Salt Stress Affects the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Altering the Antioxidant Machinery and Expression of Hormones and Stress- Specific Genes

Understanding physiological responses in saline agriculture may facilitate wheat breeding programs.Based on a screening test,the Ningmai-14(NM-14)and Yangmai-23(YM-23)wheat cultivars were selected for further experiments to understand the underlying salinity tolerance mechanism.This study investigated the effects of five salinity levels such as Control(CK)=0(without NaCl stress),S1=0.20%,S2=0.25%,S3=0.30%and S4=0.35%of NaCl concentrations of soil on wheat plants.The results showed that increased salinity concentration reduced the growth and yield of wheat cultivars(NM-14 and YM-23).However,YM-23(12.7%)yielded more than NM-14 at maximum salinity stress.The higher salinity(S4)increased the concentration of Na^(+)(4.3 to 5.8-fold)and P contents(2.5 to 2.2-fold),while reducing the average concentrations of K^(+),Cu,and K^(+)/Na^(+)ratio.The higher salinity(S4)reduced the spikelet length by 21.35%(followed by grain spike−1),and the starch content by 18.81%.In the YM-23 cultivar,higher salinity increased superoxide dismutase(SOD),total antioxidant capacity(TAC),and amylase.Compared to NM-14,induced expression of TaYUC2,6,and TaGA13ox,20ox genes were recorded in YM-23.Similarly,in YM-23 the stress-specific genes such as TaHSP70,90 were enhanced whereas,TaSOS1,2 were suppressed.Overall,our study revealed that salt tolerant cultivars modulate hormonal and antioxidant activities,thus maintaining high growth.

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of Donkey Growth Hormone Gene cDNA

[Objective] The paper aimed to study the donkey GH gene features and functions.[Method] A pair of specific PCR primers was designed for cloning the coding sequence of the donkey GH gene from liver tissue.[Result] 706 bp fragment was got by RT-PCR amplification.The sequence included a complete open reading frame and encoded 216 amino acids.The protein encoded by donkey GH gene had seven hydrophobic region,seven transmembrane regions and a signal peptide;it＇s secondary structure had α-helix and irregular curl and three-dimensional solution structure composed of 27-215 amino acids.[Conclusion] GH gene of donkey was very conservative in evolution.The phylogenetic tree constructed basing on CDS sequence is consistent with the results of comparative morphology and comparative physiology.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Porcine Growth Hormone Gene Promoter

[Objective] This study aimed to clone the porcine growth hormone gene promoter and determine the core promoter sequences and the cis-acting elements. [Method] Sequence of the 5＇flanking region of porcine growth hormone gene was searched out and downloaded from the NCBI website. According to the targeted se- quence, primers were designed and synthesized for the PCR amplification. The 1 882 bp （-1 821 bp-＋61 bp） fragment was amplified by PCR. Nine promoter frag- ments with different lengths were obtained by genome-walking deletion method and then cloned into luciferase reporter vectors. Relative transcriptional activities of these 5＇ terminal-deleted plasmids in pituitary and non-pituitary cells were determined by transient transfection of the rat pituitary adenoma cell （GH3）, porcine lilac endotheli- um cell （PIEC） and porcrne Kidney-15 （PK15） with the constructed dual-luciferase vectors. [Result] Result of DNA sequencing showed that the 1 882 bp fragment of GH 5＇ promoter was successfully cloned. Nine luciferase reporter gene plasmids were constructed. DuaI-Luciferase reporter assay indicated that the promoter inserted into reporter gene vector had very strong cell specificity. [Conclusion] Porcine growth hormone gene specifically expresses in pituitary cells. The minimal promoter of the porcine growth hormone gene is mapped at the region -110 bp-＋61 bp. Promoter regions 218 bp--110 bp and -429 bp--218 bp contain positive regulatory elements.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 1 and intron 2 of Larimichthys crocea growth hormone gene are correlated with growth traits

The growth hormone gene (GH) affects animal growth and is a potential target for genetic studies of variation related to growth traits. In this study, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GH intron regions and their associations with growth traits in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, from Zhejiang and Fujian stocks. The results of PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism showed two haplotypes of intron 1, named AA and AB genotypes, in Zhejiang stock. AB exhibited an SNP at position 196 (G A) that was negatively correlated with body height and positively correlated with standard length/body height (P 0.05). Two different genotypes, CC and CD, were identified in intron 2 in Fujian stock, with CD showing an SNP at position 692 (T C). The CD genotype had a significantly positive correlation with both weight and total length (P 0.01). These basic data highlight the potential for using GH as a genetic marker of fish growth in marker assisted selection.

Study on pig growth hormone gene polymorphisms in western meat-type breeds and Chinese local breeds

Chinese Meishan and Jiangquhai pigs are two of the most prolific pigs in the world, but their growth rate is lower than that of Duroc, Landrace and Pietrain pigs. It is suggested that growth rate is regulated by growth hormone. The objective of the current study was to analyze the porcine growth hormone (p GH ) gene polymorphisms based on the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR RFLP) for three western meat type breeds (Duroc, Landrace and Pietrain) and two local Chinese pigs (Meishan and Jiangquhai). Five polymorphic restriction sites were detected with the Apa I, Msp I, Bsp I and Hha I restriction enzymes in two amplified fragments (605 bp, -119 to +486; 506 bp, +206 to +711). Breed difference was found only in the 506 bp fragment. There was no difference in allelic frequencies of Bsp I and Hha I restriction sites among the five breeds ( P >0.05). Landrace and Meishan pigs lacked allele G 3 of Msp I site. The allele G 3 frequency of restriction Msp I site of the 506 bp fragment in Pietrain pigs was higher than that in Duroc and Jianquhai pigs ( P <0.001). For Apa I site, the Meishan pigs lacked allele G1 ; no difference was found in allelic frequencies among Pietrain, Duroc, Landrace and Jiangquhai pigs ( P > 0.05 ). This new and rapid PCR RFLP typing method is an attractive tool for analysis of porcine growth hormone gene restriction sites. The differences in Msp I and Apa I restriction sites may explain the growth difference between the foreign meat type breeds above mentioned and local Chinese pigs.

EFFECT OF INTERLEUKIN-1β ON GROWTH HORMONE GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS POSSIBLE MOLECULAR MECHANISM IN RAT MtT/S SOMATOTROPH CELLS

Objective To elucidate the effect of interleukin-1β （IL- 1β） on human growth hormone （hGH） gene expression in a rat somatotropic pituitary cell line MtT/S. Methods Stably transfected MtT/S cells were firstly established by transfecting 484-Lucl plasmid which contained hGH gene promoter --484 to ＋30 bp and luciferase reporter gene. The effect of IL-1β on hGH gene expression was determined by assaying the luciferase activities. RT-PCR method was also used to determine whether IL-1 recepor mRNA was expressed in MtT/S cells. Results The 10^3 U/mL IL-1β stimulated secretion and synthesis of GH, and promoted the 5＇-promoter activity of GH gene in stably transfected MtT/SGL cells with the action of 1.38 times above the control. Among inhibitors of signaling transduction pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase （MAPKK/MEK） inhibitor PD98059 （40 μmol/L） and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） inhibitor SB203580 （5 μmol/L） completely blocked the stimulatory effect of IL-1μ, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase （PI3-K） inhibitor LY294002 partly abolished the effect of IL-1μ. Western blot analysis further confirmed the activation of phosphorylated MEK and p38 MAPK in MtT/SGL cells. Neither over-expression of Pit- 1 nor inhibition of Pit- 1 expression affected induction of hGH promoter activity by IL-1μ. A series of deletion constructs of hGH promoter were created to identify the DNA sequence that mediated the effect of IL-1β, and results showed that the stimulatory effect of IL-1β was abolished following deletion of the --196 to -- 132 bp fragment. Conclusions IL-1β promotes GH secretion and synthesis in rat MtT/S somatotroph cells. The stimulatory effect of IL-1β on hGH gene promoter appears to require the activation of MEK, p38 MAPK, PI3-K, and a fragment of promoter sequence that spans the -196 to -132 bp of the gene, but it may be unlinked with Pit-1 protein.

MEK AND p38 MAPK-DEPENDANT PATHWAYS ARE INVOLOVED IN THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF INTERLEUKIN-6 ON HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT MtT/S SOMATOTROPH CELLS

Objective To investigate the effect of interleukin-6(IL-6)on the human growth hormone(hGH)gene expression in a rat somatotropic pituitary cell line MtT/S.Methods The plasmids containing various lengths of hGH gene 5'-promoter fragments were constructed.Stably transfected MtT/S cells were created by cotransfecting the above plasmids and pcDNA3.1(+)with DMRIE-C transfection reagent.After the administration of these cells with IL-6 and/or various inhibitors of signaling transduction pathways,the luciferase activities in MtT/S cells lysis were assayed to demonstrate the effects of IL-6 on hGH gene promoter activity and possibly involved mechanism.Results The 103 U/mL IL-6 stimulated GH secretion and synthesis,and promoted the 5'-promoter activity of GH gene in stably transfected MtT/SGL cells with the action of 1.69 times above the control.Among inhibitors of signaling transduction pathways,mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MAPKK/MEK)inhibitor PD98059(40 μmol/L)and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)inhibitor SB203580(5 μmol/L)completely blocked the stimulatory effect of IL-6.Western blot analysis further confirmed the activation of phosphorylated MEK and p38 MAPK in MtT/SGL cells.Neither over-expression of Pit-1 nor inhibition of Pit-1 expression affected IL-6 induction of hGH promoter activity.A series of deletion constructs of hGH promoter were created to identify the DNA sequence that mediated the effect of IL-6.The results showed that the stimulatory effect of IL-6 was abolished following deletion of the-196 to-132 bp fragment.Conclusions IL-6 promotes GH secretion and synthesis by rat MtT/S somatotroph cells.The stimulatory effect of IL-6 on hGH gene promoter appears to require the activation of MEK and p38 MAPK,and a fragment of promoter sequence that spans the-196 to-132 bp of the gene,but may be unlinked with Pit-1 protein.

Association of growth rate with hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers

Background： The growth rate often varies among individual broilers of the same breed under a common management condition. To investigate whether a variation in the growth rate is associated with a difference in hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers, a feeding trial was conducted with 10,000 newly hatched Ross 308 chicks in a commercial production facility under standard management. At 38 d of age,30 fast-, 30 medium-, and 30 slow-growing broilers were selected among 600 healthy male individuals. The levels of insulin-like growth factor-1（IGF-1）, triiodothyronine（T3）, thyroxine（T4）, and growth hormone in the serum or breast muscle were assayed by ELISA or RIA kits, and the expression levels of several representative pro-and anti-myogenic genes in the breast muscle were also measured by real-time PCR.Results： Results showed that both absolute and relative weights of the breast muscle were in linear positive correlations with the body weight of broilers（P 〈 0.001）. Fast-growing broilers had higher concentrations of IGF-1 than slow-growing broilers（P 〈 0.05） in both the serum and breast muscle. The serum concentration of T3 was significantly higher in fast-growing birds than in slow-growing birds（P 〈 0.05）. However, no difference was observed in growth hormone or T4 concentration among three groups of birds. Additionally, a decreased expression of an anti-myogenic gene（myostatin） and increased expressions of pro-myogenic genes such as myogenic differentiation factor 1, myogenin, muscle regulatory factor 4, myogenic factor 5, IGF-1, and myocyte enhancer factor 2B, C, and D were observed in fast-growing broilers（P 〈 0.05）, relative to slow-growing broilers.Conclusions： Collectively, these findings suggested that the growth rate is linked to the hormone and myogenic gene expression levels in broiler chickens. Some of these parameters such as serum concentrations of IGF-1 and T3 could be employed to breed for enhanced growth.

Molecular cloning and analysis of the partial sequence of Rhinopithecus roxellanae growth hormone gene

Growth hormone gene (GH) ofRhinopithecus roxellanae was amplified by PCR based on the sequences of the reported mammalian growth hormone gene for the first time. The amplified fragment was about 1.8 kb. It was cloned and its upper stream was sequenced. This sequencing region consists of a 5′flanking regulatory region, exon I and part of exon II, intron I of growth hormone gene. Comparing the corresponding sequences of growth hormone gene betweenRhinopithecus roxellanae and the porcine, we concluded that the homology reached 81% in the region, and there was high conservation in the 5′flanking sequence. The kinds of amino acids of exon I and exon II for about 90% were the same to those in pig. Many mutations occurred in the degenerate site of the triplet code. In the nucleotides of intron I, there were only 72% homologies with those in pig. It means that introns and 3′flanking sequence maybe play an important part in growth hormone gene regulation of the different animals.

Growth hormone therapy for children with KBG syndrome:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The incidence of short stature in KBG syndrome is relatively high.Data on the therapeutic effects of growth hormone(GH)on children with KBG syndrome accompanied by short stature in the previous literature has not been summarized.CASE SUMMARY Here we studied a girl with KBG syndrome and collected the data of children with KBG syndrome accompanied by short stature from previous studies before and after GH therapy.The girl was referred to our department because of short stature.Physical examination revealed mild dysmorphic features.The peak GH responses to arginine and clonidine were 6.22 and 5.40 ng/mL,respectively.The level of insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)was 42.0 ng/mL.Genetic analysis showed a c.2635 dupG(p.Glu879fs)mutation in the ANKRD11 gene.She received GH therapy.During the first year of GH therapy,her height increased by 0.92 standard deviation score(SDS).Her height increased from-1.95 SDS to-0.70 SDS after two years of GH therapy.There were ten children with KBG syndrome accompanied by short stature who received GH therapy in reported cases.Height SDS was improved in nine(9/10)of them.The mean height SDS in five children with KBG syndrome accompanied by short stature increased from-2.72±0.44 to-1.95±0.57 after the first year of GH therapy(P=0.001).There were no adverse reactions reported after GH treatment.CONCLUSION GH treatment is effective in our girl and most children with KBG syndrome accompanied by short stature during the first year of therapy.

siRNA-targeted inhibition of growth hormone receptor in human colon cancer SW480 cells

AIM:To determine the effects of RNAi-mediated inhibition of the growth hormone receptor(GHR)gene on tumors and colon cancer cells in vivo.METHODS:Construction of a eukaryotic vector for human GHR expression,the pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFPsmall interfering RNAs(siRNAs)-GHR plasmid,was used to inhibit GHR expression.Thirty-six BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into groups and treated with normal saline(NS),recombinant plasmid(G2),growth hormone(GH),5-fluorouracil(FU),G2+FU or G2+FU+GH.Each nude mouse was subcutaneously inoculated with 1×107human colon cancer SW480 cells;the nude mice were weighed before inoculation and on the 2nd,5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.All nude mice were sacrificed after 17 d.Each subcutaneous tumor was removed and studied.Tumor volume was measured on the 5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.The expression of GHR protein in the tumor tissue was detected by Western blotting analysis,and the differences in GHR mRNA expression in the tumor tissue were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Compared to the control group,the weights of the inoculated nude mice on the 17thday after inoculation were:G2:21.60±0.71 g,GH:21.64±0.45 g,FU:18.94±0.47 g,FU+G2:19.40±0.60 g,G2+FU+GH:21.04±0.78 g vs NS:20.68±0.66 g,P<0.05;the tumor volumes after the subcutaneous inoculation were:G2:9.71±3.82 mm3,FU:11.54±2.42mm3,FU+G2:11.42±1.11 mm3,G2+FU+GH:10.47±1.02 mm3vs NS:116.81±10.61 mm3,P<0.05.Compared to the GH group,the tumor volumes were significantly decreased in the experimental groups.The GHR protein expression(G2:0.39±0.02,FU:0.40±0.02,FU+G2:0.38±0.01,G2+FU+GH:0.39±0.01 vs NS:0.94±0.02,P<0.05)and the GHR mRNA expression(G2:14.12±0.10,FU:15.15±0.44,FU+G2:16.46±0.27,G2+FU+GH:15.37±0.57 vs NS:12.63±0.14,P<0.05)were significantly decreased and increased,respectively,in the experimental groups.CONCLUSION:Inhibition of GHR in human colon cancer SW480 cells resulted in anti-tumor effects in nude mice.

育成期能量限饲对6~24周龄蛋鸡生长发育、激素水平和卵巢类固醇激素生成关键基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究育成期(6~17周龄)能量限饲对6~24周龄蛋鸡生长发育、激素水平和卵巢类固醇激素生成关键基因表达的影响。试验选用6周龄海兰褐蛋鸡720只,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只。6~17周龄,3组试验鸡分别饲喂代谢能(ME)水平为12.34(对照组)、11.11(90%能量限饲组)和9.87 MJ/kg(80%能量限饲组)且其他营养水平相同的试验饲粮。18~24周龄,各组试验鸡均饲喂相同的试验饲粮。试验期18周。结果表明:1)随着6~17周龄能量限饲强度增加,17周龄体重、腹脂率、心脏指数和胫骨重以及20周龄体重、腹脂率、股骨重、胫骨重和跖骨重均呈显著线性降低(P<0.05),17周龄胰脏指数、20周龄肝脏指数以及17和20周龄股骨、胫骨和跖骨长度体重比均呈显著线性增加(P<0.05)。6~17周龄能量限饲对24周龄屠体、内脏器官和骨骼发育指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)随着6~17周龄能量限饲强度增加,24周龄血清尿素氮(UN)含量呈显著线性降低(P<0.05),血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量呈显著线性增加(P<0.05)。6~17周龄能量限饲对24周龄其他血清生化指标和肝脏生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)80%能量限饲组24周龄血浆孕酮水平显著高于对照组和90%能量限饲组(P<0.05)。4)在卵巢基质部,17、20和24周龄80%和90%能量限饲组36个基因中,26个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),7个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05),上调基因分别为17周龄80%和90%能量限饲组的环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白1(CREB1)和细胞色素P450羟化酶1B1(CYP1B1),24周龄90%能量限饲组的CREB1,以及20和24周龄80%能量限饲组的3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)。在大白卵泡膜层,20周龄80%和90%能量限饲组12个基因的mRNA相对表达量均显著上调(P<0.05);24周龄80%和90%能量限饲组12个基因中,9个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),1个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05),上调基因为24周龄80%能量限饲组的CREB1。在小黄卵泡膜层,24周龄80%和90%能量限饲组12个基因中,5个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),3个基因的mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05),上调基因为80%能量限饲组的细胞色素P450羟化酶17A1(CYP17A1)、3β-HSD和CYP1B1。由此可见,6~17周龄能量限饲显著影响了17和20周龄蛋鸡体重、腹脂和骨骼发育,但对24周龄屠体、内脏器官和骨骼发育均无显著影响,且在一定程度上改善了24周龄蛋白质代谢和脂肪代谢相关的生化指标;6~17周龄80%能量限饲增加了血浆孕酮水平,上调了卵巢基质部3β-HSD、大白卵泡膜层CREB1和小黄卵泡膜层CYP17A1、3β-HSD和CYP1B1的mRNA相对表达量。

生长激素基因SNPs与康乐黄鸡产蛋性状的关联分析

为探索生长激素(Growth hormone,GH)基因部分序列单核苷酸多态性(Single nu⁃cleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点与康乐黄鸡母鸡产蛋性状的相关性,寻找地方鸡种产蛋性状选育的分子标记,试验选取294只康乐黄鸡母鸡为研究材料,测量并记录3个产蛋性状指标,包括开产日龄、初产体重和182日龄产蛋数。采用PCR直接测序法筛选GH基因内含子1区域SNPs,利用SAS分析产蛋性状关联的SNPs。结果显示:共发现30个SNP位点,其中共有5个SNP位点与康乐黄鸡母鸡产蛋性状显著关联,其中位于内含子1区域的位点T1270451C与康乐黄鸡母鸡182日龄产蛋数,位点C1271148T与开产日龄、初产体重,位点A1271168G与开产日龄,位点G1271198A与初产体重均显著相关,位于内含子2区域的位点T1270070A与初产体重显著相关。研究表明,GH基因内含子1区域的4个位点T1270451C、C1271148T、A1271168G、G1271198A,内含子2区域T1270070A位点可作为康乐黄鸡产蛋性状选育的候选分子标记。

Analysis on Polymorphisms of GHR Gene in Improved Hybrid Yellow Cattle Groups from Liupan Mountain Area in Ningxia

[Objective] The paper aimed to analyze the polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor （GHR） in improved hybrid yellow cattle group from Liupan Mountain area in Ningxia Autonomous Region,so as to provide technological basis for hybrid improvement. [Method] Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms （PCR-RFLP） technology was carried out to examine polymorphisms of GHR gene of 70 individuals. [Result] The target fragment of 338 bp was amplified. The PCR product digested by restriction enzyme Alu I showed polymorphisms. The frequencies of the two genotypes （AA,BB） were 75.71% （53 individuals） and 24.29% （17 individuals）,respectively. [Conclusion] Two genotypes of GHR gene were detected in improved hybrid yellow cattle groups from Liupan Mountain area in Ningxia.

侏儒症动物模型研究进展

侏儒症(Dwarfism)是一种全球范围内罕见的生长发育障碍性疾病,通常由遗传或疾病导致,最突出表型是身材矮小。动物模型是研究其发病机制、预防、治疗方案及鉴定潜在治疗靶点及生物标志物的重要工具。随着基因工程技术的发展,基因编辑动物模型越来越多地被用于侏儒症的相关研究。本文将从理论依据、模型特点以及研究应用等方面对现有侏儒症动物模型进行总结与讨论,供科研和临床人员参考使用,以便更好地开展对侏儒症的发病机制和防治方法的研究。

多效唑和乙烯利对西克刺桐花芽分化及成花基因表达的影响

【目的】探讨多效唑(paclobutrazol,PAC)和乙烯利(ethephon,ETH)对西克刺桐(Erythrina sykesii)碳氮代谢、内源激素及成花相关基因表达的影响,为刺桐属植物花期调控提供理论依据。【方法】以8年生的西克刺桐为材料,在花芽生理分化期进行多效唑(PAC)600 mg·L^(-1)、乙烯利(ETH)50 mg·L^(-1)以及二者共同喷施处理,以清水为对照(CK),每个处理均喷施3次。检测顶芽不同花芽生理分化期的碳氮代谢物质含量、内源激素水平和成花相关基因表达量,并调查统计盛花期西克刺桐花序大小、数量和枝条成花率。【结果】西克刺桐叶面喷施多效唑和乙烯利后,随着花芽生理分化进程推进,顶芽的可溶性糖和全碳含量逐渐上升,而可溶性蛋白和全氮含量逐渐下降,导致碳氮比(C/N)升高;其中,PAC+ETH处理与PAC和ETH处理均存在显著差异,在生理分化末期PAC+ETH处理的C/N比值达到最大值。顶芽的内源激素含量也随着生理分化进程而变化,玉米素核苷(zeatin riboside,ZR)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)含量逐渐上升,而赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA3)和吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)含量逐渐下降;引起ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3、ZR/IAA、ZR/GA3比值逐渐升高;PAC+ETH处理的激素比值与PAC和ETH处理间均存在显著差异,在生理分化末期PAC+ETH处理的ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3、ZR/IAA、ZR/GA3比值均达到最大值,分别比对照提高317.49%、185.34%、310.58%、180.62%。成花促进基因FT在生理分化中期开始表达且表达量逐渐上调,SOC1、AP1、SVP和LFY基因在生理分化末期才明显表达;成花抑制基因TFL1在生理分化前期就开始表达且表达量逐渐下调。多效唑和乙烯利处理均能促进西克刺桐花芽分化进程和成花诱导,其中600 mg·L^(-1)PAC+50 mg·L^(-1)ETH处理的植株开花期提前12 d,枝条成花率达36.46%,植株总花期达55 d。【结论】西克刺桐花芽生理分化期喷施多效唑和乙烯利有利于提高碳氮代谢物质含量,调节内源激素水平和成花相关基因表达,有效促进西克刺桐花芽分化。

Construction of Eukaryotic Expression Vector for Pig Ghrelin Gene

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the functions of transgenic growth related gene in pig growth. [Method] A pair of primers containing Nhe I and Hind Ⅲ restriction sites were designed by referring to the pig Ghrelin mRNA sequence published in Genbank. Total RNA was extracted from the small intestine tissue of 13/17 Robertson translocation heterozygous pig, and then was purified and used as the template in later RT-PCR reaction to amplify the full-length pig Ghrelin gene. The correct pig Ghrelin gene fragment was cloned into the pMD19-T simple vector for sequencing analysis. The obtained full-length cDNA of pig Ghrelin gene fragment was digested with both Nhe I and Hind Ⅲ, and then was linked into the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1 to obtain the recombinant plasmid pEGFPGhrelin. The recombinant plasmid was transected into the fibroblast cells to detect the fluorescence labeled gene expression. [Result] The nucleotide sequence extracted from 13/17 Robertson translocation heterozygous pig was the same as expected; and the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-Ghrelin was successfully constructed. [Conclusion] The eukaryotic expression vector constructed in this study can be further used in research on transgenic pigs, but also lays foundation for research on the regulatory mechanism of Ghrelin gene.

软骨发育低下患儿的临床特征及FGFR3基因变异分析

目的探讨软骨发育低下(hypochondroplasia,HCH)患儿的临床特征及成纤维细胞生长因子受体3(fibroblast growth factor receptor 3,FGFR3)基因变异特点。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2021年10月空军军医大学第一附属医院收治的7例HCH患儿的临床资料、基因检测结果及重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rhGH)治疗效果。结果7例HCH患儿初始平均年龄为(6.4±2.7)岁(3.1~9.7岁),平均身高标准差分值为-3.22±1.22(-1.2~-4.9),上部量/下部量比值为1.28±0.13(1.10~1.52)。rhGH平均治疗时间为(4.4±1.2)年(3.1~6.0年),治疗后平均年龄为(10.8±2.1)岁(6.9~12.8岁),平均身高标准差分值为-1.73±1.32(-3.4~0.2),上部量/下部量比值为1.13±0.14(0.98~1.38)。HCH临床表现有不匀称身材矮小(7/7,100%)、肘关节伸展受限(2/7,28.6%)、腰椎前凸(2/7,28.6%)、轻度膝内翻(2/7,28.6%)、面部相对正常的前额凸起(1/7,14.3%)。HCH放射学特征包括长骨缩短伴轻度干骺端扩张(4/7,57.1%)、腰椎椎弓根间距变窄(1/7,14.3%)、短而宽的股骨颈(1/7,14.3%)、方形髋骨及扁平髋臼顶(1/7,14.3%)、坐骨大切迹变小(1/7,14.3%)。7例均存在FGFR3基因致病性变异,4例为FGFR3基因c.1620C>A(p.Asn540Lys)变异;3例为FGFR3基因c.1620C>G(p.Asn540Lys)变异。结论7例HCH均为FGFR3基因p.Asn540Lys的热点变异。HCH临床特征相对轻微,婴幼儿期需要加强认识和甄别。rhGH治疗对HCH患儿有效。

Developmental Changes of GHR Gene Expression in Multiple Tissues of Mink

[Objective] The paper was to explore the changes of GHR gene expression in different tissues of mink.[Method] With American mink as the research object, the expression volumes of GHR gene in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine and skin tissues at different growth stages(45, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of age) were detected by real-time PCR, and comparative analysis was performed.[Result] The GHR gene expressions in heart, liver and spleen tissues at 180 days of age were extremely higher than those at other days of age( P<0.01). The GHR gene expression in lung tissue at 120 days of age was extremely higher than those at other days of age( P<0.01). The GHR gene expressions in intestine tissue at 45 and 120 days of age were extremely higher than those at other days of age(P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed between 45 and 120 days of age(P>0.05). The GHR gene expression in kidney tissue at 150 days of age was significantly higher than those at other days of age( P<0.05).The GHR gene expression in skin tissue was extremely higher than that those at other days of age( P<0.01). The GHR gene expressions in intestinal tissue at 45 and 120 days of age were extremely higher than those in other tissues(P<0.01). The GHR gene expressions in skin tissue at 90 days of age was extremely higher than those in other tissues(P<0.01). The GHR gene expressions in intestine, spleen and kidney tissues at 150 days of age were extremely higher than those in other tissues(P<0.01). The GHR gene expressions in spleen tissue at 180 days of age was extremely higher than those in other tissues(P<0.01).[Conclusion] The expression of GHR gene in mink showed obvious spatio-temporal specificity.

Sequencing and Analysis of G HR Gene from Genomic DNA Pools of Mink

In order to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of growth hormone receptor （GHR） gene in mink populations, genomic DNA pools of Minghua black minks and silver-blue minks were constructed, and the 10^th exon of GHR gene was PCR amplified from the two DNA pools and sequenced. The results showed that two SNPs were found at position 209 （T/C） and position 533 （C/A） of the 10^th exon of GHR gene in the two mink populations.