Making a Mechanical Organism Being the fourth in a series of essays on the materials of nature

Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.

Applications-Some Influences of Engineering Ideas on Biology Being the fifth in a series of essays on the materials of nature

Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, lead to a deeper understanding of the biology of organisms. Such an approach, although always current in some form, is nevertheless subject to the vagaries of fashion and the availability of analytical techniques. At present we are in a period of upturn. Areas of interest are deployable structures （applications in aerospace）, palaeontology （how little do we need to know in order to create a credible biosphere） and food science （we need a rational approach to the mechanics of food）.

An Approach to Assertive and Non-assertive Epistemic Modality in Virginia Woolf＇s Essays

This study entails a first approach to epistemic modality in Woolf＇s essays. In particular, we will distinguish between assertive and non-assertive epistemic modality. Woolf uses assertive epistemic modality when transmitting her criticism to, sometimes, women＇s inferiority condition in history, revealing Woolf＇s more confident stance. These markers are different from those used in more ＂gentle＂ themes related to reviewing an author and her work. In this second case, non-assertive epistemic modality is more frequent. Being less harsh towards an author＇s surroundings and her literary production, Woolf＇s stance proves less self-assured. The corpus consists of 10 short essays. We also refer to her longer essays A Room of One＇s Own （1929） and Three Guineas 0938）. They were selected bearing in mind their subject-matter. Half of them deal with literature and women writers, their lives and works; the other half ones also have to do with women-related topics, but referring to their position in history and their difficulties to undertake, for example, a literary career. Some concluding remarks indicate the predominance of non-assertive epistemic modality in relation to an intersubjective reading of her texts. This reading favours the inclusion of her audience in her commentary about women writing.

Essays in the History of Medicine

Professor Karl Sudhoff had spent most of his career time researching the history of medical development in medieval Europe.The book collects the source fragment of the evidence of Professor Sudhoff's job.

Liang Yuchun’s Translation of English Essays: Motivation and Relationship

Liang Yuchun, known as “China’s Elia” in the history of modern Chinese literature, once played an important rolein introducing and translating foreign literature, especially English essays, in the 1920s & 1930s. The present studyfirst gives a general overview of Liang’s English prose translation. Then the author focuses her attention on theexploratory analysis of Liang’s motivation for translating English essays and his literary relationship with Britishessayists, John Galsworthy, Charles Lamb and Mary Russell Mitford in particular.

East and West： Different Perceptions of Effective Ethos Exhibited in Chinese and American College Students＇ Persuasive Essays

This paper studies how different cultural values and rhetorical traditions may influence students＇ perceptions and understanding of effective ethos in persuasive essays. Fifty Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） college students and 50 American college students participated in writing English persuasive essays on the selected topics. The essays were then compared for similarities and differences in the use of rhetorical appeals with a focus on ethos, the credibility, and trustworthiness of an author. The study revealed that participants from both groups established ethos as an important rhetorical tool to persuade the audience to accept their viewpoints. However, they displayed different perceptions of what effective ethos entailed. For Chinese participants, effective ethos seemed to come from using detailed explanations that reflected an author＇s intention to advocate an ethical or moral message based on some Chinese cultural values. But, strong ethos for American participants appeared to mean the use of evidence--facts and personal testimony--to establish the writer＇s trustworthiness. The interpretation of the results from the perspective of different cultural value orientations was also discussed.

Stylistic Effects of Parentheses and Dashes as Paratexts in Essays of Elia

The distinctive style of Charles Lamb’s essays has been interpreted in different ways-abundant allusions and rhetorical devices,quaintness and vernacular,antique colloquialism,witty humor,bitter sweetness,profound humanity,etc.Nevertheless,so far the extensive use of parentheses and dashes in his representative work Essays of Elia has not been paid enough attention and a detailed investigation is virtually absent.This paper presents an effort to analyze Essays of Elia through probing into the parentheses and dashes as paratexts in regard to their stylistic effects from two perspectives-the linguistic perspective and the semantic perspective,in hope of expanding the scope of“paratext”.The major finding of the paper is that in Essays of Elia,parentheses and dashes as paratexts serving as stylistic markers are indispensable supplements which have special stylistic effects.

Study on Translation Strategies of Metaphor in Zhang Peiji’s Elected Modern Chinese Essays From the Cultural Perspective

Many literary essays contain a large number of metaphor examples.Due to the differences between language and culture,metaphor,as a carrier of culture,makes many translators rack their brains and make great efforts in translation.In recent years,scholars’research on metaphor also emerges many new ideas.On the basis of previous metaphor studies,this paper discusses the cultural factors in conceptual metaphor,selects the translation of some metaphors in Zhang Peiji’s Selected Modern Chinese Essays as examples,and focuses on three strategies of metaphor translation:Literal translation retains the metaphor in the original language;free translation refers to the transformation of metaphor guided by the target language culture;literal translation of cultural metaphor and increase connotation interpretation.

Selected Essays in “China-Japan Friendship” Essay Contest

CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the fi rst essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists

Selected Essays in "China-Japan Friendship" Essay Contest

[CAFIU and Japan-China Association jointly held the first essay contest in 2016 among Japanese people from all walks of life.According to the selection and awarding of 8 review panelists from China and Japan,5 participants were given the Award of Excellence and 29 participants were given the Award of Participation.Selected

Stars are his Essays, Patriots are Like him——Contributions of Teacher Luo Haocai to the Human Rights Undertaking in China

It has been more than a decade since I met Teacher Luo Haocai. Before I met him, I had already heard that he was an approachable scholar. Although he was at a high position and played a leading role in establishing China’s administrative law, he always had a peaceful mind, which was highly respected and honored by colleagues in the academic community. After I actually met him, I was deeply impressed by the

Should Online Essays Be Used in Academic Evaluations?

China＇s current academic evaluation system sees publications in core journals as a basic index to measure the academic qualification and quality of an academic institute,

Teaching Writing Through Students’ Model Essays

As writing teachers,marking students’ essays is always time-consuming and frustrating,especially when there are large-siged classes.Students’ model essays are a good choice for writing teaching.On one hand,there are always students who write excellent essays;on the other hand.students are also interested in learning from peer’s writing,authentic and natural.This paper alms to explore effective writing teaching method in large-sized class by lecturing on student’s model essay appraise in terms of logical organization,fluency,and accuracy of content,appropriate use of word,phrase,sentence structure and syntax,and last common error correction.Students will learn how to use writing strategies to write an essay.As an instructor and facilitator,writing teacher should encourage students to seek both teachers’ and peers’ help in the form of group discussion so that they can revise and edit their draft essays by themselves.

Corpus-based Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis of Collocation in English Essays Written by Asian EFL learners

In order to explore collocational usage competence across two different contexts,NS and NNS,in the current study,I investigated usage and frequency of collocation of Taiwan Residents learners of English(TWN),Indonesian learners of English(IND) and English native speakers(NS),and found collocations statistically overused or underused by learner groups,which had not been studied before.Collocation is defined here as the word clusters composed of three and four words which occur 2 times and above,seen in English essays in the ICNALE corpus.All the collocations in the three corpora have been classified into 17 patterns based on the lexical and grammatical collocation categorization of Benson et al(1997).The results suggest that NNS have mastered different types of collocations to write essays,but use them differently from NS,as 27%in TWN and 38%in IND of the 150 most frequently used collocations are significantly overused or underused(p<0.0001).These findings obtained from a quantitative data analysis suggest that teachers in Taiwan and Indonesia should not only try to arouse students ' awareness of collocations but also do a pre-writing exercise of listing collocations related to a certain topic.These implications may also be useful for other Asian EFL countries.

Out with Multiple Choice and In with Essays:A More Accurate Way to Measure Reading Comprehension

The certification test for English teachers in a certain state asked candidates to identify the name of the frog in Mark Twain's "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." If students answered this question correctly and said, Dan'l Webster, does this mean that these students would be prepared for the teaching field? Conversely, if students answered this question incorrectly, does this mean they were ill- prepared for becoming teachers? Can such an irrelevant question really point to the knowledge and abilities of future teachers? Hardly, use of unimportant questioning such as this illustrates the main problem with using a multiple choice format when assessing students. Trivial items such as names of animals and other insignificant information are often given priority over their significance in the story simply because students are not able to demonstrate what they really know in narrative form (Smagorinsky, 2002).

The Impact of Comment Style on Learners’ Essay Revisions

This paper investigates how the type of written feedback provided by teachers affects learners’ ability to revise essays. A total of 120 participants participated in two rounds of essay composition and feedback delivery. The findings indicate that learners who receive comments in the form of questions are more prone to make revisions compared to those receiving statements or imperatives. These results hold significant implications for educators and the ways they utilize written feedback to enhance learners’ writing skills.

Class Central慕课课程How to Write an Essay教学设计分析

调研了美国Class Central网站发布的“2023年250门全球最受欢迎在线课程榜”19门英语写作类MOOC课程。How to Write an Essay被列为250门全球最受欢迎MOOC课程之一,源于其优质的教学设计:世界顶尖大学及其丰富的在线课程经验、优秀师资,教学目标注重培养学习者技能、终身学习理念以及抛锚式教学模式,这对于在线课程建设和教学具有借鉴意义。

“转换网络理论”中的主题构成与发展路径——以德彪西《焰火》为例

"转换网络理论"是美国音乐理论家大卫·勒温于20世纪80年代末创立的音乐分析理论。文章通过解读勒温出版于1993年的《音乐结构与转换——分析论文四篇》(Musical Form and Transformation:4 Analytic Essays)一书中《德彪西〈焰火〉结构与延长的转换基础》("A Transformational Basis for Form and Prolongation in Debussy'sFeuxd'artifice"),来展示"转换网络理论"的独特理论构架和分析视角。

美国高考作文Essay的文体特征、命题指向及其启示——兼评2012年中国各地高考作文

美国高考作文Essay是一种评论体，有别于记叙文、说明文、写景文之类文体，旨在释放考生的思想和心智，主观特色鲜明；它与中国高考中的议论文之间也存在着显著的区分度，突出表现为给考生提供宽松、多元的精神空间。Essay“提示”中的话题材料充满不确定性，其“任务”的开放性设计将考生导向理性的自由思维境界。Essay的启示是，中国高考作文命题与教学的改革需持续深化，即要凸显评论体、高标思想力，并提供开放话题、催生多元思维。

论英国ESSAY与中国散文现代性理论的关系

本文认为英国essay是作为散文源流之一进入中国五四散文理论的现代性构想中的,这种界定缘于深刻的理论认同。19世纪英国essay所张扬的人格、个性,和眷注人生的闲话方式,及其“旁观者”姿态所内蕴的对文学的独立性品质的向往,都在精神赋予的意味上给予五四散文现代性理论的建构以真正的“影响”。