The action mechanism of the work done by the electric field force on moving charges to stimulate the emergence of carrier generation/recombination in a PN junction

It is discovered that the product of the current and the electric field in a PN junction should be regarded as the rate of work(power)done by the electric field force on moving charges(hole current and electron current),which was previously misinterpreted as solely a Joule heating effect.We clarify that it is exactly the work done by the electric field force on the moving charges to stimulate the emergence of non-equilibrium carriers,which triggers the novel physical phenomena.As regards to Joule heat,we point out that it should be calculated from Ohm’s law,rather than simply from the product of the current and the electric field.Based on this understanding,we conduct thorough discussion on the role of the electric field force in the process of carrier recombination and carrier generation.The thermal effects of carrier recombination and carrier generation followed are incorporated into the thermal equation of energy.The present study shows that the exothermic effect of carrier recombination leads to a temperature rise at the PN interface,while the endothermic effect of carrier generation causes a temperature reduction at the interface.These two opposite effects cause opposite heat flow directions in the PN junction under forward and backward bias voltages,highlighting the significance of managing device heating phenomena in design considerations.Therefore,this study possesses referential significance for the design and tuning on the performance of piezotronic devices.

Return to work in young and middle-aged colorectal cancer survivors:Factors influencing self-efficacy,fear,resilience,and financial toxicity

BACKGROUND Return to work(RTW)serves as an indication for young and middle-aged colorectal cancer(CRC)survivors to resume their normal social lives.However,these survivors encounter significant challenges during their RTW process.Hence,scientific research is necessary to explore the barriers and facilitating factors of returning to work for young and middle-aged CRC survivors.AIM To examine the current RTW status among young and middle-aged CRC survivors and to analyze the impact of RTW self-efficacy(RTW-SE),fear of progression(FoP),eHealth literacy(eHL),family resilience(FR),and financial toxicity(FT)on their RTW outcomes.METHODS A cross-sectional investigation was adopted in this study.From September 2022 to February 2023,a total of 209 participants were recruited through a convenience sampling method from the gastrointestinal surgery department of a class A tertiary hospital in Chongqing.The investigation utilized a general information questionnaire alongside scales assessing RTW-SE,FoP,eHL,FR,and FT.To analyze the factors that influence RTW outcomes among young and middle-aged CRC survivors,Cox regression modeling and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used.RESULTS A total of 43.54%of the participants successfully returned to work,with an average RTW time of 100 days.Cox regression univariate analysis revealed that RTW-SE,FoP,eHL,FR,and FT were significantly different between the non-RTW and RTW groups(P<0.05).Furthermore,Cox regression multivariate analysis identified per capita family monthly income,job type,RTW-SE,and FR as independent influencing factors for RTW(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The RTW rate requires further improvement.Elevated levels of RTW-SE and FR were found to significantly increase RTW among young and middle-aged CRC survivors.Health professionals should focus on modifiable factors,such as RTW-SE and FR,to design targeted RTW support programs,thereby facilitating their timely reintegration into mainstream society.

使用Component Works GPIB ActiveX控件快速组建基于VB环境的测试系统

本文以组建GPIB的测试系统为例,介绍了在Visual Basic 5.0环境下,利用Component Works控件快速组建某测试系统的一种方法。详细说明了系统的组建过程及其应注意的一些问题。

Microstructure refinement and work hardening in a machined surface layer induced by turning Inconel 718 super alloy

The microstructural changes in the machined surface layer of Ni-based super alloys essentially determine the final performance of the structural components of aerospace engines in which these alloys are used.In this work,multiscale metallurgical observations using scanning electron microscopy,electron-backscatter diffraction microscopy,and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to quantitatively characterize the microstructure of the machined subsurface.Next,to elucidate the factors that affect the formation of the refinement microstructure,the distributions of the deformation parameters(strain,strain rate,and temperature) in the machined subsurface were analyzed.A dislocation–twin interaction dynamic recrystallization mechanism for grain refinement during machining of Inconel 718 is proposed.Furthermore,microhardness evolution induced by grain refinement in the machined surface is evaluated.The results suggest that the gradient microstructure and the work hardening can be optimized by controlling the cutting parameters during turning of Inconel 718.

Derivation of Plastic Work Rate Done per Unit Volume for Mean Yield Criterion and Its Application

In Haigh Westergaard stress space linear combination of twin shear stress and Tresca yield functions is called the mean yield （MY） criterion. The mathematical relationship of the criterion and its plastic work rate done per unit volume were derived. A generalized worked example of slab forging was analyzed by the criterion and its corresponding plastic work rate done per unit volume. Then, the precision of the solution was compared with those by Mises and Twin shear stress yield criterions, respectively. It turned out that the calculated results by MY criterion were in good agreement with those by Mises criterion.

Evaluation of the Impact of Presence Lighting and Digital Speed Limit Trailers on Interstate Speeds in Indiana Work Zones

Work zone safety continues to be one of the important focus areas for transportation agencies. Previous studies have identified that vehicle speed and lighting conditions are significant risk factors impacting work zone safety. This study evaluated the impact of the use of presence lighting and digital speed limit trailers on nighttime motorist speeds using commercially available connected vehicle speed data. Geospatial analysis was conducted on over 500,000 connected vehicle records to linear reference nearly 18,000 records from 195 unique trajectories to study section during the study period of 2 days. Results showed that median speeds reduced by 4 to 13 mph from 11PM to 7AM during the deployment of presence lighting and speed limit trailers compared to base conditions. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistical test comparing 105 vehicles traveling through the construction zone with presence lighting and speed limit trailers with a group of 90 vehicles during base condition indicated the speeds during the deployment of presence lighting and speed limit trailers were lower than the base condition. Also, increased compliance with the 55 mph speed limit was observed when the presence lighting and digital speed limit trailers were deployed. However, there were two hours (3AM to 5AM) where speeds increased by 0 - 4 mph, perhaps due to the low volume at that hour. The encouraging results support the further deployment of presence lighting and speed limit trailers in nighttime construction zones for reducing vehicle speeds. Those future deployments should be monitored with connected vehicle speeds to collect additional data to broaden the evaluation of these speed mitigation techniques over a diverse set of construction zone activities.

Evaluation of mobility impact on urban work zones using statistical models

This work correlated the detailed work zone location and time data from the Wis LCS system with the five-min inductive loop detector data. One-sample percentile value test and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S) test were applied to compare the speed and flow characteristics between work zone and non-work zone conditions. Furthermore, we analyzed the mobility characteristics of freeway work zones within the urban area of Milwaukee, WI, USA. More than 50% of investigated work zones have experienced speed reduction and 15%-30% is necessary reduced volumes. Speed reduction was more significant within and at the downstream of work zones than at the upstream.

Influence of work zone signage on driver speeding behavior

Speeding in a work zone needs to be tackled effectively to enhance work zone safety. This study evaluates the influence of three different work zone signs—speed photo enforced signs, dynamic speed display signs and reduced speed limit signs—on driver speeding behavior using a medium-fidelity driving simulator. The speed photo enforced and reduced speed limit signs were placed at intervals before the start of the work zone and in the work zone. A virtual work zone network was built to replicate the Baltimore–Washington Parkway(MD-295). A total of 66 participants from different socioeconomic backgrounds participated in 264 driving simulation sessions. The speeds were measured over four phases: initial speed area, sign visible area, sign readable area and post sign area. An analysis of variance and post hoc analysis showed that the speed photo enforced sign was the most effective of the three signs. The second speed photo enforced sign within the work zone was more effective at reducing speed than the sign before the start of the work zone, especially in the post sign area. It was observed that female participants tend to slow down more when encountering a speed photo enforcement sign.

Complementary parametric probit regression and nonparametric classi?cation tree modeling approaches to analyze factors affecting severity of work zone weather-related crashes

Identifying risk factors for road traffic injuries can be considered one of the main priorities of transportation agencies. More than 12,000 fatal work zone crashes were reported between 2000 and 2013. Despite recent efforts to improve work zone safety, the frequency and severity of work zone crashes are still a big concern for transportation agencies. Although many studies have been conducted on different work zone safety-related issues, there is a lack of studies that investigate the effect of adverse weather conditions on work zone crash severity. This paper utilizes probit–classification tree, a relatively recent and promising combination of machine learning technique and conventional parametric model, to identify factors affecting work zone crash severity in adverse weather conditions using 8 years of work zone weatherrelated crashes (2006–2013) in Washington State. The key strength of this technique lies in its capability to alleviate the shortcomings of both parametric and nonparametric models. The results showed that both presence of traffic control device and lighting conditions are significant interacting variables in the developed complementary crash severity model for work zone weather-related crashes. Therefore, transportation agencies and contractors need to invest more in lighting equipment and better traffic control strategies at work zones, specifically during adverse weather conditions.

Topology control of tactical wireless sensor networks using energy efficient zone routing

The US Department of Defense （DoD） routinely uses wireless sensor networks （WSNs） for military tactical communications. Sensor node die-out has a significant impact on the topology of a tactical WSN. This is problematic for military applications where situational data is critical to tactical decision making. To increase the amount of time all sensor nodes remain active within the network and to control the network topology tactically, energy efficient routing mechanisms must be employed. In this paper, we aim to provide realistic insights on the practical advantages and disadvantages of using established routing techniques for tactical WSNs. We investigate the following established routing algorithms： direct routing, minimum transmission energy （MTE）, Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Head routing （LEACH）, and zone clustering. Based on the node die out statistics observed with these algorithms and the topological impact the node die outs have on the network, we develop a novel, energy efficient zone clustering algorithm called EZone. Via extensive simulations using MATLAB, we analyze the effectiveness of these algorithms on network performance for single and multiple gateway scenarios and show that the EZone algorithm tactically controls the topology of the network, thereby maintaining significant service area coverage when compared to the other routing algorithms.

Nonequilibrium work equalities in isolated quantum systems

We briefly introduce the quantum Jarzynski and Bochkov-Kuzovlev equalities .in isolated quantum Hamiltonian sys- tems, including their origin, their derivations using a quantum Feynman-Kac formula, the quantum Crooks equality, the evolution equations governing the characteristic functions of the probability density functions for the quantum work, and recent experimental verifications. Some resultsare given here for the first time. We particularly emphasize the formally structural consistence between these quantum equalities and their classical counterparts, which are useful for understanding the existing equalities and pursuing new fluctuation relations in other complex quantum systems.

Assessing Work Zone Traffic Control Options for 3-to-1 Lane Closures

The presence of highway construction zones hinders mobility and affects traffic operations. A 2002 study by Wunderlich & Hardesty reported that nearly 20% of the National Highway System roads have scheduled construction work during the peak construction season. Additionally, approximately 24% of non-recurring delays on freeways are caused by work zones. To minimize time lost by travelers due to work zone induced traffic congestion, it is important to efficiently plan temporary traffic control (TTC) at work zones. Earlier research conducted by Sisiopiku & Ramadan, 2017 confirms that the majority of State Departments of Transportation currently rely on their earlier experience when planning for work zones, rather than consider operational and safety impacts. Using a study corridor in Birmingham, Alabama as a test bed, this study investigated the operational impacts of TTC options for work zones with 3-to-1 lane drop configuration using traffic data collected from the Alabama Department of Transportation. The VISSIM simulation platform was used to conduct the experiments. The experimental design considered two TTC strategies (i.e., static late and early merge) under 3-to-1 lane drop configuration for work-space length of 500 ft for long- and short-term lane closures. The study concluded that the 3-to-1 lane-drop configuration should not be scheduled for long-term duration. Maintenance work can be scheduled from midnight to early morning and under the 3-to-1 lane closure scenario the performance of early and late merge traffic control is similar. Overall, this study used simulation modeling to compare the effectiveness of two traffic control strategies at work zones on the basis of different performance measures. The results provide information about the impact of each control strategy on density, speed, travel time etc. They also help determine what time of the day is best for lane closings in order to reduce adverse impacts from capacity reduction. Thus, the findings are expected to provide valuable guidance for agencies responsible for planning, design, and operations of work zones in the future.

Effect of B_(4)C on strength coefficient,cold deformation and work hardening exponent characteristics of Mg composites

The emphasis of this exploration was to examine the workability and work hardening performance of Mg(Magnesium)specimen and Mg-B_(4)C composites created via the powder metallurgy technique.The pure Mg and Mg-B_(4)C composites are made with distinct weight percentages(Mg-5%B_(4)C,Mg-10%B_(4)C,and Mg-15%B_(4)C)at the unit aspect ratio.The powders and composites characterization are executed by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope),EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectrum)with an elemental map,and XRD(X-ray Diffraction)examination.It displays that,the B_(4)C particles were dispersed consistently with the Mg matrix.The workability and work hardening examination was conducted in triaxial stress conditions using the cold deformation process.The consequence of workability stress exponent factor(β_(σ)),distinct stress proportion factors(σ_(m)/σ_(eff)and σ_(θ)/σ_(eff)),instantaneous work hardening exponent(n_(1)),work hardening exponent(n),coefficient of strength(k)and instantaneous coefficient of strength(k_(1))are recognized.The outcome displays that Mg-15%B_(4)C specimen has greater workability and work hardening parameter,initial relative density,and triaxial stresses compared with the Mg specimen and Mg-(5–10%)B_(4)C composites.

Development of an empowerment model for burnout syndrome and quality of nursing work life in Indonesia

Objectives:This study aimed to develop an empowerment model for burnout syndrome and quality of nursing work life(QNWL).Methods:This study adopted a mixed-method cross-sectional approach.The variables included structural empowerment,psychological empowerment,burnout syndrome and QNWL.The population consisted of nurses who have civil servant status in one of the regional hospitals in Indonesia.The participants were recruited using multi-stage sampling measures with 134 respondents.Data were collected using questionnaires,which were then analysed using partial least squares.A focus group discussion was conducted with nurses,chief nurses and the hospital management to identify strategic issues and compile recommendations.Results:Structural empowerment influenced psychological empowerment(path coefficient=0.440;t=6.222)and QNWL(path coefficient=0.345;t=4.789).Psychological empowerment influenced burnout syndrome(path coefficient=-0.371;t=4.303),and burnout syndrome influenced QNWL(path coefficient=-0.320;t=5.102).Structural empowerment increased QNWL by 39.7%.Conclusion:The development of a structural empowerment model by using the indicators of resources,support and information directly influenced the psychological empowerment of the sample of nurses.As an indicator of meaning,psychological empowerment decreased burnout syndrome.In turn,burnout syndrome,as the indicator of personal achievement,could affect the QNWL.Structural empowerment directly influenced the QNWL,particularly within the workplace context.Further studies must be conducted to analyse the effects of empowerment,leadership styles and customer satisfaction.

H2 solubility and mass transfer in anthraquinone working solution： Experimental and modeling study

This work was focused on the measurement of the solubility of hydrogen （H2） in anthraquinone working solution at temperatures of 30.0-80.0℃ and pressures of 0.2-3.0 MPa by the method of experimental and COSMO-RS model study. The influence of various factors, i.e., including pressure, temperature and solvent volume ratio, on H2 solubility was investigated. According to the experimental results, H2 solubility in anthraquinone working solution increases with the increase of pressure. At low pressures, the temperature had little effect on H2 solubility while under high pressures H2 solubility increases with increasing temperature. Henry＇s constant In/-/has a good linear relationship with 1/T （lnH = -- 1319.1/T ＋ 9.91 ）. The effect of volume ratio of trioctyl phos- phate to trimethylbenzene on the solubility of hydrogen was studied and the results showed that increasing the amount of trimethylbenzene was conducive to the dissolution of hydrogen. In addition, there is a linear relationship between ln（（Po - Pe） / （Pt - Pe）） and the time t. Gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was obtained by calculating the slope of the line.

Evaluation of Merge Control Strategies at Interstate Work Zones under Peak and Off-Peak Traffic Conditions

Maintenance and rehabilitation projects of interstate facilities typically mandate lane closures. Lane closures require merging maneuvers that often result in reduced speeds and traffic bottlenecks. Work zone impacts on traffic operations are magnified when project durations are extended. Conventionally, work zone traffic control plans are developed to address work zone impacts. This study evaluated various merge control strategies at interstate work zones peak and off-peak traffic conditions and summarized related impacts. A comprehensive microscopic simulation model was developed in full consideration of driver/vehicle behavior at work zones. The analysis of simulation results revealed that merge control strategies, when implemented during peak and off-peak conditions, can preserve the level of service and provide favorable mobility, safety, and environmental impacts. In addition, results indicate that transportation agencies’ practice of scheduling work zone activities during the off-peak may not be the most optimum approach. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the need for evaluation of work zone scheduling practices in full consideration of agency, user, and project costs.

Identifying Smartphone Based Intelligent Messages for Worker’s Crossing in Work Zones

A smartphone warning system is a feasible option to notify motorists about a safety threat and/or pedestrian crossings ahead. In this paper, a smartphone-based warning system was proposed to enhance workers’ safety in work zones. Three different warning message systems, including sound, male voice and female voice, were designed to alert drivers. Twenty-four subjects were recruited for a total of ninety-six rounds driving simulator test in a work zone to investigate the impacts of smartphone-based warning messages on subjects’ driving performance, in terms of driving speed, speed variation, acceleration, and brake reaction distance. The outcome showed that, with the assistance of the sound and voice (either female or male) warning messages, drivers could effectively reduce their accelerations and speeds. Meanwhile, such a warning system can induce subjects to shorten their brake reaction distances for worker crossings. All participants found that this warning system is applicable to enhance their defensive driving behaviors while driving through a work zone.

COLD-WORKING AND HEAT-CRACKING IN Ni-Cu-BASE MONEL ALLOY K-500

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Heritage and Development of Ningbo Bone-Inlaid Wooden Works

Bone-inlaid wooden art is a very old artistic form that has a strong artistic appeal and local flavor. It can be traced back to the Longshan Culture in the late Neolithic Age, and becomes mature in the late Qing Dynasty. As time lapses, however, bone-inlaid wooden art is gradually out of sight. It was not until June 2008 when Ningbo bone-inlaid wooden art was included in the "second batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list" that it once again caused social concern. Ningbo bone-inlaid wooden art has a long history, and its craftsmanship is complex. Many bone-inlaid wooden works in Ningbo have been damaged more or less. Therefore, workers in the field of heritage protection should undertake a more systematic protection and repair work based on scientific research, making contributions to the heritage and development of intangible cultural heritage.

Movement of Autonomous Vehicles in Work Zone Using New Pavement Marking: A New Approach

The autonomous vehicles are the future of mobility across the globe and are expected to touch the lives of every person of all ages. But this comes with certain challenges regarding safety, reliability, cost, legal framework, regulations, etc. however, of all the concern safety and reliability are of utmost importance for researchers and engineers. The current research is focused on the movement of the autonomous vehicle in the work zone. The work zone is one of the most challenging areas for the autonomous vehicle to drive from. This is because the work zones are very dynamic, and all the construction activities are specific to the site condition and cannot always be predefined. The study provides a concept of how pavement marking can be used for smooth movement through the complicated work zone. In this study, various pavement marking signs have been designed as a concept considering the standard colors and striping width being used in the Manual of Uniform Traffic control device (MUTCD). The study assumes that the movement of the autonomous vehicle will not be exclusive and that it will move with the driver driven vehicle. It is expected that autonomous vehicles will require special pavement marking and signage for smooth movement through the work zone. These pavement marking and signage will eventually become part of standard Traffic Control Plans (TCP) and Maintenance of Traffic Plans (MOT). The research aims to study the current research being done in this area and technology being used for detecting various pavement markings and signages.