Developing Operational Model for Heat Pumps as Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water Provider

In the United Kingdom, means of meeting domestic heating is being electrified to decarbonise in effort to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions from the burning of natural gas. Therefore, the uptake of heat pumps is on the increase. The operation and working principle of heat pumps must be well understood in the investigations of their impacts on the grid and the grid assets, especially distribution transformers which could be overloaded due to higher peak load demand. This work develops an operational model of heat pumps as combined space heating and domestic hot water provider implemented in MATLAB. The developed operational model of heat pumps is adaptable and repeatable for different input parameters. The developed model is used to generate daily average demand profiles of heat pumps for a typical winter weekday and a typical summer weekday. The generated demand profiles of heat pumps by the developed model compared well with the demand profiles of heat pumps generated from actual field projects which are usually expensive and time-tasking.

国内水生态文明研究论文可视化综述——基于CiteSpace文献分析工具

以2008—2014年CNKI数据库收录的945篇国内水生态文明研究期刊论文为数据来源,利用文献计量学引文网络分析工具Cite Space,绘制国内水生态文明研究的知识图谱,进行文献可视化分析。重点分析了我国水生态文明研究文献的时间分布、机构力量分布、作者分布以及当前研究热点和未来的研究趋势。结果显示我国水生态文明研究还处于起步阶段,并且研究内容以概念阐述、理论综述等定性研究居多,定量研究论文较少。从研究机构看,水利部下属科研单位是该领域的主体力量,从研究趋势看,水生态文明城市建设和评价指标体系构建及量化研究是未来一段时间的热点。

基于CiteSpace的农业节水研究进展与发展趋势

借助Cite Space可视化软件,对无形的科学知识进行了可视化计量研究。利用共引共词分析、多元统计分析、社会网络分析等方法,绘制了农业节水研究领域的科技文献共引网络图谱、高被引文献的热点词图谱以及前沿进展时区图谱。分析可知国内外有关农业节水的高被引文献多数是关于实验方法和技术应用,目前国内比较侧重于节水灌溉、水资源、节水型社会、农业节水技术方面的研究;国外有关农业节水研究热点主要集中在灌溉水利用效率、灌溉水资源、虚拟水、农业产量及种植结构等。国内在基于作物水分高效利用的遗传育种学及分子生物学方面研究相对薄弱,作物抗旱及水分高效利用机理、水分养分耦合及高产协调机理等生物节水方面有待进一步研究;在多种农业节水技术联合运用方面研究有待加强;农业节水的生态环境效应评价方面研究是未来农业节水研究的发展趋势。

Research on Full Space Transient Electro-magnetism Technique for Detecting Aqueous Structures in Coal Mines

Based on the transmitting theory of "smoke ring effect", the transient electromagnetism technique was used in coal mines to detect abnormal areas of aquiferous structures in both roofs and floors of coal seams and in front of excavated roadways. Survey devices, working methods and techniques as well as data processing and interpretation are discussed systematically. In addition, the direction of mini-wireframe emission electromagnetic wave of the full space transient electromagnetism technique was verified by an underground borehole for water detection and drainage. The result indicates that this technique can detect both horizontal and vertical development rules of abnormal water bodies to a certain depth below the floor of coal seams and can also detect the abnormal, low resistance water bodies within a certain distance of roofs. Furthermore, it can detect such abnormal bodies in ahead of the excavated roadway front. Limited by the underground environment, the full space transient electromagnetism technique can detect to a depth of only 120 m or so.

Influence of void space on microscopic behavior of fluid flow in rock joints

Advanced microfluidic technology was used to examine the microscopic viscous and inertial effects evolution of water flow in rock joints. The influence of void space on fluid flow behaviour in rock joints under different flow velocities was experimentally investigated at the micro scale. Using advanced fabrication technology of microfluidic device, micro flow channels of semicircular, triangular, rectangular and pentagonal cavities were fabricated to simulate different void space of rock joints, respectively. Using the fluorescence labelling approach, the trajectory of water flow was captured by the microscope digital camera when it passed over the cavity under different flow velocities. The flow tests show that the flow trajectory deviated towards the inside of the cavity at low flow velocities. With the increase in flow velocity, this degree of flow trajectory deviation decreased until there was no trajectory deviation for flow in the straight parallel channel. The flow trajectory deviation initially reduced from the void corner near the entrance. At the same time, a small eddy appeared near the void corner of the entrance. The size and intensity of the eddy increased with the flow velocity until it occupied the whole cavity domain. The gradual reduction of flow trajectory near the straight parallel channel and the growth of eddy inside the cavity reflect the evolution of microscopic viscous and inertial forces under different flow velocities.The eddy formed inside the cavity does not contribute to the total flow flux, but the running of the eddy consumes flow energy. This amount of pressure loss due to voids could contribute to the nonlinear deviation of fracture fluid flow from Darcy's law. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of non-Darcy's flow occurrence in rock joints at the micro scale.

Performance investigation of solar thermal collector with auxiliary heater for space heating

In this paper,the performance of a solar thermal system with a focus on space heating was investigated.A 70 m^(2) detached house was considered in the weather conditions of the city of Tehran,Iran.A thermosyphon solar water heater with a flat plate collector combined with an auxiliary electrical heater supplies the heating demand of the house.The proposed system was modeled and analyzed using TRNSYS software.In this regard,the TRNBuild module was employed for the building load calculation.The model has been simulated for one year of operation.The effects of the solar collector’s surface area and storage volume were assessed.The results show that for a solar collector with a 15 m^(2) surface area,the solar fraction is 0.29 in January,during which the solar radiation is the lowest.Using solar collectors of10 m^(2) and 5 m^(2) surface areas,the solar fraction falls to 0.23 and 0.14,respectively in January.Besides,two cases of 150 L and 300 L storage tanks are taken into account.Eventually,it is found that using a 15 m^(2) solar collector and a 150 L storage tank can appropriately provide the building’ s heating demand taking the thermal performance and economic aspects into consideration.

Study on resource quantity of surface water based on phase space reconstruction and neural network

Proposed a new method to disclose the complicated non-linearity structure of the water-resource system, introducing chaos theory into the hydrology and water resources field, and combined with the chaos theory and artificial neural networks. Training data construction and networks structure were determined by the phase space reconstruction, and establishing nonlinear relationship of phase points with neural networks, the forecasting model of the resource quantity of the surface water was brought forward. The keystone of the way and the detailed arithmetic of the network training were given. The example shows that the model has highly forecasting precision.

Analysis of Water Environmental Space in Ancient Villages in Huizhou in China

By taking the design of water system and water environment of ancient residences in Huizhou as the research objects and applying relevant theories,the paper has deeply discussed and analyzed components of the water environment of Huizhou ancient residences from the perspective of the design of environmental art.It considers that the water environment of Huizhou ancient villages is composed of linear factors,spot factors and surface factors,and each factor is related with each other.By combining with comparative researches on water environmental spaces in Huizhou ancient residences,it aims to explore some reference for characteristic,ecological and sustainable development of the design of modern residential water environmental space.

Construction of Eco-landscape Attraction's Spatial Alienation Model: A Case Study of Water Recreation Space

Study on eco-landscape attraction focuses on the congregate effect of production factors, but the spatial alienation of the congregate factors is an academic blind zone. This paper takes urban eco-water recreation space as the experiment object, explores the spatial alienation process of eco-landscape attraction, i.e., the homogeneous landscapes' attraction prefers alienation after factor magnetic field's differentiation, and then the attraction spaces of similar landscape areas are apt to alienation, finally leading to another new eco-landscape attraction's spatial structure of "homogeneous landscapes repel each other, heterogeneous landscapes attract" and the construction of eco-recreation alternating buffer model. In addition, this research proposes the testing procedures and evaluation method of that model, ensuring the structural innovation and application universality of the new urban recreation space planning.

基于CiteSpace的我国乡村聚落水域空间研究综述

自国家开展改善农村人居环境整治相关工作以来,乡村人居环境优化升级成为重要议题,随着《农村人居环境整治提升五年行动方案(2021—2025年)》等相关文件印发,表明对乡村聚落空间环境的研究仍是学界亟须关注的焦点。文章立足建筑科学工程学科视角,聚焦乡村聚落水域空间这一重要乡村聚落空间要素,借助CNKI数据库,整理2010—2021年相关文献,运用CiteSpace软件分析得出近年相关研究的热门研究地区、关注焦点及研究脉络。同时,对该领域研究趋向进行了分析与展望。

Space heating and hot water demand analysis of dwellings connected to district heating scheme in UK

To achieve CO2 emissions reductions, the UK Building Regulations require developers of new residential buildings to calculate expected CO2 emissions arising from their energy consumption using a methodology such as Standard Assessment Procedure （SAP 2005） or, more recently SAP 2009. SAP encompasses all domestic heat consumption and a limited proportion of the electricity consumption. However, these calculations are rarely verified with real energy consumption and related CO2 emissions. This work presents the results of an analysis based on weekly heat demand data for more than 200 individual fiats. The data were collected from a recently built residential development connected to a district heating network. A method for separating out the domestic hot water （DHW） use and space heating （SH） demand has been developed and these values are compared to the demand calculated using SAP 2005 and SAP 2009 methodologies. The analysis also shows the variation in DHW and SH consumption with size of flats and with tenure （privately owned or social housing）. Evaluation of the space heating consumption also includes an estimate of the heating degree day （HDD） base temperature for each block of fiats and compares this to the average base temperature calculated using the SAP 2005 methodology.

Simulation and Prediction on Space-Time Distribution of Water Quality in Dianchi Lake

It is very important in pollution treatment to clarify the space-time distribution of water quality in Dianchi Lake. Based on the sample data obtained from 10 observation stations every month from 2008 to 2009, it uses space-time semi-variogram and ordinary kriging method to simulate the space-time variance and distribution of water quality indictors (TN, TP, BOD, CODMn, DO, Chlorophyl-α, etc.). Because the space-time semivariogram also has a certain of ex-trapolation function. From the simulation results, the pollution is mainly concentrated at the North (Caohai) and the Southwest area (Haikou), and water pollution has a increase trend.

Separation of Oil Phase from Dilute Oil/Water Emulsion in Confined Space Apparatus

A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.

Change in Activities of Protective Enzymes in New Strains of Cichorium intybus L. Mutated in Outer Space under Water Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of space mutation on the activities of protective enzymes in different strains of Cichorium intybus L. and provide theoretical basis for screening drought-tolerant plants in southern karst area. [Method] C. intybus seeds were sent into outer space by ＇Shijian No.8＇ seed- breeding satellite. The new strains and original variety of C. intybus L. were used as experimental materials to determine the activities of catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） content. [Result] The results showed that MDA content in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 increased gradually with the increase of water stress duration, which was enhanced by 0.575, 0.72 and 0.844 μmol/g respectively at 12 days. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased rapidly; at 9 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were enhanced by 878.9, 809.2 and 711.1 U/g, with the increas- ing range of 139.1%, 136.7% and 121.1%, respectively; the activities of POD were enhanced by 4 397, 3 754 and 2 767 U/（g ·min）, with the increasing range of 265.84%, 257.65% and 204.06%, respectively; the activities of CAT were enhanced by 402.1, 277.1 and 170.9 KU/L, with the increasing range of 73.08%, 39.69% and 26.20%, respectively; subsequently, the activities of these three protective enzymes were reduced significantly; at 12 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were reduced to 1206.5, 1144.7 and 1108.6 U/g, respectively; the activi- ties of POD were reduced to 3 145, 2 876 and 2 753 U/（g·min） , respectively; the activities of CAT were reduced to 587.2, 698.1 and 584.1 KU/L, respectively. [Con- clusion] According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, drought resistance in three C. intybus varieties exhibited a descending order of PA-82 〉 Puna chicory 〉 PA-43.

Neural network forecasting model based on phase space re-construction in water yield of mine

The neutral network forecasting model based on the phase space reconstruction was proposed. First, through reconstructing the phase space, the time series of single variable was done excursion and expanded into multi- dimension series which included the ergodic information and more rich information could be excavated. Then, on the basis of the embedding dimension of the time series, the structure form of neutral network was constructed, of which the node number in input layer was the embedding dimension of the time series minus 1, and the node number in output layers was 1. Finally, as an example, the model was applied for water yield of mine forecasting. The result shows that the model has good fitting accuracy and forecasting precision.

我国水利信息化研究热点分析与趋势展望——基于CiteSpace和VOSviewer的知识图谱分析

水利信息化是现代信息技术和水利、供排水等多学科交叉的研究领域,正在获得政府水行政主管部门和学术界学者越来越多的重视和关注。研究选取1996—2020年CNKI数据库收录的水利信息化和智慧水务等文献作为样本数据,以CiteSpace和VOSviewer知识图谱可视化软件为支撑,采用文献计量方法对水利信息化研究群体及历程,以及不同发展阶段的研究热点进行分析。结果表明:水利信息化已初步形成政府机构、科研院所、高校及产业界共同推进和合作研究的局面,研究初具规模,但以理念探讨和定性研究为主,理论和权威性研究成果较少。水利信息化研究自1996年起步,2001—2010年为信息系统大规模建设与应用阶段,2011年起开始进入智慧水务研究和建设的新阶段,预计未来在政策引导、技术创新和业务需求“三轮”共同驱动下,研究成果将快速增加,研究手段逐渐从定性描述转向定量研究。

Water Molecules in the Carbon C60 Confined Space

Experimental scenario of the world being successful in planting water molecule at binary level in fullerene C70 is of utmost importance to pursue the theoretical properties of predictive triple water molecules and poly water molecules in Vander Waals confined space like fullerenes. Here, we present a paper in these lines of exploration of embedding triple water molecules in a Carbon confined space through the studies of behavior of three water molecules in Fullerene C60 by ab-initio methods. This heterogeneous system manifests cyclic hydrogen bonds which may be working with flipping actions. The unusual structural property of water trimers is reported. There exists a dipole moment of 0.9 ± 0.1 Debye which indicates the probable semiconductor properties.

Seasonal Contrast of Some Anthropic Pollution Parameters in Water Retention in Mountainous Area under Sahelian Climate: Elementary Dynamics and Space Distribution (Territory of the Mounts Mandara, Cameroon)

In order to understand the origin, the extent and the space distribution of the seasonal anthropic pollution parameters in the water retention located in mountainous area thickly populated and which water resources is intended for the production of drinking water for serving a population of approximately 800,000 inhabitants, two sampling campaigns were carried out for the two seasons of the year known as the dry and rainy season. The samples were then conveyed and analyzed in laboratory. The parameters retained for this study were primarily the physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity and temperature), measured in situ and second the major anthropic origins anions of (, , and ). The results of the study show that overall the anthropic pollution parameters undergo an important seasonal variation of their concentration between the dry and rainy periods although they remain high in any season compared to the quality standards of natural water of the European Union. Their space distribution within retention remains overall random and is not function of the seasons. However, surrounding areas of the retention and the discharge system of the seasonal rivers (Mayos) which feed it present in rainy season space distributions of concentrations in anions of anthropic origin enumerated above highest.

Conservation Grading of Water Ecological Spaces in the Muling River Basin

Along with the urban construction and industrial development, the original continuous riverway of the Muling River has been dammed into river sections of different lengths, which has seriously destroyed ecological environment of the basin. In view of this, it is urgent to protect water ecological environment of the basin. This paper took the national ecological environment conservation instructions as the guidance, combined with the administrative division, planning and actual conditions of the basin, proposed principles and schemes for the grading of water spaces in the basin, as well as the hierarchic control requirements, to provide instructions for the conservation of the river basin.

基于CiteSpace的农业节水灌溉研究知识图谱分析

农业节水灌溉是现代化精准农业的必然要求,基于CiteSpace软件,结合文献计量法,以2010—2021年中的文献为数据源,对近年来农业节水灌溉研究历程进行可视化分析,梳理近年来农业节水灌溉的研究现状,探究其发展脉络,为农业节水灌溉的研究者提供直观的参考和思路。结果表明:近年来农业节水灌溉研究可分为三个阶段,节点分别为2012年和2015年。该领域的发文量趋于稳定状态,研究内容不断深入且与现代新型科学技术相结合;农业节水灌溉是一个涉及多个学科知识运用的领域,研究视角趋于多元化;新型技术高速发展的背景下,自动化、智能化对水资源进行调控、管理,从而实现科学灌溉,是该领域的前沿研究热点。