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Epidemiological Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men: First Data about Male Sex Workers in Central African Republic (CAR)
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作者 Hermione Dahlia Mossoro-Kpinde Balekouzou Augustin +1 位作者 Paola Julienne Demba Henri Saint Calvaire Diemer 《Advances in Sexual Medicine》 2024年第1期1-11,共11页
Objectives: Sex work is not well documented among African men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of men who have sex with men (MSM) and eventually to determine the proportion of sex wor... Objectives: Sex work is not well documented among African men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of men who have sex with men (MSM) and eventually to determine the proportion of sex workers (SW) among them, as well as the proportion of MSM who have been victims of gender-based violence (GBV). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study coordinated by the Direction de la Médecine du Travail was carried out at the headquarters of the association ALTERNATIVES in Bangui Bangui from July 1 to October 31, 2021. Consenting MSM present during the study period were systematically included. Sociodemographic variables, those relating to the future vision of the activity and to GBV were collected and analyzed using Epi-Info version 7 software. Results: Forty MSM with an average age of 23 years and mainly secondary education (75.0%) were included. The vast majority of MSM were unemployed (85.0%). 45.0% had been victims of GBV and wanted to stop working as an MSM (47.5%), and almost 2/3 (65.0%) would accept another income-generating activity in exchange for the MSM. Violence was sexual (32.5%), economic (22.5%), physical (20.0%), verbal (12.5%) and psychological (12.5%). Conclusion: The MSM were mainly young, poorly educated, unemployed, and almost half were victims of GBV. The desire to change MSM activity to another income-generating activity alongside that of MSM shows that many of them are SW, workers in the informal sector. This must be taken into account in prevention activities, even if the data needs to be confirmed on a much larger sample. 展开更多
关键词 Men Who have Sex with Men Sex Workers Gender-Based Violence Informal Sector Central Africa
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浅析动态HAVE的句法语义特征 被引量:1
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作者 张松松 《金陵科技学院学报(社会科学版)》 2009年第3期51-54,共4页
具体探讨了仅仅局限于英语而在其它语言中难觅踪影的一种HAVE用法——动态(dynamic)HAVE。运用HAVE分解法,分析"致使"和"经历"HAVE的句法语义特征发现:动态HAVE动词构成了词项语义丰富的复杂谓词。诸如此类的动词... 具体探讨了仅仅局限于英语而在其它语言中难觅踪影的一种HAVE用法——动态(dynamic)HAVE。运用HAVE分解法,分析"致使"和"经历"HAVE的句法语义特征发现:动态HAVE动词构成了词项语义丰富的复杂谓词。诸如此类的动词从它们的句法功能而不是词汇语义特征获得释义。它们的语义解释取决于结构特征。 展开更多
关键词 动态have “致使”have “经历”have have分解法
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一种BT系统中节点通信HAVE协议的优化扩展
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作者 张尧 李建春 +1 位作者 黄道颖 李健勇 《电子学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2009年第8期1816-1819,共4页
BT系统中节点之间通信共有11种消息,其中HAVE、REQUEST和PIECE消息是数据传输中流量的主要构成部分.为了提高网络传输效率,降低文件传输中的管理开销,对HAVE消息进行了研究,提出了对HAVE消息的改进方案——MultiHave消息.实验表明,Multi... BT系统中节点之间通信共有11种消息,其中HAVE、REQUEST和PIECE消息是数据传输中流量的主要构成部分.为了提高网络传输效率,降低文件传输中的管理开销,对HAVE消息进行了研究,提出了对HAVE消息的改进方案——MultiHave消息.实验表明,MultiHave消息有效提高了系统的性能. 展开更多
关键词 Err系统 对等网 have消息 Multihave消息
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句法象似性原则参照下的Have+en的范畴属性 被引量:1
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作者 温金海 李云川 《南京财经大学学报》 2006年第2期93-96,共4页
Have+en历来被视为英语中的完成体形式。按照体态范畴的标准定义,无论是动词短语的过程性,抑或是终结性,均不可与外部时间关系产生任何瓜葛。但Have+en似乎总与某一外部时间参照共现,因此对其范畴属性的质疑不断。文章以句法象似性原则... Have+en历来被视为英语中的完成体形式。按照体态范畴的标准定义,无论是动词短语的过程性,抑或是终结性,均不可与外部时间关系产生任何瓜葛。但Have+en似乎总与某一外部时间参照共现,因此对其范畴属性的质疑不断。文章以句法象似性原则揭示的认知机理为基础指出,Have+en的本体体征应当囊括终结性和先时性两个方面。先时性导致Have+en具备貌似、但不完全等同于外部时间的现联延续关系,从而使动词短语的内部结构衍生回溯性视角,属于内化了的“超体”特征,证明Have+en以其特有属性与Be+ing非对称性地搭建英语的体态范畴。 展开更多
关键词 句法象似性原则 终结性 先时性 回溯性视角 have+en
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论语言共性的生成语法视角——以HAVE分解法为例 被引量:1
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作者 张松松 张琰 《南京晓庄学院学报》 2012年第2期57-62,123,共6页
该文从形式主义角度扼要介评了语言共性论和语义分解法,以及语义的底层原语观。作为语义分解法最具代表性的个案研究之一,HAVE分解法一直是语法理论界普遍研究的一个课题。该文回顾了传统语法和生成语法在本领域的相关研究,深入探究HAV... 该文从形式主义角度扼要介评了语言共性论和语义分解法,以及语义的底层原语观。作为语义分解法最具代表性的个案研究之一,HAVE分解法一直是语法理论界普遍研究的一个课题。该文回顾了传统语法和生成语法在本领域的相关研究,深入探究HAVE范式的新视角——"HAVE分解法":它的产生、渊源、发展、分流和融合。 展开更多
关键词 语言共性 生成语法底层原语 have分解法 D-并入法 P-并入法
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英语HAVE+a/an+NP构式习得的实证研究 被引量:2
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作者 梅丽 《大学英语教学与研究》 2014年第6期3-7,共5页
本文基于构式语法相关理论,探讨了中国英语学习者对HAVE+a/an+NP构式的习得过程和机制。文章采用实证研究的方法,分析了英语专业四个年级的学习者在HAVE+a/an+NP构式的使用频数和意义类型上的差异。研究发现,不同语言水平的英语学习者... 本文基于构式语法相关理论,探讨了中国英语学习者对HAVE+a/an+NP构式的习得过程和机制。文章采用实证研究的方法,分析了英语专业四个年级的学习者在HAVE+a/an+NP构式的使用频数和意义类型上的差异。研究发现,不同语言水平的英语学习者在使用HAVE+a/an+NP构式的频数上有显著差异;在表达物质所属和社会所属意义时有显著差异,但在表达抽象所属和非人类所属或行为意义时则没有明显差异。错误分析表明,不同水平的语言学习者对于HAVE+a/an+NP构式意义的习得还没有扩展到非人类所属这一意义范畴上。 展开更多
关键词 构式语法 have+a/an+NP构式 习得
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Conceptual Metaphors in "I Have a Dream" 被引量:1
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作者 邓宇 栾薇 《海外英语》 2011年第13期291-292,共2页
Metaphors can serve as cognitive instruments.In the process of conceptualization,metaphors would reflex the way people think and affect the way they perceive things.Conceptual metaphors are often used to help layman u... Metaphors can serve as cognitive instruments.In the process of conceptualization,metaphors would reflex the way people think and affect the way they perceive things.Conceptual metaphors are often used to help layman understand abstract and complex political issues better.The author studies Martin Luther King,Jr's famous speech "I Have a Dream" from the views of cognitive linguistics,and mainly analyzes the conceptual metaphors in this political speech. 展开更多
关键词 conceptual METAPHOR I have a DREAM cognitive LINGUISTICS
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从“有”与“have”谈开去 被引量:5
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作者 孔见 《山东农业大学学报(社会科学版)》 2002年第3期75-79,共5页
近年来 ,在我国媒体及影视文学作品中 ,频繁出现“……有没有V ?”、“……有V”等句式。这些句式都是汉语传统语法中不存在的。本文以大量详实的例句及资料探讨了这几种句式产生的原因及发展的过程。指出这几种句式的出现是英语语法中... 近年来 ,在我国媒体及影视文学作品中 ,频繁出现“……有没有V ?”、“……有V”等句式。这些句式都是汉语传统语法中不存在的。本文以大量详实的例句及资料探讨了这几种句式产生的原因及发展的过程。指出这几种句式的出现是英语语法中完成体助动词“have”与闽粤方言语法中“有”的独特语法作用共同影响的结果 。 展开更多
关键词 有没有 have 句式 英语语法 完成体 普通话 闽粤方言
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动词have的语法化过程及其发展变化探微 被引量:1
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作者 蒋兰惠 《铜陵学院学报》 2011年第3期96-97,127,共3页
英语语法系统不会停留在一种状态不变,其中动词的变化意义最为重大。通过对特殊动词have的语法化过程进行实证研究,可以说明have的语法化终端形式是成为语法标记,这反映了语法化的一般规律;对比英式英语和美式英语中的have使用区别,可... 英语语法系统不会停留在一种状态不变,其中动词的变化意义最为重大。通过对特殊动词have的语法化过程进行实证研究,可以说明have的语法化终端形式是成为语法标记,这反映了语法化的一般规律;对比英式英语和美式英语中的have使用区别,可以说明词汇演变过程中的语义选择的需要及语言的不确定性特征。 展开更多
关键词 动词have 语法化 英式英语 美式英语 认知域
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HAVE范式的一致性句法分析 被引量:1
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作者 张松松 《南京晓庄学院学报》 2010年第1期81-86,共6页
乔姆斯基的最简方案旨在揭示语言本质。基于此目的,该文运用HAVE分解法,以HAVE范式作为个案研究,尝试发现一类特殊的表层结构可以简化为一个底层结构与一些独立的原则相互作用。通过探讨HAVE的各类用法和特性,归纳出普遍语法(UG)的独立... 乔姆斯基的最简方案旨在揭示语言本质。基于此目的,该文运用HAVE分解法,以HAVE范式作为个案研究,尝试发现一类特殊的表层结构可以简化为一个底层结构与一些独立的原则相互作用。通过探讨HAVE的各类用法和特性,归纳出普遍语法(UG)的独立原则,进而用于解释其它语言的相关语言现象。研究发现:HAVE范式的所有结构都是按照同一句法推导过程P+BE而形成的,其差异仅仅在于PP(prepositional phrase)中的限定语究竟由什么成分充当,同时还受到语义学和语用学相关原则规则的制约。 展开更多
关键词 逻辑式 have分解法 一致性分析
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“X have Y”的功能解释:认知参照点与主观化视角
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作者 林忠 刘存伟 《外国语文》 北大核心 2015年第4期47-53,共7页
现有的英语"have"领有句、现在完成体以及"have to"句式研究在探讨"have"一词的句法表现、各句式表达的领有义、完成义和情态义的关联性、三类句式所具有的共同的认知语义基础方面,存在解释不足。本文采... 现有的英语"have"领有句、现在完成体以及"have to"句式研究在探讨"have"一词的句法表现、各句式表达的领有义、完成义和情态义的关联性、三类句式所具有的共同的认知语义基础方面,存在解释不足。本文采用认知语言学框架下的认知参照点及主观化理论的研究表明,这三类句法结构之间具有同源性,可归结于人们普遍的认知参照识解,共同的语义基础是成分结构X和Y之间的参照关系;相关句式某些独特的句法表现是历时演变的结果,其中主观化是一个重要的触发动因。 展开更多
关键词 “X have Y”句式 参照点 主观化
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“have a V-inf”及“take a V-inf”结构的句法与语义分析
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作者 李晓凡 《广东药学院学报》 CAS 2004年第4期360-362,共3页
在英语语言中 ,人们可以说 :“Letmehaveatry !” ,却不可以说 :“Letmetakeatry !” ;可以说 :“Hetookalookatherphoto.”却不可以说 :“Hetookalistentotheradio.”有的语言学家认为这类结构是英语语言中的奇特现象 ;而另有一些学者... 在英语语言中 ,人们可以说 :“Letmehaveatry !” ,却不可以说 :“Letmetakeatry !” ;可以说 :“Hetookalookatherphoto.”却不可以说 :“Hetookalistentotheradio.”有的语言学家认为这类结构是英语语言中的奇特现象 ;而另有一些学者又将其归属于习惯用法。然而 ,经对大量的英语语言事实进行观察和研究后 ,文章认为这类结构是有规律可循的 ,并从句法和语义的角度分析了这类结构的内部机制 ,深入浅出地阐述了这类结构的有关特性。 展开更多
关键词 have a V-inf“ “take a V-inf” 语言事实 句法分析 语义分析
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英语have+-en与汉语“有+VP”完成构式对比分析
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作者 李力维 《西南科技大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 2012年第4期84-88,共5页
英语have+-en与汉语"有+VP"分别是表示英汉完成意义的重要构式,两者之间形义上有着一定的相似性。而从两个构式演变的历史、认知语法化的过程讲起,并对其相应的重要组成及整体进行对比分析,将有利于启发认知领域一定范畴的研究。
关键词 have+-en “有+VP” 构式 对比分析
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HAVE GOT TO用法的语料库调查
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作者 胡春雨 《长春师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》 2011年第3期107-111,共5页
本研究以口笔语语料库为依托,调查HAVE GOT TO在当代美国英语中的用法。结果显示:HAVE GOT TO主要用在口语语体中,其句法特征和MUST较为接近,其语义特征则介于MUST和HAVE TO之间。研究结果在一定程度上修正和补充了以往的研究,并对情态... 本研究以口笔语语料库为依托,调查HAVE GOT TO在当代美国英语中的用法。结果显示:HAVE GOT TO主要用在口语语体中,其句法特征和MUST较为接近,其语义特征则介于MUST和HAVE TO之间。研究结果在一定程度上修正和补充了以往的研究,并对情态教学有一定启迪。 展开更多
关键词 have GOT TO 语体分布 句法特征 语义特征
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HAVE + -EN构式的“压制—突显”动态层级识解模型 被引量:1
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作者 胡志勇 李福印 袁野 《外语学刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2018年第5期73-79,共7页
本文从构式语法的角度为英语现在完成式HAVE+-EN勾画出“压制-突显”动态层级识解模型。根据这一模型,本文基于距离相似性将时体压制理论和突显原则相结合,全方位、多层次地动态考察现在完成构式与动词体义互动的“三化”过程:现在... 本文从构式语法的角度为英语现在完成式HAVE+-EN勾画出“压制-突显”动态层级识解模型。根据这一模型,本文基于距离相似性将时体压制理论和突显原则相结合,全方位、多层次地动态考察现在完成构式与动词体义互动的“三化”过程:现在完成构式让进入该构式的动词先“点化”,后“状态化”,再“视角化”。笔者发现,该构式具备3种语义特征,即动作的阶段性完成,完成后动作的状态性,以及这种完成状态下的视角化关联,该模型由此解决以往研究中“完成”与“未完成”用法界定不清的问题,澄清“现时关联”的内涵,阐明该构式产生多义性的主要原因。 展开更多
关键词 have+-EN构式 “压制-突显”模型 动态层级识解
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Uptake of HIV Self-testing among Men Who have Sex with Men in Beijing, China: a Cross-sectional Study 被引量:13
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作者 REN Xian Long WU Zun You +3 位作者 MI Guo Dong MCGOOGAN Jennifer ROU Ke Ming ZHAO Yan 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第6期407-417,共11页
Objective To examine HIV self-testing uptake and its determinates among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Beijing, China in 2016. Participant... Objective To examine HIV self-testing uptake and its determinates among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Beijing, China in 2016. Participants were users of a popular Chinese gay networking application and had an unknown or negative HIV status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with HIV self-testing based on adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Among the 5,996 MSM included in the study, 2,383 (39.7%) reported to have used HIV self-testing kits. Willingness to use an HIV self-test kit in the future was expressed by 92% of the participants. High monthly income (AOR = 1.49; CI = 1.10-2.02; P = 0.010), large number of male sex partners (≥2: AOR = 1.24; CI = 2.09-1.43; P = 0.002), sexual activity with commercial male sex partners (〉 2: AOR = 1.94; CI = 1.34 -2.82; P = 0.001), long-term drug use (AOR = 1.42; CI = 1.23-1.62; P 〈 0.001), and long-term HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) attendance (AOR = 3.62; CI = 3.11-4.22; P 〈 0.001) were all associated with increased odds of HIV self-testing uptake. Conclusion The nearly 40% rate of HIV self-testing uptake among MSM in our sample was high. In addition, an over 90% willingness to use kits in the future was encouraging. HIV self-testing could be an important solution to help China achieve the global target of having 90% of all people living with HIV diagnosed by 2020. 展开更多
关键词 Men who have sex with men HIV self-testing Associated factors BEIJING
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Factors influencing HIV infection in men who have sex with men in China 被引量:13
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作者 Hong-Lv Xu Man-Hong Jia +7 位作者 Xiang-Dong Min Ren-Zhong Zhang Chun-Jie Yu Jue Wang You-Fang Li Ling Wang Song-Feng Pan Lin Lu 《Asian Journal of Andrology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第4期545-549,I0010-I0011,共7页
To identify risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention interventions. Between December 2011 and August 2012, a case-control study was condu... To identify risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention interventions. Between December 2011 and August 2012, a case-control study was conducted among MSM who underwent voluntary counselling and testing for HIV. Confirmed HIV-positive MSM were included in the case group, and HIV-negative MSM were included in the control group. Information on possible risk factors was collected by a survey questionnaire and a qualitative interview. The results of a conditional logistic regression showed that the following were influencing factors for HIV infection: average monthly income between 2001 and 3000 Yuan (odds ratio (0R)=6.341, 95% Ch 1.714-12.544), only sometimes using condoms when having anal sex with men in the last 6 months (0R=7.601, 95% Ch 1.359-23.083), having HIV-positive sex partners (0R=5.273, 95% Ch 1.572- 17.691), rectal trauma with bleeding in the last 6 months (0R=2.947, 95% Ch 1.308-6.638), not using condoms at last sexual encounter (OR-- 1.278, 95% Ch 1.012-5.595), engaging in commercial sex (0R=5.925, 95% Ch 1.923-13.890) and having more than 16 sex partners in the last 6 months (0R=1.175, 95% Ch 1.021-1.353). These seven factors were the risk factors of HIV infection (OR〉l). However, having anal sex less than 10 times in the previous 1 month (OR=O.O02, 95% CI: 0.000-0.287) was a protective factor against HIV infection among MSM (OR〈l), and insertive (0R=0.116, 95% Ch 0.000-0.236) (OR〈l) anal intercourse influenced HIV infection. Interventions should be targeted at MSM whose average monthly income is between 2001 and 3000 Yuan, and who engage in commercial sex. In addition, the importance of using condoms at every sexual encounter should be emphasised in health education, as should the treatment of rectal trauma with bleeding. Finally, MSM should decrease the number of sex partners and frequency of anal sex to decrease the rate of HIV infection. 展开更多
关键词 case-control study HIV infection influencing factors men who have sex with men (MSM)
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Have使役结构的语义限制条件及其习得 被引量:6
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作者 黄莹 《解放军外国语学院学报》 北大核心 2006年第6期49-54,共6页
Have兼语式人际使役结构的可学得性很大程度上取决于学习者对该结构的语义限制条件是否敏感。研究结果表明,无论高水平的英语学习者,还是低水平的英语学习者,对该使役结构的语义限制条件均不敏感。英语使役类动词的教学不仅涉及动词语... Have兼语式人际使役结构的可学得性很大程度上取决于学习者对该结构的语义限制条件是否敏感。研究结果表明,无论高水平的英语学习者,还是低水平的英语学习者,对该使役结构的语义限制条件均不敏感。英语使役类动词的教学不仅涉及动词语法形式的教学,还应涉及动词构式意义的教学。 展开更多
关键词 haye兼语式人际使役结构 语义限制条件 可学得性 构式意义
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Be动词与Have动词的深层语义统一 被引量:1
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作者 阮炜 《外语学刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2020年第3期1-11,共11页
自然语言往往用同一个be型动词来表存在、处所和拥有3种语义,或者说3者之间存在一种密切的内在关联,自1960年代以来一直被视为一种普遍规律。然而,目前西欧主要语言中表拥有却主要使用have型动词,似乎与存在、处所、拥有内在关联的命题... 自然语言往往用同一个be型动词来表存在、处所和拥有3种语义,或者说3者之间存在一种密切的内在关联,自1960年代以来一直被视为一种普遍规律。然而,目前西欧主要语言中表拥有却主要使用have型动词,似乎与存在、处所、拥有内在关联的命题相矛盾,对之构成严重挑战,而对动词"有"的类型学分析则表明,汉语中并不存在这种矛盾。对汉语动词"有"作一个类型学考察,可以为存在、处所、拥有语义内在关联的命题提供有力的支持,加深学界对be型与have型拥有动词深层统一性的类型学认知。 展开更多
关键词 拥有 存在 处所 Be拥有 have拥有
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A survey of HIV infection and related high-risk factors among men who have sex with men in Suzhou,Jiangsu,China 被引量:2
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作者 Hongling Bai Xiping Huan +9 位作者 Weiming Tang Xin Chen Hongjing Yan Xiaoyan Liu Haitao Yang Zhihang Peng Xiuping Zhao Rongbin Yu Hao Yu Feng Chen 《The Journal of Biomedical Research》 CAS 2011年第1期17-24,共8页
A cross-sectional study using the snowball sampling method was conducted in May 2008 to investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status and related high risk factors among men who have sex with men ... A cross-sectional study using the snowball sampling method was conducted in May 2008 to investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status and related high risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Suzhou city of Jiangsu province. The researchers carried out a face-to-face questionnaire interview among MSM, and collected their blood samples to test for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among the 280 respondents, 91.1% had homosexual acts in the past 6 months and 87.5% had multiple homosex- ual partners; 46.4% had heterosexual sex in the past 6 months and 33.1% had multiple heterosexual partners. The rate of continued condom use was 44.3% in homosexual sex in the past 6 months, while the rate in heterosexual sex was 33.9%. Laboratory test results showed that the prevalences of HIV and syphilis were 7.1% (20/280) and 15.0% (42/280), respectively, but no HCV-positive person was found. In the multivariate logistic regression model, subjects with a monthly income of more than RMB $ 1,000 (OR=4.83,95% CI=1.44-16.22), subjects who often went to bars for sexual partners (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.21-4.20), and subjects who had more than one sexual partner in the past 6 months (OR=0.49, 95%CI=0.25-0.97) and had sex with fixed sexual partners in the past 6 months (OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.25-0.75) were significantly associated with the rate of continued condom use in homosexual sex in the past 6 months. Unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners were more common among MSM in Suzhou city; furthermore, the prevalences of HIV infection and syphilis were relatively high. HIV preventive measures should be designed to address these risk factors and control the spread of HIV among MSM. 展开更多
关键词 men who have sex with men KNOWLEDGE behavior HIV infection risk factor
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