The Hiatus and Accelerated Warming Decades in CMIP5 Simulations

Observed hiatus or accelerated warming phenomena are compared with numerical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） archives,and the associated physical mechanisms are explored based on the CMIP5 models.Decadal trends in total ocean heat content （OHC） are strongly constrained by net top-of-atmosphere （TOA） radiation.During hiatus decades,most CMIP5 models exhibit a significant decrease in the SST and upper OHC and a significant increase of heat penetrating into the subsurface or deep ocean,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.The shallow meridional overturning of the Pacific subtropical cell experiences a significant strengthening （slowdown） for the hiatus （accelerated warming） decades associated with the strengthened （weakened） trade winds over the tropical Pacific.Both surface heating and ocean dynamics contribute to the decadal changes in SST over the Indian Ocean,and the Indonesian Throughflow has a close relationship with the changes of subsurface temperature in the Indian Ocean.The Atlantic Meridional Overturing Circulation （Antarctic Bottom Water） tends to weaken （strengthen） during hiatus decades,opposite to the accelerated warming decades.In short,the results highlight the important roles of air-sea interactions and ocean circulations for modulation of surface and subsurface temperature.

Has the East Asian Westerly Jet Experienced a Poleward Displacement in Recent Decades?

Previous studies have suggested a poleward shift of the zonally averaged jet stream due to rapid warming over continents.However,the regional characteristics of the change in the jet stream are not yet understood.Here,we present evidence suggesting that the East Asian westerly jet did not shift poleward in past decades（1980-2004 relative to 1958-1979）,both in winter and summer.Rather,the jet axis has moved southward in summer,but its meridional position is steady in winter.The main change of the jet stream in winter is the enhancement of its intensity.These changes in both summer and winter are consistent with the corresponding changes in the large meridional tropospheric temperature-gradient zone.Based on these results,we suggest that the changes of the jet stream over East Asia are unique and are different from the zonal mean jet stream over the Northern Hemisphere and over the North Atlantic region.

Wheat functional genomics research in China:A decade of development

In the past decade we witnessed a revolutionary development of wheat genomics and functional genomics, thanks to the development of next generation sequencing (NSG) technology.Wheat, as one of the most important crops in China and the world and with a huge, repetitive, and polyploid genome,was unconquerable in the past and is now catching up with other crops due to the availability of an increasing number of resources and platforms.Wheat researchers in China have worked unostentatiously during the last decade after The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China first set up the wheat functional genomics program in 2005. Since then many papers on wheat were published in a wide range of international journals demonstrating significant progress in wheat functional genomics.

Analysis of the Changes in China's Grain Production Costs over the Past Decade

China's grain production cost has risen constantly since 2003. This paper starts from the grain production cost changes of unit area and unit quality,to analyze the reasons for China's grain production cost change in the last decade. It points out that the direct cause of changes in grain production cost is the steady growth of material and services costs,the fastest growth of labor costs and fast growth of land costs. The indirect cause of grain production high cost is the low efficiency in numerous and dispersive farmer production management,obviously insufficient agricultural infrastructure construction,waste phenomenon grain in production process and low contribution rate of agricultural technology.On this basis,it is recommended to reduce China's grain production cost and improve grain production conditions.

Inhomogeneous trends in the onset date of extreme hot days in China over the last five decades

Using a homogenized daily maximum temperature(T_(max))dataset across China,this study characterized the spatiotemporal variation of the onset date of extreme hot days in a year(i.e.,FirstEHD)during 1960-2018.Inhomogeneous trends of FirstEHD over China during 1960-2018 can be found,with the advanced trend of FirstEHD over most parts in China,while a number of stations in North-Central China(NC)show the delayed trend of FirstEHD.Moreover,there exist interdecadal changes of FirstEHD trend,with a remarkable difference in the trend magnitude before and after the 1990s over South China(SC),and the sign of trend can even reverse from negative to positive after the 1990s in Xinjiang(XJ)and Yangtze River Basin(YR),and from positive to negative in NC.The overall trends of FirstEHD over NC,YR,and XJ during 1960-2018 are dominated by the trends before the 1990s,while they are dominated by the sharp advance after the 1990s over SC.It is further found that the trend of FirstEHD can generally be explained by the long-term trend in T_(max) over most parts of China,but the contribution from T_(max) variabilities is also non-negligible and can even account for more than 75% of the overall trend over NC.The possible factors responsible for the decadal changes in FirstEHD trends are also discussed.

How ＂New SOEs＂ Come of Age： Four Decades of China＇s SOE Reform

China＇s complex and twisted journey of SOE reform over the past four decades is an unprecedented transformation in its history and is at the center stage of its economic reforms. Over the past four decades, SOEs transitioned from being affiliates of a planned economy to ＂new SOEs＂ as modern enterprises under the market economic system. This journey can be roughly divided into the following four stages： the reform to expand SOE autonomy during 1978-1993, the reform to create a modern enterprise system during 1993- 2003, the reform to create a new system for the administration of state assets during 2003- 2013, and the new era of classified SOE reform since 2013. After the four stages, China＇s SOE reform has made tremendous achievements, particularly since the 18th CPC National Congress. V~th policy readiness for SOE reform in the new era, reform should be carried out in a comprehensive and systematic manner for different types of SOEs in the future.

China's Four-Decade Rural Poverty Reduction in Urbanization:Efforts and Outcomes

Over the past four decades of reform and opening-up, China has basically eradicated hunger and lifted over 700 million rural people out of poverty. China's poverty incidence has dropped to about 3%. These achievements can be attributed to the following factors: First, farmers have regained their economic freedom that was lost in the planned economy era. Second, China's top decision-makers have followed people's will by transitioning into the market economy and thus achieved rapid economic growth. Third,the government has continuously enhanced infrastructure and human capital investments,and implemented a social protection system in rural and urban areas nationwide. Fourth,integrated poverty reduction measures have been carried out to assist poor people in disadvantaged regions and those with poor capabilities. Given the diminishing poverty reduction effect of pro-poor fiscal funds, it is necessary to avoid direct administrative interventions in the operational decision-making of poor households and broaden institutional space for rural cooperative economy. Meanwhile, China should remove inequalities in the rights between the urban and rural households, facilitate the labor migration of the poor, and promote the urbanization of rural people.

Decade Experience in Pleurectomy and Lung Decortications for Chronic Empyema Thoracis

Background: Chronic empyema thoracis is a debilitating illness with high morbidity and mortality, and is seen among all age groups in Nigeria. Objective: To review all cases of chronic empyema thoracis treated by pleurectomy and lung decortication and highlight the indications, challenges and the outcome. Materials and Method: In a 10-year period spanning 2007-2016, 90 patients with chronic empyema thoracis were admitted and managed in our institution. A retrospective study of 36 patients who underwent surgery was performed. Results: Ten patients (27.80%) out of 36 patients had unsuccessful one month closed chest tube drainage (CTTD). Six patients (16.67%) were referred from peripheral hospitals as chronic empyema thoracis that had failed CTTD. The remainder, 20 (55.60%) were diagnosed as chronic empyema thoracis de novo. Conclusion: Chronic empyema thoracis is a very difficult disease to manage especially in developing countries like ours, where patients present very late and the requisite facilities are inadequate.

Anthropogenic Influence on Decadal Changes in Concurrent Hot and Dry Events over China around the Mid-1990s

The frequency and duration of observed concurrent hot and dry events(HDEs) over China during the growing season(April–September) exhibit significant decadal changes across the mid-1990s. These changes are characterized by increases in HDE frequency and duration over most of China, with relatively large increases over southeastern China(SEC), northern China(NC), and northeastern China(NEC). The frequency of HDEs averaged over China in the present day(PD,1994–2011) is double that in the early period(EP, 1964–81);the duration of HDEs increases by 60%. Climate experiments with the Met Office Unified Model(MetUM-GOML2) are used to estimate the contributions of anthropogenic forcing to HDE decadal changes over China. Anthropogenic forcing changes can explain 60%–70% of the observed decadal changes,suggesting an important anthropogenic influence on HDE changes over China across the mid-1990s. Single-forcing experiments indicate that the increase in greenhouse gas(GHG) concentrations dominates the simulated decadal changes,increasing the frequency and duration of HDEs throughout China. The change in anthropogenic aerosol(AA) emissions significantly decreases the frequency and duration of HDEs over SEC and NC, but the magnitude of the decrease is much smaller than the increase induced by GHGs. The changes in HDEs in response to anthropogenic forcing are mainly due to the response of climatological mean surface air temperatures. The contributions from changes in variability and changes in climatological mean soil moisture and evapotranspiration are relatively small. The physical processes associated with the response of HDEs to GHG and AA changes are also revealed.

Changes in Vegetation and Rainfall over West Africa during the Last Three Decades (1981-2010)

The decadal variability of rainfall and vegetation over West Africa have been studied over the last three decades, 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010 denoted as 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Climate Research Unit (CRU) monthly precipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA), all covering the period 1981-2010 have been used. This study aimed to assess the changes in the land surface condition and the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall over West Africa region. The relationship between rainfall and vegetation indices over this region was determined using Pearson’s correlation. Also, the decadal comparison between rainfall and NDVI over the region was based on the significant t-test and the Pearson’s correlation. Results showed that significant return to wet conditions is observed between decade 1980s and decade 1990s over West Africa, and also during decade 2000s with the exception of central Benin and the western Nigeria. Meanwhile, a regreening of the central Sahel and Sudano-Sahel regions is noted. From 1990s to 2000s, this regreening belt is located in the South and the coastal areas: the Guinea Coast, Sudano-Guinea and western Sahel regions. A northward displacement of this re-greening belt is also detected. Thus, a linear relationship occurs between rainfall and NDVI in the Sudanian savannah region, but it is not the case in the rest of West Africa. This may suggest that the re-growth of vegetation in the Sudanian savannah region may be linked to rainfall supplies. Therefore, re-greening over Sahel region in 1990s is related to rainfall recovery. However, this re-greening was not sustained in the decade 2000s due to a slight decrease in rainfall.

Status Report on the International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquake

The International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquake will be held by China Earthquake Administration in Chengdu,Sichuan,China,on May 12-14,2018.On May 12,2008(Monday),at 14:08:04(Beijing time),an magnitude 8.0 earthquake occured in Wenchuan,Sichuan Province,China.According to the data from China Earthquake Administration,the magnitude of the earthquake reached M S8.0 and the seismic intensity reachedⅪ.The earthquake affected more than half of China and many Asian countries and regions and felt in Liaoning to the north,Shanghai to the east,Hong Kong,Macao,Thailand,Vietnam to the south,and Pakistan to the west.The severely hit area of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake exceeded 100,000km 2,including 10 counties(cities)in the most severely hit area,41 counties(cities)in the fairly severely hit area and 186 counties(cities)in the general quake-hit area.

The Role of Underlying Boundary Forcing in Shaping the Recent Decadal Change of Persistent Anomalous Activity over the Ural Mountains

Observational analyses demonstrate that the Ural persistent positive height anomaly event(PAE) experienced a decadal increase around the year 2000, exhibiting a southward displacement afterward. These decadal variations are related to a large-scale circulation shift over the Eurasian Continent. The effects of underlying sea ice and sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies on the Ural PAE and the related atmospheric circulation were explored by Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and by sensitivity experiments using the Atmospheric General Circulation Model(AGCM). The AMIP experiment results suggest that the underlying sea ice and SST anomalies play important roles. The individual contributions of sea ice loss in the Barents-Kara Seas and the SST anomalies linked to the phase transition of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO) are further investigated by AGCM sensitivity experiments isolating the respective forcings.The sea ice decline in Barents-Kara Seas triggers an atmospheric wave train over the Eurasian mid-to-high latitudes with positive anomalies over the Urals, favoring the occurrence of Ural PAEs. The shift in the PDO to its negative phase triggers a wave train propagating downstream from the North Pacific. One positive anomaly lobe of the wave train is located over the Ural Mountains and increases the PAE there. The negative-to-positive transition of the AMO phase since the late-1990s causes positive 500-h Pa height anomalies south of the Ural Mountains, which promote a southward shift of Ural PAE.

Mobility,Migration and Translation During the Algerian Black Decade:From Tragedy to Identity(re)Construction

The Cultural approach is at the core of the modern theory of translation.The latter includes travel narratives,migrant writing,identity issues as well as cultural performances and representations.Henceforth,the beginning of the 21st century has been characterized by the emergence of a wave of research in the area of translation and migration which has matured into a more developed and autonomous field of study whose heroes are migrants who have been portrayed by Salman Rushdie(1983)as“translated being”.The present research traces back the Algerian Black decade,which profoundly weighted on Algeria.What is highlighted is far from what is jointly heard during civil wars and conflict periods associated to scenes of terrorism,massacres and persecution;light is rather shed on some achievements that resulted from the different aspects of movement.The main question of our research turns around the way mobility of the Algerian elite during the Black Decade contributed in one way or another to enhance translation and literature and then to promote identity and local cultures.Drawing heavily on the modern Algerian history located undoubtedly in crucial moments,the study aims at investigating how movement during the tragic events of the Black Decade refreshed translation and migrant writing.The research provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends by available existing data,making it a descriptive research since this latter tries to answer questions about the complex nature of transnational features of translation with the purpose of understanding the phenomenon under scrutiny from precise angles.The study,which scrutinized Assia Djebar’s novel Far from Medina(1991)revealed the significant contribution of elite migrants’mobility during the Algerian Black in enhancing translation and literature within and across national boundaries.

Population to Peak in a Decade

Recently the Institute of Population and Labor Economics and Social Sciences Academic Press,both under the umbrella of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,released a green paper on the Chinese population.It predicts that the Chinese population will peak at 1.442 billion in 2029,and start to decline thereafter,falling to 1.364 billion by 2050 and on to 1.248 billion by 2065.If China’s total fertility rate(TFR)is to stay at 1.6,the population decline will start around 2027,and the number of Chinese people will dwindle to 1.172 billion by 2065,the level of 1990.

Chinese Left-Wing Literature in the Vision of an American Left-wing Writer

As one with great fame of writing China and Chinese people in war time, Anna Louise Strong, has the experience of communicating with Chinese left-wing writers, viewing their dramas works and reading their novels. From her perspective, Chinese left-wing literature was featured by its revolution and popularity; Chinese left-wing writers were busy with creating different genres to get every Chinese＇s involvement in the anti-Japanese war in 1930s and participation in the construction of new China in 1940s. Hence, they were multifarious in their identity because they cared more than literature in a turbulent time. From what she presented, China, as a cultural otherness, was the existent utooia that fulfilled her radical nolitical dream of communism.

HAVING FULL UNDERSTANDING OF THE TIMES, COMPLYING WITH THE TREND, STANDING FAST AND MAKING INNOVATIONS: ON CHINA'S DIPLOMACY IN FOUR DECADES OF REFORM AND OPENING-UP

The year 1978 was destined to be an extraordinary year in contemporary Chinese history,which witnessed the convening of the grd Plenary Session of the iuth National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the adoption of reform and opening up policy and setting of new journey of China's diplomacy.

Three decades of SOE reform:no pain,no gain

What lies ahead for China,difficulties or perhaps another three decades of glory? To address this question,a special event was held at Chongqing Technology and Business University:Symposium on Theories on and Reality of China’s 30 Years of Enterprise Reform and Development,annual meeting of the Chinese Institute of Business Administration for 2008. At the foot of a mountain just south of Chongqing,150 delegates in the field of economic research gathered for discussions on pains and gains of the 30 years of reform. Leading economists at the event included Chen Jiagui,vice president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS),Zhang Guoyou,vice president of Peking University,and Jin Bei,deputy director of CASS’s Institute of Industrial Economics (IIE). The symposium was jointly sponsored by the Chinese Institute of Business Administration,Jiang Yiwei Academic Foundation for Enterprise Reform and Development,Chongqing Technology and Business University,and CASS Management Science Research Institute. The following is a group of articles written by staff reporters of the China Economist (CE).