The mobility and connective capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)are becoming more and more important in defense,commercial,and research domains.However,their open communication makes UAVs susceptible toundes...The mobility and connective capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)are becoming more and more important in defense,commercial,and research domains.However,their open communication makes UAVs susceptible toundesirablepassive attacks suchas eavesdroppingor jamming.Recently,the inefficiencyof traditional cryptography-based techniques has led to the addition of Physical Layer Security(PLS).This study focuses on the advanced PLS method for passive eavesdropping in UAV-aided vehicular environments,proposing a solution to complement the conventional cryptography approach.Initially,we present a performance analysis of first-order secrecy metrics in 6G-enabled UAV systems,namely hybrid outage probability(HOP)and secrecy outage probability(SOP)over 2×2 Nakagami-m channels.Later,we propose a novel technique for mitigating passive eavesdropping,which considers first-order secrecy metrics as an optimization problem and determines their lower and upper bounds.Finally,we conduct an analysis of bounded HOP and SOP using the interactive Nakagami-m channel,considering the multiple-input-multiple-output configuration of the UAV system.The findings indicate that 2×2 Nakagami-mis a suitable fadingmodel under constant velocity for trustworthy receivers and eavesdroppers.The results indicate that UAV mobility has some influence on an eavesdropper’s intrusion during line-of-sight-enabled communication and can play an important role in improving security against passive eavesdroppers.展开更多
目的搭建基于4K/3D手术系统的远程手术会诊平台,评价5G通信技术支撑下4K分辨率3D样式画面在显微外科远程手术会诊中的应用效果。方法设计基于“端云端”的系统软硬件架构,依托国产4K/3D显微手术成像系统,实现术野的双视点光场采集、智...目的搭建基于4K/3D手术系统的远程手术会诊平台,评价5G通信技术支撑下4K分辨率3D样式画面在显微外科远程手术会诊中的应用效果。方法设计基于“端云端”的系统软硬件架构,依托国产4K/3D显微手术成像系统,实现术野的双视点光场采集、智能图像处理、硬件3D交织、低延时网络传输和超高清立体显示。将该系统应用于侧颅底疑难病例的远程手术会诊,从4K/3D视频传输延时、峰值信噪比(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio,PSNR)、结构相似性(Structural Similarity Index Measure,SSIM)、画质及舒适度等方面评价该平台的效能。结果在非专用5G组网方案下,手术会诊平台的4K/3D视频传输延时1.18 s;评价视频传输质量的客观指标PSNR和SSIM显示4K/3D视频传输前后的视觉差异和结构差异小。27名医生针对8段手术视频片段的问卷调查结果显示,视频传输后画质无改变或改变轻微不影响观看的样本占比为89.35%,96.30%的医生认为远程传输后的4K/3D视频足以支撑显微外科远程手术指导。结论4K/3D显微手术成像系统产出的超高清立体视频经5G传输后足以支撑远程手术指导,这为远程医疗及教学、灾难及战场手术救治提供了新方案。展开更多
Radio network access technology currently used in 4G/5G is Long Term Evolution-Advanced(LTE-A),which was developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).Device-to-device(D2D)communication is a technology enablin...Radio network access technology currently used in 4G/5G is Long Term Evolution-Advanced(LTE-A),which was developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).Device-to-device(D2D)communication is a technology enabling direct communications among wireless devices without forwarding through an evolved Node B(eNB).Moreover,D2D transmission can support vehicles as a vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)environment.It is possible to avoid accidents via exchanging movement-related information among vehicles and effectively increase driving safety(and efficiency).However,radio resources are limited in radio networks.A vehicle transmits through D2D in Long Term Evolution-Vehicle(LTE-V)mode-3 standard,and an eNB can allocate the same spectrum radio resources for cellular and V2V links simultaneously.When using the same radio resources,the probability of interference may increase.This study designed a semipersistent resource allocation algorithm based on different cycles in an LTE-V network.Moreover,resource allocation under different cycles was analyzed,and a scheme for resource selection is proposed based on cycle size.The proposed Semi Persistent Gain Aware Resource Allocation(SP-GARA)scheme selects resources based on the expected sum rate of the cycle size and analyzes and discusses the results of the total sum rate at different cycles and speeds for an improved performance.展开更多
Multicast device-to-device(D2D)communication technology is considered as one of the new technologies in the fifth generation(5G)networks that directly addresses the need for content sharing among internet users.In fac...Multicast device-to-device(D2D)communication technology is considered as one of the new technologies in the fifth generation(5G)networks that directly addresses the need for content sharing among internet users.In fact,when direct communication is available between devices,the spectral efficiency is improved by reusing the licensed cellular spectrum.The current studies show that D2D communication increases network capacity and reduces latency.In order to achieve the alternate capabilities,coordination is required to implement interference management.We considered subcarrier allocation for the uplink,in addition to the power control that takes place on the underlay network.The completed data rate in single multicast communication is significantly reduced and limited by nodes with lower channel quality.In this paper,we used Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm(SFLA)for resource allocation(RA)in D2D multicast communications.We compared the results of the SFLA algorithm with the Firefly Algorithm(FA),Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO);in terms of D2D user throughput,Cellular User(CU)throughput,network average throughput,network interference and signal interference noise ratio(SINR)target.The simulation results show that SFLA clearly outperforms other algorithms in terms of data rate under the high pressure of infeasibility.展开更多
基金funded by Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TUDSPP-2024-139).
文摘The mobility and connective capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)are becoming more and more important in defense,commercial,and research domains.However,their open communication makes UAVs susceptible toundesirablepassive attacks suchas eavesdroppingor jamming.Recently,the inefficiencyof traditional cryptography-based techniques has led to the addition of Physical Layer Security(PLS).This study focuses on the advanced PLS method for passive eavesdropping in UAV-aided vehicular environments,proposing a solution to complement the conventional cryptography approach.Initially,we present a performance analysis of first-order secrecy metrics in 6G-enabled UAV systems,namely hybrid outage probability(HOP)and secrecy outage probability(SOP)over 2×2 Nakagami-m channels.Later,we propose a novel technique for mitigating passive eavesdropping,which considers first-order secrecy metrics as an optimization problem and determines their lower and upper bounds.Finally,we conduct an analysis of bounded HOP and SOP using the interactive Nakagami-m channel,considering the multiple-input-multiple-output configuration of the UAV system.The findings indicate that 2×2 Nakagami-mis a suitable fadingmodel under constant velocity for trustworthy receivers and eavesdroppers.The results indicate that UAV mobility has some influence on an eavesdropper’s intrusion during line-of-sight-enabled communication and can play an important role in improving security against passive eavesdroppers.
文摘目的搭建基于4K/3D手术系统的远程手术会诊平台,评价5G通信技术支撑下4K分辨率3D样式画面在显微外科远程手术会诊中的应用效果。方法设计基于“端云端”的系统软硬件架构,依托国产4K/3D显微手术成像系统,实现术野的双视点光场采集、智能图像处理、硬件3D交织、低延时网络传输和超高清立体显示。将该系统应用于侧颅底疑难病例的远程手术会诊,从4K/3D视频传输延时、峰值信噪比(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio,PSNR)、结构相似性(Structural Similarity Index Measure,SSIM)、画质及舒适度等方面评价该平台的效能。结果在非专用5G组网方案下,手术会诊平台的4K/3D视频传输延时1.18 s;评价视频传输质量的客观指标PSNR和SSIM显示4K/3D视频传输前后的视觉差异和结构差异小。27名医生针对8段手术视频片段的问卷调查结果显示,视频传输后画质无改变或改变轻微不影响观看的样本占比为89.35%,96.30%的医生认为远程传输后的4K/3D视频足以支撑显微外科远程手术指导。结论4K/3D显微手术成像系统产出的超高清立体视频经5G传输后足以支撑远程手术指导,这为远程医疗及教学、灾难及战场手术救治提供了新方案。
基金This work was funded in part by the and Research Project of National Taiwan University of Sport,Taiwan,China,under Grant No.110DG00114.
文摘Radio network access technology currently used in 4G/5G is Long Term Evolution-Advanced(LTE-A),which was developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).Device-to-device(D2D)communication is a technology enabling direct communications among wireless devices without forwarding through an evolved Node B(eNB).Moreover,D2D transmission can support vehicles as a vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)environment.It is possible to avoid accidents via exchanging movement-related information among vehicles and effectively increase driving safety(and efficiency).However,radio resources are limited in radio networks.A vehicle transmits through D2D in Long Term Evolution-Vehicle(LTE-V)mode-3 standard,and an eNB can allocate the same spectrum radio resources for cellular and V2V links simultaneously.When using the same radio resources,the probability of interference may increase.This study designed a semipersistent resource allocation algorithm based on different cycles in an LTE-V network.Moreover,resource allocation under different cycles was analyzed,and a scheme for resource selection is proposed based on cycle size.The proposed Semi Persistent Gain Aware Resource Allocation(SP-GARA)scheme selects resources based on the expected sum rate of the cycle size and analyzes and discusses the results of the total sum rate at different cycles and speeds for an improved performance.
基金This research was funded by Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit,Kayseri,Turkey,under grant No(FDK-2021-10867),Received by W.H.M and N.T.https://bap.erciyes.edu.tr.
文摘Multicast device-to-device(D2D)communication technology is considered as one of the new technologies in the fifth generation(5G)networks that directly addresses the need for content sharing among internet users.In fact,when direct communication is available between devices,the spectral efficiency is improved by reusing the licensed cellular spectrum.The current studies show that D2D communication increases network capacity and reduces latency.In order to achieve the alternate capabilities,coordination is required to implement interference management.We considered subcarrier allocation for the uplink,in addition to the power control that takes place on the underlay network.The completed data rate in single multicast communication is significantly reduced and limited by nodes with lower channel quality.In this paper,we used Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm(SFLA)for resource allocation(RA)in D2D multicast communications.We compared the results of the SFLA algorithm with the Firefly Algorithm(FA),Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO);in terms of D2D user throughput,Cellular User(CU)throughput,network average throughput,network interference and signal interference noise ratio(SINR)target.The simulation results show that SFLA clearly outperforms other algorithms in terms of data rate under the high pressure of infeasibility.
