A trailer car dynamics model considering brake rigging of a high-speed train and its application

Brake systems are essential for the speed regulation or braking of a high-speed train.The vehicle dynamic performance under braking condition is complex and directly affects the reliability and running safety.To reveal the vehicle dynamic behaviour in braking process,a comprehensive trailer car dynamics model(TCDM)considering brake systems is established in this paper.The dynamic interactions between the brake system and the other connected components are achieved using the brake disc-pad frictions,brake suspension systems,and wheel-rail interactions.The force and motion transmission from the brake system to the wheel-rail interface is performed by the proposed TCDM excited by track irregularity.In addition,the validity of TCDM is verified by experimental test results.On this basis,the dynamic behaviour of the coupled system is simulated and discussed.The findings indicate that the braking force significantly affects vehicle dynamic behaviour including the wheel-rail forces,suspension forces,wheelset torsional vibration,etc.The dynamic interactions within the brake system are also significantly affected by the vehicle vibration due to track irregularity.Besides,the developed TCDM can be further employed to the dynamic assessment of such a coupled mechanical system under different braking conditions.

Motion stability of high-speed maglev systems in consideration of aerodynamic effects: a study of a single magnetic suspension system

In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.

Position Control Optimization of Aerodynamic Brake Device for High-speed Trains

The aerodynamic braking is a clean and non-adhesion braking, and can be used to provide extra braking force during high-speed emergency braking. The research of aerodynamic braking has attracted more and more attentions in recent years. However, most researchers in this field focus on aerodynamic effects and seldom on issues of position control of the aerodynamic braking board. The purpose of this paper is to explore position control optimization of the braking board in an aerodynamic braking prototype. The mathematical models of the hydraulic drive unit in the aerodynamic braking system are analyzed in detail, and the simulation models are established. Three control functions--constant, linear, and quadratic--are explored. Two kinds of criteria, including the position steady-state error and the acceleration of the piston rod, are used to evaluate system performance. Simulation results show that the position steady state-error is reduced from around 12-2 mm by applying a linear instead of a constant function, while the acceleration is reduced from 25,71-3.70 m/s2 with a quadratic control function. Use of the quadratic control function is shown to improve system performance. Experimental results obtained by measuring the position response of the piston rod on a test-bench also suggest a reduced position error and smooth movement of the piston rod. This implies that the acceleration is smaller when using the quadratic function, thus verifying the effectiveness of control schemes to improve to system performance. This paper proposes an effective and easily implemented control scheme that improves the position response of hydraulic cylinders during position control.

An Investigation into the Effects of the Reynolds Number on High-Speed Trains Using a Low Temperature Wind Tunnel Test Facility

A series of tests have been conducted using a Cryogenic Wind Tunnel to study the effect of Reynolds number(Re)on the aerodynamic force and surface pressure experienced by a high speed train.The test Reynolds number has been varied from 1 million to 10 million,which is the highest Reynolds number a wind tunnel has ever achieved for a train test.According to our results,the drag coefficient of the leading car decreases with higher Reynolds number for yaw angles up to 30º.The drag force coefficient drops about 0.06 when Re is raised from 1 million to 10 million.The side force is caused by the high pressure at the windward side and the low pressure generated by the vortex at the lee side.Both pressure distributions are not appreciably affected by Reynolds number changes at yaw angles up to 30°.The lift force coefficient increases with higher Re,though the change is small.At a yaw angle of zero the down force coefficient is reduced by a scale factor of about 0.03 when the Reynolds number is raised over the considered range.At higher yaw angles the lift force coefficient is reduced about 0.1.Similar to the side force coefficient,the rolling moment coefficient does not change much with Re.The magnitude of the pitching moment coefficient increases with higher Re.This indicates that the load on the front bogie is higher at higher Reynolds numbers.The yawing moment coefficient increases with Re.This effect is more evident at higher yaw angles.The yawing moment coefficient increases by about 6%when Re is raised from 1 million to 10 million.The influence of Re on the rolling moment coefficient around the leeward rail is relatively smaller.It increases by about 2%over the considered range of Re.

Study on the sunny-shady slope effect on the subgrade of a high-speed railway in a seasonal frozen region

The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.

Assessing the influence of highway and high-speed railway construction on local climate using Landsat images in karst areas

Large-scale transportation infrastructure construction in ecologically vulnerable areas such as the karst region of Southwest China requires estimation method for better project design.This research was carried out on a four-lane highway(the Guilin-Guiyang highway,G76)and a two-lane highspeed railway(the Guilin-Guiyang high-speed railway,GGHSR)in karst areas in Guizhou and Guangxi provinces.The highway and high-speed railway were constructed in the 2010 s and covered by Landsat images whose multispectral information could be used for research purposes.In this study,the severity of the impact and the CO2 emissions from the G76 and GGHSR construction were evaluated.Landsat images and field meteorological measurements were applied to calculate the surface functional parameters(surface temperature and surface wetness)and heat fluxes(latent,sensible and ground heat flux)before and during the highway and high-speed railway construction;the amount of CO2 emissions during the G76 and GGHSR construction were determined by using budget sheets,which record the detail consumptions of materials and energy.The results showed that the decrease of water evaporation from the highway and high-speed railway construction can reach up to 26.4 m3 and 20.1 m3 per kilometer,which corresponds to an average decrease in the vegetation cooling effect of 18.0 MWh per day per highway kilometer and 13.7 MWh per day per high-speed railway kilometer,respectively.At the meantime,the average CO2 emission densities from the G76 and GGHSR construction can reach up to 24813.7 and 36921.1 t/km,respectively.This study implied that extensive line constructions have a significant impact on the local climate and the energy balance,and it is evident that selecting and planting appropriate plant species can compensate for the adverse effects of line constructions in karst mountain regions.

A Modified Generative Adversarial Network for Fault Diagnosis in High-Speed Train Components with Imbalanced and Heterogeneous Monitoring Data

Data-driven methods are widely considered for fault diagnosis in complex systems.However,in practice,the between-class imbalance due to limited faulty samples may deteriorate their classification performance.To address this issue,synthetic minority methods for enhancing data have been proved to be effective in many applications.Generative adversarial networks(GANs),capable of automatic features extraction,can also be adopted for augmenting the faulty samples.However,the monitoring data of a complex system may include not only continuous signals but also discrete/categorical signals.Since the current GAN methods still have some challenges in handling such heterogeneous monitoring data,a Mixed Dual Discriminator GAN(noted as M-D2GAN)is proposed in this work.In order to render the expanded fault samples more aligned with the real situation and improve the accuracy and robustness of the fault diagnosis model,different types of variables are generated in different ways,including floating-point,integer,categorical,and hierarchical.For effectively considering the class imbalance problem,proper modifications are made to the GAN model,where a normal class discriminator is added.A practical case study concerning the braking system of a high-speed train is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework.Compared to the classic GAN,the proposed framework achieves better results with respect to F-measure and G-mean metrics.

道面平整度对湿滑道面-飞机轮胎相互作用影响分析

湿滑条件下,跑道不平整使积水厚度随道面起伏而变化,影响飞机起降安全。因此,引入国际平整度指数(international roughness index,IRI),搭建基于IRI的轮胎-积水-道面有限元模型,通过仿真模拟,分析不同IRI的道面对飞机临界滑水速度的影响;结合IRI,对比不同飞机轮胎速度、积水厚度条件下道面视摩擦因数较平整道面的降低幅度,分析IRI对道面摩擦性能的影响;并依据某机场视摩擦因数实测试验结果,对仿真实验结果进行修正,探究IRI对飞机刹车效应的影响。结果表明:道面平整段积水厚度一定时,飞机临界滑水速度随IRI增加而降低,当IRI=5时,飞机临界滑水速度较平整道面降低约30%;飞机轮胎速度一定时,视摩擦因数随道面平整度等级降低而减小,当IRI=5时,视摩擦因数较平整道面降低幅度高达98%,严重影响飞机运行安全;道面平整度等级为“好”时,相同平整度段积水厚度下,飞机轮胎与道面视摩擦因数随IRI的增加而减小;综合考虑IRI和经试验数据修正后的视摩擦因数对飞机刹车效应产生的影响发现,随着平整度指数与平整段积水厚度逐渐增加,飞机刹车效应会产生降级。国内某机场道面在1.5<IRI≤2,平整段积水厚度≥7.66 mm的道面条件下,飞机刹车效应最大降低了3级,即由“中到差”降至“差”,此时飞机方向操纵与减速能力严重下降;积水道面平整度评价为“中”和“差”时,飞机刹车效应降级幅度突增,导致道面条件无法保障飞机运行安全;平整段积水厚度为7.66~13 mm时飞机刹车效应受IRI变化的影响较大,降级变化明显,在维护过程中须尤为注意。

强冲击载荷下电磁阻尼器磁阻尼力影响分析

永磁式电磁阻尼器具有无接触、无污染、结构简单和可靠性高等优点,将其应用在火炮制退机上具有广阔的发展前景,但火炮在发射后产生的强冲击载荷使得电磁阻尼器的加速度最高可达1200 m/s^(2),因此在强冲击载荷下磁阻尼力的影响亟需分析。为确保电磁阻尼器能够满足火炮制退机的使用要求,引入火炮后坐运动方程得到强冲击载荷下磁阻尼力的变化规律,同时利用解析模型和有限元模型对模型进行相互映证。对电磁阻尼器在后坐过程中产生的寄生效应如端部效应、磁性饱和与涡流去磁效应等进行分析,结果表明:在后坐过程中,端部效应使得端部区域磁场强度降低,从而降低磁阻尼力;磁性饱和使得涡流区域的面积增加,导致涡流去磁效应加强,使磁阻尼力曲线产生“马鞍”型效应。通过对磁阻尼力的影响进行分析,为后续电磁阻尼器的设计和优化研究提供参考。

The effect of friction block hole configurations on the brake tribological performance of high-speed trains

Three triangular friction block configurations are commonly employed in high-speed train brake systems,namely,unperforated,perforated configuration with one circular hole,and perforated with three circular holes.In this study,we adopted these friction block types to investigate the effect of perforated friction block configurations on the brake performance of high-speed trains based on a self-developed brake test rig.The results indicate the significant impact of the number of the holes on the wear behavior,temperature distribution,and vibration characteristics of the brake interface.The friction surface of the unperforated block is covered by wear debris,while the perforated blocks produce less wear debris.Furthermore,the one-hole block exhibits a more uniform temperature distribution and better vibration behavior than that with three holes.The friction brake is a dynamic process,during which separation and attachment between the pad and disc alternatively occur,and the perforated structure on the friction block can both trap and expel the wear debris.

Stability analysis of loose accumulation slopes under rainfall:case study of a high‑speed railway in Southwest China

The high and steep slopes along a high-speed railway in the mountainous area of Southwest China are mostly composed of loose accumulations of debris with large internal pores and poor stability,which can easily induce adverse geological disasters under rainfall conditions.To ensure the smooth construction of the high-speed railway and the subsequent safe operation,it is necessary to master the stability evolution process of the loose accumulation slope under rainfall.This article simulates rainfall using the finite element analysis software’s hydromechanical coupling module.The slope stability under various rainfall situations is calculated and analysed based on the strength reduction method.To validate the simulation results,a field monitoring system is established to study the deformation characteristics of the slope under rainfall.The results show that rainfall duration is the key factor affecting slope stability.Given a constant amount of rainfall,the stability of the slope decreases with increasing duration of rainfall.Moreover,when the amount and duration of rainfall are constant,continuous rainfall has a greater impact on slope stability than intermittent rainfall.The setting of the field retaining structures has a significant role in improving slope stability.The field monitoring data show that the slope is in the initial deformation stage and has good stability,which verifies the rationality of the numerical simulation method.The research results can provide some references for understanding the influence of rainfall on the stability of loose accumulation slopes along high-speed railways and establishing a monitoring system.

The influence of the leading-edge angle of subgrade on the aerodynamic loads of a high-speed train in a wind tunnel

The purpose of this study is to establish the correlation between the boundary layer over the subgrade and the aerodynamic loads act-ing on the train model in conventional wind tunnel tests.Firstly,flow characteristics around the subgrade with different leading-edge angles(15°,30°and 45°)are investigated through the particle image velocimetry(PIV)experimental test method.Then,wind tunnel tests of the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train are carried out.The results are compared with previous experimental data obtained by moving model tests.Results show that,due to the presence of a boundary layer,the pressure acting on the lower part of the train head decreases,while other locations are not significantly affected.This is the reason for the reduction of the aerodynamic drag and lift on the train.In addition,the reduction effects become more obvious when the thickness of the boundary layer increases.The experimental results obtained could serve as a calibration of aerodynamic forces for wind tunnel tests on high-speed trains.

基于气动方程的列车管路充排气数学模型

智能化制动试验系统的核心是建立不同编组列车首车制动压力控制模型。从气动力学方程入手,建立了不同编组列车首车列车管充排气特性数学模型,该模型考虑了编组列车除首车之外的其余车辆充排气特性对首车列车管气压变化的影响。提出通过对制动阀有效截面积的设计计算,并带入所建立的数学模型中进行仿真试验,从而对研制新制动阀以及改进或检修制动阀提供理论基础与技术指导。利用列车制动试验台得到的试验数据与仿真结果进行对比分析,验证模型的准确性,并预测了更长编组列车首车列车管的初充气及常用制动时的气压数据。

涡流制动特性试验的纵向端部效应研究

涡流制动台架试验是研究涡流制动特性的重要手段,当试验使用的磁极个数少于设计数量时,纵向端部效应对试验结果有显著影响,故应对纵向端部效应的产生机理及修正方法进行深入研究。文章设计不同磁极个数的试验方案,验证端部效应对制动力和动态吸力的影响。通过2-D有限元电磁仿真,获得涡流制动磁场、涡流密度及洛伦兹力的分布规律,分析端部效应的产生机理。计算不同速度下,各磁极产生的制动力,获得端部磁极对制动力的贡献度,进而推导出端部效应的修正公式。研究结果表明,端部效应对动态吸力的影响较小,对制动力的影响比较显著,因此只需对制动力进行修正;入端磁极的制动力与中间磁极几乎相同,出端磁极的制动力相对较小,且对制动力的贡献与速度近似线性相关;通过出端磁极贡献度函数修正制动力试验数据,修正结果与3-D有限元仿真制动力的相对误差显著减小。研究结果为涡流制动试验设计和试验数据处理提供参考,有利于掌握更准确的涡流制动特性,从而指导产品研究开发。

Regularity and sensitivity analysis of main parameters of plate effects on the aerodynamic braking drag of a high-speed train

With increase of train speed,braking plate technology has a good application prospect in the high-speed stage of the train.Based on the 1/8 scaled symmetrical train model composed of two half cars,the Reynolds Av era ge Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations and Shear Stress Transfer(SST)k-ωturbulence model are adopted to simulate the aerodynamic performance of the train with plate.The aer odynamic dra g de pendence of single par ameter of the plate(shape,area,angle,position and n umber)is anal ysed,and identification resear c h of the main aerodynamic parameters of the plate is carried out.The numerical settings used in this paper are verified by wind tunnel test data.Results show that the braking plate with an aspect ratio of one has better performance on aerodynamic drag.The area,opening angle and number of plates are basically positively correlated with the total aerodynamic drag of the target car and plate.Arr anging plates at the downstream of the vehicle is a good method of raising total aerodynamic drag.Within the range of plate parameter design in this paper,by using orthogonal design of experiment and the method of range analysis and analysis of variance,the influence degrees of plate parameters on aer odynamic dra g ar e determined,and the order is n umber,ar ea and opening angle of plate.The research results provide theoretical support for the design and safe operation of high-speed trains with aerodynamic braking plates.

Effect of Fe content on type and distribution of carbides in medium-entropy high-speed steels

The effect of iron content on the type and distribution of carbides in the vacuum arc melted Fex(AlCoCrCuNiV)_(88.05-x)Mo_(5)W_(6)-C_(0.95)(x=69,76,83 wt%,respectively) medium-entropy high-speed steels(ME-HSSs) was studied.The homogeneous distribution of granular MC carbides(M refers to the carbides forming transition metal elements,such as W,Mo and V),both at the grain boundary and in the martensitic matrix,was obtained in the Fe_(76)(AlCoCrCuNiV)_(12.05)Mo_(5)W_(6)-C_(0.95)ME-HSS,after quenching at 1210 ℃ followed by triple tempering at 530 ℃.A maximum hardness of about 841 HV_(0.5) was achieved,even higher than the maximum hardness of the commercially available M_(2)(W_(6)Mo_(5)Cr_(4)V_(2)) HSS,826 HV_(0.5).The medium-entropy effect was shown to be beneficial to transform the solidified primary carbide network into finely dispersed granular MC.However,when the iron content was further reduced to 69 wt%,the enhanced entropy effect promoted the dispersion of carbides but at the same time led to a decrease in the carbide content,so that the maximum hardness(816 HV_(0.5)) was slightly lower than the maximum hardness of M2-HSS.The results provide a novel alloy system together with a simple heat treatment method to obtain hard HSSs,and more importantly to eliminate the primary carbide network which is harmful to the toughness of traditional HSS.

Simulation and Experimental Design of Load Adaptive Braking System on Two Wheeler

The braking quality is considered the main execution of the adaptive control framework that impacts the vehicle safety and rides solace astoundingly notably the stopping distance.This research work aims to create a pattern and design of an electromechanically adjusted lever that multiplies the applied braking force depending on the inputs given by the sensors to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle.It is carried out using two main parts of the two-wheeler vehicle:thefirst part deals with the detection of load acting on the vehicle and identifying the required braking force to be applied,and the second part deals with the micro-controller which activates the stepper motor for varying the mechanical leverage ratio from various loads on the vehicle using two actively movable wedges.The electromechanically operated variable braking force system is developed to actuate the braking system based on the load on the motorcycle.The MATLAB simulation and experimental work are carried out for various loading(driver and pillion)conditions on a two-wheeler.The results indicate that the proposed electronically operated braking system is more effective than the conventional braking system for various loads and vehicle speeds.Specifically,the stopping distance of the vehicle is decreased significantly by about 4.9%between the con-ventional braking system and the simulated proposed system.Further,the experi-mental results show that the stopping distance is condensed by about 4.1%.The validation between simulated and experimental results revealed a great deal with the least error percentage of about 0.8%.

煤矿调度绞车系统结构优化设计

通过分析煤矿调度绞车的运行机理,对现有调度绞车存在的制动性差、安装困难以及噪声大等问题,进行系统机构优化,包括对电动机选型设计以及执行系统、传动系统、制动系统三大部分进行整体结构设计,以提高绞车运行过程中的安全性稳定性。

面向超长编组列车的股道有效长度优化研究

针对17编组“复兴号”动车组列车在高速铁路车站停靠时存在的安全风险问题,首先分析了不同车载设备制动曲线的特征。基于京沪高铁采取的股道有效长度控制技术,分析了其存在的优缺点。在此基础上,提出车站股道有效长度优化策略,通过移设出站信号机、增加防护区段等一系列措施解决了既有控制技术存在的问题。接着,计算了列车以不同速度正线或侧线通过车站时的运行时间,发现列车以45 km/h的速度经道岔侧向通过股道时运行时间较原来节省了2.24 s,提高了行车效率。最后,应用到沪渝蓉高铁车站,解决了由于站场改造引起的股道有效长度缩短时17编组“复兴号”动车组安全停靠问题。应用结果表明,该研究具备可推广性,可为其他工程建设提供借鉴经验。

一种附着系数-滑移率曲线的测定方法

汽车防抱死制动系统(ABS)依据附着系数-滑移率曲线对车辆轮速进行调节,使车辆达到最好的制动效果。但不同路面的附着系数-滑移率曲线不同,且附着系数的峰值和对应的最佳滑移率也不同。为便于车辆在不同路面均达到更好的ABS控制效果,文章提出一种附着系数-滑移率曲线的测定方法,可实时计算附着系数-滑移率曲线。