insect and its rapid worldwide spread, we examined the possible factors driving its invasions. In this paper, we summarize the life history traits of P. solenopsis conceivably related to population development in invaded regions; these traits include its use of diverse host plants, reproductive capacity and mode, adaptation to temperature, response to food shortage, and insecticidal resistance. Then, focusing on the multiple trophic interactions that may promote or hinder invasion, we review the mutualistic relationship of this mealybug with ants and predation and parasitism by natural enemies. Finally, we suggest topics for future research and provide our perspective on the biological invasions of this mealybug. We speculate that specific biological factors associated with this mealybug, particularly its wide host range, high reproductive potential, evolved changes in life history traits, and mutualism with ants have played important roles in its invasions, allowing this pest to become established and rapidly increase its population upon its introduction into new regions.

The Potential of Common Beneficial Insects and Strategies for Maintaining Them in Bean Fields of Sub Saharan Africa

Beneficial insects provide natural ecosystem services such as biological control of pests, soil formation, nutrient cycling and pollination of plants. Beneficial insects include pollinators important in the essential pollination process of all plants, and natural enemies of pests such as parasitoids and predators which are important in the suppression of pest damage to crops. Knowledge on management techniques to attract beneficial insects in the agricultural fields is a way forward to enhance agro ecosystems for increased crop production. Therefore, proper understanding and identification of natural enemies, as well as pollinators in agricultural fields, is essential in promoting biological control and pollination activity. Natural enemies and pollinators, within legume fields, play a key role in ensuring sustainable production, especially in smallholder farms. There is a limited understanding of beneficial insects and the ecosystem services they offer to the agricultural production process in much of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviewed and provided existing knowledge on beneficial insects in bean fields. This will give the basis for research on beneficial insects in bean fields and practices that encourage their populations.

基于捕食性天敌及害虫种群动态筛选功能植物的研究

新兴的生态调控技术是利用非作物植物进行天敌生境管理的重要措施。为筛选出适宜增效捕食性天敌的功能植物,进而提高天敌对农林生态系统害虫的控制能力,本文通过追踪调查15种功能植物与对照杂草区域内节肢动物群落时序动态,比较了捕食性天敌及植食性害虫的累积量、益害比以及优势天敌类群与主要害虫关联性、时序动态变化。结果显示,绿豆Vigna radiata、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、蓖麻Ricinus communis、芥蓝Brassica alboglabra、罗勒Ocimum basilicum、芝麻Sesamum indicum上捕食性天敌累积量、益害比高于其他植物,且与主要害虫的关联性和时序变化关系明确,有益于优势天敌中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等种群,可以作为捕食性天敌的生境管理功能植物。本研究为今后进一步更好的筛选出应用于田间保护性生物防治的植物提供基础以及新思路。

美国白蛾天敌昆虫应用研究进展

美国白蛾是一种国际检疫性害虫,原产于北美。由于美国白蛾强大的扩散能力、较长的为害期以及快速繁殖等特性,目前已有35个国家报道了其入侵记录。自1979年美国白蛾在辽宁丹东发现以来,不断地向我国南方地区扩散。因此,根除全部种群已不可能,采取持续有效的生物防控策略是可行的途径。本文总结了国内外美国白蛾的捕食性和寄生性天敌种类,比较了不同地区和不同发生期美国白蛾天敌的多样性,并对利用本地天敌和引进原产地天敌防治美国白蛾的应用技术进行了归纳分析。原产地天敌对美国白蛾具有更强的适应性和攻击性,通过引进原产地天敌可望实现更加持续有效的控制作用。最后展望了天敌昆虫控制美国白蛾的应用前景。

基于捕食性天敌资源的番茄潜叶蛾生物防控研究进展

番茄潜叶蛾是一种世界范围的重大外来入侵物种,主要通过幼虫潜叶和蛀果危害番茄作物。自2017年入侵新疆伊犁以来,该虫已扩散蔓延至我国多个省份(直辖市和自治区),并在多地暴发成灾,严重威胁我国番茄产业的生产。基于捕食性天敌资源的生物防治是当前番茄潜叶蛾综合治理的主要手段之一。目前,关于番茄潜叶蛾捕食性天敌资源研究现状的综述性论文较少。据此,本文系统梳理了全球范围内的番茄潜叶蛾捕食性天敌资源种类,概括了捕食性天敌对番茄潜叶蛾的捕食能力、取食番茄潜叶蛾后捕食性天敌的生命参数、化学农药对捕食性天敌防控番茄潜叶蛾的影响,分析了当前利用捕食性天敌防治番茄潜叶蛾存在的问题和发展方向,以求为我国番茄潜叶蛾生物防治工作提供参考。

基于3MP理论框架优化烟草“四虫一剂”综合防控体系的思考

烟草Nicotiana tabacum L.是我国重要的经济作物之一。当前,我国烟草产业正处于向绿色、生态转型升级的关键阶段,而病虫害防治是保障烟草行业转型升级的关键环节。以有害生物综合治理(Integrated Pest Management,IPM)框架为基础的烟草“四虫一剂”综合防控体系应运而生。该体系包括科学组合利用捕食螨(胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans)、烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead、夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon和叉角厉蝽Cantheconidae furcellata Wolff防治多种烟田害虫,以及利用烟草内源抗病毒制剂防治烟草花叶病毒病,是目前云南烟区重点推广的绿色防控技术体系。为了解决实际生产中IPM框架内各单一防控技术在治理多种害虫时发生的“低协同度”和“低覆盖度”的问题,我们前期提出了“多害虫多维治理”(Multi-Dimensional Management of Multiple Pests,3MP)理论框架。本研究基于3MP理论框架,就如何提高烟草“四虫一剂”体系中各绿色防控技术的集成度展开讨论,旨在为优化“四虫一剂”防控体系提供参考思路。

十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性研究

为明确十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食能力和捕食规律,将野外采集的十斑大瓢虫置于室内饲养2代,再测定其各龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量,以倒数法拟合Holling II圆盘方程,明确了十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食特性。研究结果表明,十斑大瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食量随着虫龄增加而逐渐增加,当N→∞时,十斑大瓢虫的1~4龄幼虫以及雌、雄成虫在1 d内对豆蚜的最大捕食量分别为30.1628、158.7003、556.3928、988.1128、841.0084、589.4011头。十斑大瓢虫幼虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程为y=3.9123x^(2.2092)(R^(2)=0.8093),随着日龄的增加捕食数量呈指数关系逐渐增加。雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食量与日龄的拟合方程分别为y=0.9453x^(2)-28.274x+827.44(R^(2)=0.456)和y=0.8762x^(2)-31.511x+635.38(R^(2)=0.7188),随着日龄期的增加捕食数量逐渐降低。

寄生和捕食元宝枫种子瘿蚊的重要天敌——毛链金小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:金小蜂科)

【目的】元宝枫是我国珍贵经济林树种,其籽油中含有丰富的神经酸等物质,在预防和治疗人类神经系统疾病上具有重要价值。然而,近年来作者发现元宝枫种子受到一种元宝枫瘿蚊(Acumyia sp.)幼虫的严重侵害。为了无公害防治该害虫,本研究旨在调查并鉴定元宝枫瘿蚊的天敌。【方法】通过在北京和内蒙古的实地调查,发现了寄生和捕食元宝枫瘿蚊幼虫和蛹的一种小蜂。通过分类研究,确定其为小蜂总科金小蜂科毛链金小蜂属Systasis的一个新种——元宝枫瘿蚊毛链金小蜂Systasis aceri Yang,Liu et Cao sp.nov.。本文详细描述了该寄生蜂的形态特征,并附有彩色形态特征图。同时,还记述了该小蜂的生物学,也和毛链金小蜂属我国的二个相近种进行了比较,提供了鉴别特征。【结果】该新种与中国的一种寄生刺槐叶瘿蚊的小蜂——叶瘿蚊毛链金小蜂Systasis obolodiplosis Yao et Yang相似,但可以通过以下特征进行区分:新种体呈金绿色,雌性体长3.4~3.6 mm,雄性1.8~2.4 mm(而后者体呈蓝色,带有紫色金属光泽;雌性体长2.1 mm,雄性1.3 mm);唇基略呈方形,宽为高的1.4倍(后者的唇基更宽,宽度是其高度的2.0倍);腹部较长,长为宽的2.7倍(后者的腹部较短,长为宽的1.8倍)。Xiao&Huang修订了中国毛链金小蜂属的种类,并提供了9个种的分类检索表。使用此检索表,新种最初被归为Systasis procerula Xiao et Huang。然而,本新种雌性在其他特征上存在差异:痣后脉长度是痣脉的1.4倍(后者的痣后脉短于痣脉);触角较短,梗节加鞭节的长度是头宽的1.15倍(后者是头宽的1.4倍);本种腹部更长,长为宽的2.7倍(后者腹部较短,长为宽的1.5倍)。此外,还描述了新种的生物学特性。元宝枫瘿蚊毛链金小蜂对元宝枫瘿蚊幼虫和蛹具有较高的寄生率,达到34%。其1~2龄幼虫为寄生性,而3龄以后则转为捕食性,能将单个种子中的52~125头瘿蚊幼虫(或蛹)捕食殆尽。该小蜂一年发生2~3代,是元宝枫瘿蚊的主要天敌。【结论】本天敌的发现为无公害生物防治元宝枫瘿蚊提供了一种优秀天敌。这一发现对于保护元宝枫这一珍贵树种及其籽油资源具有重要意义,并为未来种实害虫提供了新的生物防治技术。

北方温室内金盏菊对东亚小花蝽定殖及防控草莓害虫的增效作用

田间应用功能植物的保护型生物防治技术,有助于实现天敌昆虫释放后对种群定殖与可持续控害的增效作用,是农业可持续发展的研究热点。为了探究北方冬季温室内功能植物协同捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用,本研究以蜜源植物金盏菊Calendula offinalis和捕食性天敌东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri为对象,以不含金盏菊为对照,系统研究了金盏菊对东亚小花蝽成虫寿命和定殖的影响,以及对草莓上重要害虫蚜虫和叶螨的防控效果。结果发现,温室种植金盏菊显著增加了东亚小花蝽雌成虫的存活率和寿命,东亚小花蝽雌成虫的寿命达到9.49 d,较对照(6.18 d)延长了53.6%。金盏菊存在显著增加了释放东亚小花蝽后的第2~4周的种群数量,显著降低了草莓植株上棉蚜和叶螨的密度,表明金盏菊通过支持东亚小花蝽存活与种群定殖,增效草莓害虫防控。本研究不仅支持了蜜源植物增效天敌和控制害虫的生态作用,还为北方冬季温室草莓的害虫生物防治方式多元化应用与推广提供实践指导。

植草带宽度对蜘蛛和步甲群落动态及比邻玉米田害虫发生的影响

农田边界植草带是农田系统各斑块间生物物种迁移和群落演替、物质和能量交换的主要区域,对维持农业生物多样性及提高农田生产力具有重要意义。基于作物-害虫-天敌互作有机整体对植草带宽度的响应,选取不同宽度植草带(2 m、4 m、6 m)及其比邻农田并以对应宽度作物边界作为对照,采用地表陷阱法对蜘蛛和步甲进行取样调查,探究植草带宽度对蜘蛛和步甲种群结构、迁移扩散规律以及对农田害虫控制潜力的影响。结果表明:植草带内蜘蛛和步甲个体数均显著高于对照条带,4 m、6 m植草带的蜘蛛和步甲多度显著高于2 m植草带,且物种丰富度和多度显著高于其对照条带。此外,不同宽度植草带蜘蛛和步甲群落存在较高的异质性,蜘蛛和步甲群落结构差异显著;在4 m和6 m植草带及其比邻玉米田内,蜘蛛和步甲多度在植草带和植草带与比邻玉米田交界处显著高于农田内部,且随距离的增加,蜘蛛物种多度呈显著降低趋势,植草带宽度和距离共同决定蜘蛛和步甲的空间分布;Monte Carlo检验结果表明,植草带宽度、植被Margalef指数对农田中蜘蛛和步甲群落结构的影响均达到显著水平,蜘蛛主要优势科和步甲主要优势种主要分布在6 m植草带比邻玉米田内;4 m、6 m植草带比邻的玉米田中蜘蛛和步甲对玉米害虫的益害比显著高于2 m植草带比邻的玉米田,且4 m、6 m植草带显著增加了玉米籽粒的百粒重及比邻农田的玉米总产量。本研究对植草带涵养捕食性天敌预防害虫发生的最适宽度进行探索,综合考虑植草带耕地占用、天敌涵养和生物控害潜力等因素,确定4 m宽度植草带是具有推广价值的农田边界模式。

人工释放2种天敌昆虫的防治效果及其对烟田天敌昆虫种群的影响

为有效评价两种天敌昆虫烟蚜茧蜂和捕食螨对烟蚜和烟蓟马的防治效果,在四川攀枝花米易烟区连续两年开展了生物防治研究。分别采用烟蚜茧蜂、捕食螨和吡虫啉处理后,调查分析生物防治措施对田间害虫和主要天敌昆虫种群的作用。研究结果表明:(1)烟蚜茧蜂和捕食螨在前期对烟蚜和烟蓟马的防控效果分别为6.18%和33.94%,后期防治效果分别为55.38%和65.00%;吡虫啉防治效果与之相反。(2)烟蚜茧蜂和捕食螨分别使田间昆虫天敌种群数量下降了25.12%和20.02%,远低于吡虫啉的影响(53.29%)。其中对食蚜蝇影响最大,分别为39.36%和51.85%,对瓢虫类为20.77%和1.57%,对蜘蛛类为12.46%和1.60%。因此,释放烟蚜茧蜂和捕食螨可用于烟蚜和烟蓟马的长期防控,且对烟田昆虫天敌生态系统友好,具有较好的推广应用价值。

天然气湿法脱硫剂的研究进展

概述了国内外天然气含硫标准,在此基础上综述了湿法脱除硫化氢脱硫剂(络合铁法、胺法、离子液体法、生物法)的最新研究和应用进展;详细总结了各种脱硫剂的作用原理;就现阶段不同湿法脱硫化氢脱硫剂脱硫过程中存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了分析和展望,为推进天然气脱硫化氢脱硫剂研发提供理论及实践指导。

特应性皮炎治疗药物的研究进展

特应性皮炎(AD)是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病,常伴有其他特应性表现,可同时对儿童及成人造成影响。多项研究表明,AD患者的疾病负担较重,对公共卫生有重要影响。目前国内外大量研究表明,AD的发病机制涉及皮肤免疫炎症、皮肤屏障和皮肤菌群,提出表皮通透屏障功能受损是AD发病机制中的重要环节。因此,修复和保护皮肤屏障功能,维持皮肤微生态平衡对AD的治疗尤为重要。AD的治疗涉及基础治疗、外用药物治疗、物理治疗和系统药物治疗等多个方面。对于轻至中度患者而言,在基础治疗的基础上,可以采用外用药物和口服抗组胺药等进行治疗。而对于中重度患者,则可以选择系统治疗。其中,一些创新疗法以生物制剂为代表,取得了重要的进展,能够有效抑制2型炎症,有助于患者实现长期的病情控制。同时天然药物的挖掘和开发也越来越受到关注,将为AD患者的治疗提供更多选择。

美国密歇根州美国白蛾幼虫期重要天敌种类记述

【目的】美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea(Drury))原产北美,是我国重要的外来入侵害虫之一,对我国农林业生产、城市生态环境和居民生活造成了很大的影响,但在北美地区美国白蛾是一种危害有限的普通害虫。依据经典生物防治理论,为探索利用原产地天敌防治入侵中国的美国白蛾的可能性,2024年在美国密歇根州兰辛市开展了原产地天敌种类调查。【方法】在样地采集美国白蛾网幕后带回室内饲养,每天记录网幕中出现的天敌种类、数量及生物学特征。【结果】调查结果表明,白蛾姬小蜂(Elachertus cidariae Ashmead)、白蛾悬茧蜂(Meteorus hyphantriae Riley)、白蛾盘绒茧蜂(Cotesia hyphantriae(Riley))为本地区美国白蛾幼虫期最主要的3种寄生蜂,其中白蛾姬小蜂为多寄生容性外寄生蜂,后两者为单寄生容性内寄生蜂。普拉刺益蝽(Podisus placidus Uhler)、多刺阿乔猎蝽(Acholla multispinosa(DeGeer))、黄绿泽猎蝽(Zelus luridus Stal)为本地区美国白蛾幼虫的重要捕食性天敌,其中普拉刺益蝽对美国白蛾幼虫的捕食作用最显著。【结论】根据调查结果,白蛾姬小蜂、白蛾悬茧蜂、白蛾盘绒茧蜂3种寄生蜂可以作为引进备选。

Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Talaroconvolutin A and Talarofuranone: Gram-scale Synthesis of Ferroptosis Inducer Talaroconvolutin A

The first total synthesis of talaroconvolutin A(1.1 g obtained)and talarofuranone has been achieved using accessible materials(12 steps,7.5%and 8.2%yields,respectively).Convergent routes involved intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions in two approaches for creating the decalin moiety.Additionally,an unprecedented DMP-mediated domino reaction resulted in the deoxy-tetramic acid system.These syntheses not only establish the absolute configuration of talaroconvolutin A but also enable further collaborative studies of this typeofferroptosisinducers.

林业害虫防治的天敌昆虫应用现状与发展趋势

天敌昆虫用于害虫防治的理论提出有100多年,然而天敌昆虫的实际应用比理论研究更早,距今已有1000多年的历史。目前,天敌昆虫的应用研究已取得长足进步,尽管仍有局限存在,但随着第四次工业革命的到来以及公众对环境和自身安全的重视,未来天敌昆虫在林业害虫防治中的应用将得到进一步发展。本文对林业上应用天敌昆虫的成熟策略进行了总结,分析了天敌昆虫的人工繁育和应用技术现状,指出了当前天敌昆虫在林业害虫防治应用中存在的主要问题,如繁殖效率低且成本高、贮存期短、效果评价方法欠科学、以及引进天敌审批困难等。在此基础上,展望了未来天敌昆虫应用的发展趋势,讨论了未来天敌昆虫在林间应用的主要原则和策略、大规模繁育的机械化、质量控制的标准化、与其他新兴技术结合的多种可能方向等问题,以期进一步促进天敌昆虫在林业上的应用和发展。

小菜蛾抗药性及其生物防治研究进展

小菜蛾作为一种在全球范围内普遍存在的农业害虫,对蔬菜生产构成了严重威胁。目前,针对小菜蛾的防治策略主要包括化学防治、农业防治和生物防治等方法。然而,由于化学农药的大量使用,小菜蛾已经展现出了越来越强的抗药性,这使得其防治变得愈加困难。通过分析国内外的小菜蛾防治技术,可以发现生物防治方法在有效控制小菜蛾的同时,并不会引发害虫的抗药性问题。为了更加清晰地了解小菜蛾造成的危害性,从小菜蛾的发生概况与原因、抗药性的产生及其管理措施、抗药性监测等方面进行了综述。目前,小菜蛾的生物防治主要利用的是真菌、细菌、病毒以及天敌等生物因素。通过对最新研究进展的综述,展望了未来小菜蛾生物防治的发展前景。