Development of top high-grade non-grain-oriented silicon steels at Baosteel

The development, production and application of top high-grade non-grain-oriented （NGO） silicon steels at Baosteel were introduced in this paper. Top high grades refer to the highest grades in the intemational silicon steel product standard and above. B35A230 and B50A250 were developed at Baosteel in 2009 and have been used in inverter compressors for air-conditioners, small transformers and big hydropower generators in the Three Gorges project. Small- batch production of B35A210 and B50A230, which exceed the highest grades listed in the intemational silicon steel product standard,began in 2010. That was a breakthrough in the silicon steel making history in China. Presently,Baosteel＇ s high- grade NGO products have passed the strict qualifications of the three major electric power equipment manufacturers in China and the leading international power equipment suppliers like ALSTOM, GE, SIEMENS, VESTAS, etc. These products are characterized by low iron loss, low anisotropy, good punchability and a high lamination factor. They have been used in the 770 MW hydropower generator at Xiluodu Power Station in the three gorges area, 1 000 MW thermal power generators and 2.5 MW wind power generators.

NON-EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTE SEGREGATION TO AUSTENITIC GRAIN BOUNDARY IN FERRUM-NICKLE ALLOY

The development of non-equilibrium segregation of boron at grain boundaries in Fe-4 0%Ni alloy during continuous cooling process was experimentally observed with boron Particle Tracking Autoradiography (PTA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM,). The samples with 10ppm boron were cooled at 2℃/s to 1040, 980, 920, 860, 780 and 640℃ respectively after pre-heat treatment of 1150℃ for 15mm with a Gleeble-1500 heat simulating machine, then water quenched to room temperature. The width of segregation layer and boron depletion zone, rich factor and other parameters were measured by a special image analysis system. The experimental results of PTA show that the grain boundary segregation of boron during cooling process is a dynamic process and the development of the non-equilibrium segregation experiences three stages: first increases rapidly from 1150 to 1040℃, then gently from 1040 to 860℃, and rapidly again from 860℃ to 640℃. The width of boron depletion zone increases from about 11μm at 1040℃ to 26μm at 640℃. TEM observation shows that boron precipitates exist at grain boundaries when the samples are cooled to below 860℃. The experimental phenomena are briefly discussed.

Effects of Panicle Nitrogen Fertilization on Non-Structural Carbohydrate and Grain Filling in Indica Rice

Grain filling, a crucial stage of grain yield formation in rice, is usually affected by the panicle nitrogen （N） fertilization. Field and pot culture experiments were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of N effect. Two rice cultivars with high lodging resistance were grown in the field and pot. Four panicle N fertilization treatments were conducted in 2006 and repeated in 2007. The result showed that medium level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NM） enhanced the accumulation and translocation of non-structural carbohydrate （NSC） in the stem and sheath. Compared with non-nitrogen treatment （NO）, NM promoted the translocation of labeled ^13C from stem and sheath to grain. But, low level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NL） and high level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NH） showed the negative effect. The endosperm cell, grain length, and grain width of NM increased more quickly than that of NO from 4 to 10 d after anthesis. During the early period of grain filling, sucrose-phosphate synthase （EC 2.4.1.14, SPS） activity were significantly higher for the NM treatment than those of the NL and NH treatments. Sucrose synthase （EC 2.4.1.13, SuSase） activity in the grains was substantially enhanced by NM, with the duration of higher activity being longer than those of the other treatments. At maturing stage, NM significantly increased the filled grain number, the seed-setting rate, and the grain weight compared with NL and NH. The results suggest that NM have a positive effect on the activities of enzymes of physiological importance, thereby increasing the grain size and promoting grain filling.

Current Situations and Recommendations for Non-grain Tendency of Farmland in Anhui Province

This paper firstly sorted out current situations of farmland protection and increasingly significant non-grain of farmland in Anhui Province in recent years.Then,it made an in-depth analysis on causes for non-grain problem,and analyzed adverse influence on national grain security.On this basis,it came up with recommendations for alleviating non-grain problem of farmland in Anhui Province:strictly protecting capital farmland,reasonably guiding distribution and scale of grain production;treating non-grain problem of farmland according to specific situations;reforming and improving grain subsidy policy;establishing a new agricultural land circulation mechanism with family farm as subjects,other types as supplements,and access and supervision system as guarantee.

NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF SOLUTE TO GRAIN BOUNDARIES

In consideration of the local equilibrium among vacancies,solute atoms and vacancy-solute atom complexes and the influence of equilibrium grain boundary segregation,theoretical dy- namic formulas for non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of solute have been derived on the basis of the vacancy-dragging mechanism.Theoretical calculation by computer has been carried out for the non-equilibrium segregation of boron to austenitic grain boundaries during isothermal holding and continuous cooling after heating at high temperatures.The re- suits agree well with those obtained from experiments.

Dynamic process of trace boron non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation and the effect of cooling rate

The dynamic process of non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of traceboron in Fe-40 percent Ni alloy during cooling and the effect of cooling rate were investigated byboron tracking autoradiography technique. The results indicate that during cooling process, theamount of segregated boron on grain boundary firstly increases fast, then enters a comparativelyeven increasing stage and increases rapidly again at the third stage. The details of each stagevaried with cooling rate are explained. When the segregation develops to a certain degree, thesegregated boron atoms transform from solute status to precipitate status.

Non-Oriented Fe-Si Thin Strip Produced from Grain Oriented Fe-Si Strip by CSR

The grain oriented silicon strip was rolled by cross shear rolling(CSR)and then annealed to manufacture non-oriented thin silicon strip of high quality.The recrystallization of rolled grain-oriented silicon steel into non-oriented silicon steel was studied.For this purpose,CSR is better than conventional rolling,and the higher the mismatched speed rate is,the better the properties of the non-oriented thin silicon strip are.The optimum annealing schedule is heating at 1 000 ℃for 1hin pure hydrogen atmosphere added with H2 S of 0.001 0 %.

全谷物及杂豆添加量在小鼠与人体间剂量换算分析

适量摄入全谷物及杂豆可以改善糖代谢和脂代谢,但摄入量过高可能产生不利影响。由于缺乏相应的换算关系,小鼠饲料中的摄入量无法直接作为人群摄入量的参考。本文介绍小鼠饲料中常见的全谷物及杂豆的添加量,并通过等效系数法、比表面积法、体型系数法、食物比重法、体表面积指数法、能量换算法和营养素换算法探讨了小鼠饲料中全谷物及杂豆添加量与人群膳食推荐量之间的剂量效应关系。研究表明,当人群全谷物及杂豆推荐摄入量为50~150 g时,相当于在每日进食量为3 g的小鼠饲料中添加5%~50%的全谷物及杂豆。对于小鼠而言,饲料中全谷物及杂豆的添加量超过50%可能存在过量摄入的风险。本研究为未来建立全谷物及杂豆在小鼠饲料添加量与人群推荐摄入量之间的换算关系提供了重要参考。

Effect of Boron Content on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Non-oriented Electrical Steels

The effects of boron content in the range of 0-0.0082 wt%, on the inclusion type, microstructurc, texture and magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels have been studied. After final annealing, the addition of excess boron（w（B0〉0.004 1 wt%） led to the formation of Fe2B particles. As boron content increased, grain size increased and reached a maximum in steel with 0.004 1 wt% boron. Furthermore, steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron had the strongest { 100} fiber texture, Goss texture and the weakest { 111 } fiber texture among the five tested steels. Flux density firstly rapidly increased and then suddenly decreased with increasing boron content and reached a maximum in steel with 0.004 1 wt% boron. Conversely, core loss first sharply decreased and then abruptly increased with the increase of boron content and reached a minimum in steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron. Steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron obtained the best magnetic properties, predominantly through the development of optimum grain size and favorable texture.

In situ observation of grain evolution in ceramic sintering by SR-CT technique

Grain evolution of boron carbide ceramic powder during isothermal sintering process was in situ investigated by synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography (SR-CT) technique. The process of grain growth and material migration during three sintering stages was clearly distinguished from the 2-D and 3-D reconstructed images. The results show that from room temperature to 1 200 ℃ (0-270 min), grains gradually approach each other and form the sintering neck but grain growth does not start, which is indicated as the initial sintering stage. While the sintering time is between 270-390 min (temperature is 1 200 ℃), material migration between grains starts, while grains and sintering neck grow up, which is defined as the middle sintering stage. As the sintering time exceeds 390 min (temperature is 1 200 ℃), pores become isolated and spheroidized, which shows the final sintering stage. The double logarithm curve of mean grain radius and time logarithm during middle stage of isothermal sintering process is obtained from reconstructed images and the grain growth exponent is 0.364 03, falling in the predicted range of the traditional sintering theory. The experiment results are in accordance with those of the traditional sintering theory and provide effective experimental data for further analysis of the sintering process and the mechanical characteristics of ceramics.

醋醅源非酿酒酵母的鉴定及其对葡萄酒品质的影响

为改善传统商业酿酒酵母酿造葡萄酒的风味与口感,以醋醅中分离的菌株JM为研究对象,对其进行形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定和耐受性分析;以菌株JM、商业酿酒酵母(SC)和安琪活性生香干酵母(ADY)单菌及混菌发酵酿造葡萄酒,并对其品质进行分析。结果表明,经鉴定,菌株JM被鉴定为扁平云假丝酵母(Candida humilis),在发酵液中总酯产量为2.64 g/L,其可耐受3.0%柠檬酸、温度35℃、体积分数6%的乙醇及4%NaCl。在不同组别葡萄酒样品中,JM+SC混菌制备的葡萄酒品质最佳,其酒体颜色为紫红色,L*值、a*值、b*值分别为53.93、20.38、4.85;糖度为7°Bx,总酸含量为3.38 g/L,还原糖含量为22.00 g/L,pH为3.58,花色苷含量为205.52 mg/L,酒精度为12.60%vol,总酯含量为1.47 g/L;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)自由基清除率分别为42.21%、32.86%;酒样富含丙酸乙酯和乙酸戊酯,果香浓郁,清爽可口,具备酿造高品质葡萄酒的潜力。

赣东北丘陵地区县域耕地非农化和非粮化驱动机制及预警

[目的]探究江西省上饶市铅山县耕地非农化和非粮化的空间分异特征及其驱动机制,模拟土地利用变化格局以作出预警,为严格落实耕地用途管制措施提供科学依据和决策支持。[方法]以铅山县2017年和2021年的土地利用数据为基础,利用空间计量模型识别耕地非农化和非粮化的驱动机制,借助PLUS模型预测耕地变化情况,根据预测结果进一步划定预警级别。[结果](1)铅山县耕地非农化和非粮化空间分异特征明显,耕地总体变化率和非粮化率高值区聚集在县域北部的河谷平原和南部的武夷山北麓山区,低值区分布在县域东西两侧;耕地非农化率高值区分布较为零散,低值区相对连片。(2)耕地利用等级和人均耕地面积是抑制耕地非农化的重要因素,城乡梯度、道路密度与非农化率和非粮化率呈正相关,人均建设用地面积、耕地后备资源对非农化率存在正向影响。(3)多情景模拟结果显示,自然发展情景下建设用地扩张导致耕地数量大幅度减少,耕地管制情景下耕地连片性提高,生态保护情景下存在林地挤压耕地资源的情况。(4)铅山县耕地非农化处于适度预警以上的行政村主要聚集在县域南部乡镇,耕地非粮化预警级别的高值区普遍集中在县域北部乡镇。[结论]未来应积极推进高标准农田建设,建立耕地保护补偿机制,提高乡镇集约节约用地水平,开展全域土地综合整治,完善耕地流转制度,落实耕地“占补平衡”和“进出平衡”的耕地用途管制措施。

耕地种植结构演变的影响因素与多元路径——基于30个省份案例区的模糊集定性比较分析

基于模糊集定性比较分析法,分析中国30个省份耕地种植结构演变的影响因素与多元路径。结果表明:(1)耕地“非粮化”或“趋粮化”演变是耕地稀缺性、劳动力外出务工、种粮劳动力成本、农地流转规模、种粮土地成本、农业机械化作业和农业社会化服务7个因素联合作用的结果;(2)存在生产要素驱动型和规模局限型两条“非粮化”路径,以及耕地资源丰裕—种粮规模化和土地成本诱导—种粮规模化两条“趋粮化”子路径;(3)种粮土地成本上涨是“非粮化”的重要诱因,农业现代化生产体系是互补因素,能够缓解种粮土地成本压力对粮食种植的不利影响;(4)劳动力外出务工与农地流转规模、农业机械化作业和农业社会化服务等因素相互关联,对耕地种植结构演变发挥联动影响。

高标准农田建设能遏制耕地“非粮化”吗?

把高标准农田建设作为一项准自然实验,构建连续型双重差分模型,基于省级面板数据考察高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的影响及作用机制。研究发现:相较于控制组,高标准农田建设使实验组耕地“非粮化”程度下降了3.64%,表明高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”具有显著且持续强化的抑制效应,经过模型适用性和多重稳健性检验后结果依然可信;该政策效应因区域粮食功能定位、粮食熟制、粮食作物种类和地形条件不同而表现出明显差异,粮食主产区、高熟制地区、水稻主种植区和非平原地区高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的抑制效应更明显;地块规模扩张、种植模式变革和比较成本优势是高标准农田建设抑制耕地“非粮化”的三条重要途径。研究结论的政策启示为:在建设农业强国过程中,应加快新一轮高标准农田建设,尽快补齐耕地质量短板;同时严格落实高标准农田利用优先序,彻底扭转耕地“非粮化”势头,为实现“藏粮于地”战略目标提供支撑。

西北干旱区耕地非粮化时空演变特征及驱动因素——以新疆为例

以新疆为例,运用空间自相关、多元线性回归、时空地理加权回归等模型探究西北干旱区耕地非粮化时空演变特征及驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,新疆耕地非粮化率由57.33%上升至64.50%。其中,特色农业发展阶段(2000—2007年)耕地非粮化程度不断加重,农业布局优化阶段(2007—2014年)耕地非粮化程度呈“W”型态势,农业稳定优质发展阶段(2014—2020年)耕地非粮化程度略有波动但起伏不大。(2)新疆耕地非粮化水平在空间分布上存在显著差异,整体呈现“东高西低”的分布态势,同时存在集聚特征。非粮化程度严重区主要集中于巴州、吐鲁番地区,非粮化程度较低的区域集聚于克州、和田地区。(3)城镇化率、降水、日照时长、粮食保护政策、土地流转率、土地生产率、人均耕地面积、人均GDP是新疆耕地非粮化的主要驱动因素,各驱动因子的影响方向和作用强度显现出明显的空间异质性。

耕地种植用途管控的法理阐释、实践困境与制度构造

耕地种植用途管控的价值目标是维护国家粮食安全,同时兼顾耕地财产权益、生态利益等多元价值需求。构建耕地种植用途管控制度的关键在于协调国家耕地管制权与农业生产经营自主权的利益冲突。目前,耕地种植用途管控在法治保障方面主要存在耕地种植法律制度与管控的适配性不足、耕地种植调控手段与管控的针对性欠缺、耕地种植条件损害与司法救济的缺位等问题。对此,耕地种植用途管控的法治化路径要实现事前规范、事中调控、事后救济三个环节的全流程法治保障。立法制度层面应当重点建立耕地种植的分类管控制度、差别化的利益补偿制度、进出转用审批制度;行政调控层面要坚持政府管控和市场调节相结合的法治化手段,加强对耕地种植类型的引导和监管,建立耕地种粮的激励性补偿实施机制;司法救济层面要积极利用环境司法手段保障受损耕地生态恢复,为耕地非粮种植行为引发的耕地种植条件破坏提供救济路径。

流动的非粮种植与二元土地流转市场——一项土地流转中农业经营模式的双案例分析

造成土地流转市场分化现象的因素不仅包括土地禀赋、流转主体和外在环境,农业经营模式本身也会产生影响。根据不同作物的种植特性,以作物-土地关联机制为切入点,对山东某地区的非粮种植及其参照案例进行比较。研究发现,非粮种植和粮食种植之间不同的作物-土地关联机制影响经营流动性,非粮作物需要流动经营,粮食作物采取固定经营。不同的作物类型和经营模式对土地流转市场产生影响,导致流转对象、合约形式和流转价格发生分化,呈现出二元土地流转市场形态。特别是非粮作物与粮食作物在土壤损害、种植风险、关系强度和交易成本等方面的差异,导致非粮种植的土地流转价格远高于粮食种植。

不同氮肥处理对香稻和非香稻品种籽粒灌浆和叶片光合特性的影响

在大田条件下,通过对香稻和非香稻品种的籽粒灌浆、叶片光合特性进行研究,明确香稻和非香稻品种产量和品质形成的生理机制。结果表明:在籽粒灌浆期,相对于非香稻品种,香稻品种在不施氮处理下表现为较高的籽粒灌浆速率,在施氮处理下表现为较低的籽粒灌浆速率;对于剑叶光合速率,无论在施氮还是非施氮条件下均表现为香稻品种高于非香稻品种,说明香稻品种更具有高光效特性。对2品种的产量性状分析表明,香稻品种较非香稻品种粒多,穗大;而非香稻品种相对于香稻品种则穗小,穗数多,这说明,香稻品种主要表现为大穗型,而非香稻品种主要表现为多穗型。对2品种的品质性状进行分析,加工品质2品种差异较小,外观品质表现为非香稻品种明显优于香稻品种,食味值2品种相差相对较小,且均表现为不施氮处理的食味值较高。综合以上分析表明,相对于非香稻品种,香稻品种在不施氮处理下主要表现为较高的籽粒灌浆速率,较高的剑叶光合速率,较高的产量及较高的食味品质;在施氮处理下,除光合速率香稻高于非香稻品种外,其他性状稍低于非香稻品种,这说明,在水稻提优栽培中,在确保产量不降低的情况下,不施或适当少施氮肥,有利于增加香稻品种的籽粒灌浆速率和剑叶光合速率,从而提高香稻的品质。

安徽县域耕地非粮化时空格局演变及影响因素研究

耕地非粮化研究,对耕地保护与合理使用具有重要意义。结合1998—2022年的相关数据,利用空间分析与数理统计法分析安徽县域耕地非粮化的时空格局演变及影响因素。结果表明:安徽全省和皖北、皖中、皖南的非粮化率都呈现下降趋势;县域耕地非粮化类型具有“一增一减两稳定”的空间演化特征,空间范围变动明显,低度非粮化、中度非粮化占比较大;县域非粮化率区域差异明显并具有高值与低值集聚的空间依赖特征;影响因素存在显著区域差异,按影响力由大及小依次为人均耕地面积>城镇化率>农业从业人口比例>坡度>有效灌溉率。应采取加强耕地用途管理,强化政府监管与市场引导,因地制宜提升粮食产能等措施以防止耕地非粮化倾向,有效稳定粮食生产。

重庆丘陵山区耕地非粮化时空变异及驱动类型划分

为厘清中国西南典型丘陵山区的耕地非粮化态势和提供有针对性的管控措施,以重庆市为研究区域,基于空间自相关方法、地理探测器、主成分分析和K均值聚类等方法探究重庆市耕地非粮化驱动因素,并划分驱动类型。结果表明:2011—2020年,重庆市耕地非粮化率由37.51%上升至42.87%,中度非粮化和高度非粮化区县共增加了14个;空间聚集程度加深,高高集聚区和低高集聚区主要分布在中心城区。城乡居民人均可支配收入差距、城镇化率、各区县距中心城区距离是耕地“非粮化”主要的驱动因子,各因子交互作用以非线性增强为主,各区县距中心城区距离与城乡居民可支配收入差距两因子交互对非粮化空间格局的解释力最强。重庆市非粮化驱动类型可以分为农业生产支持型、区位经济引导型、农业生产弱化型三类,且分区结果与重庆市“一区两群”规划一致。研究结果可为重庆市耕地非粮化分区管控政策制定提供依据,同时为其他山地、丘陵地区提供借鉴。