Women's Rights in the Context of the Three-child Policy:Analyzing from the Constitutional Connotation of“the State Shall Protect the Mother”

Women's rights are essential human rights recognized by the international covenants on human rights and protected in the constitutions and laws of countries.In the context of implementing the three-child policy in China,women are facing pressures from childbearing and bringing up children as well as trying to have a career.It is clearly stipulated in Article 49 of China's Constitution"the mother is protected by the state,"the constitutional principle of equality of men and women shall be incorporated into the interpretation of this article,fully respecting women's subjectivity and equal rights and affirming the social benefits of childbearing and bringing up children.With the introduction of the three-child policy,the protection of women's rights shall focus on their reproductive rights,right to health,right to work and equal rights within the family.The system of women's rights is complex,relates to identity and must be open to the future.The state has the obligation to fully respect,actively promote and promote in a narrow sense the realization of women's rights.To better coordinate the implementation of the three-child policy and the protection of women's rights,we should introduce the concept of social gender equality,improve the system ofp ublic childcare services,home care leave and equal employment,and promote the implementation of relevant laws and policies with special attention being paid to women in rural areas and single mothers.

Fertility Values among Women of Childbearing Age in Hunan Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: China is facing with a crisis of the aging population. After the implementation of the latest fertility policy, the research on fertility related issues is urgent. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the fertility values among women of childbearing age and the socio-demographic factors associated with it under the background of three-child policy, which is helpful to cope with the aging of the population. Methods: This study was conducted among 383 women of childbearing age who met the inclusion criteria using a general information questionnaire and the fertility values questionnaire from May to August 2021 in Hunan Province, China. Data were collected on the women’s socio-demographic characteristics and fertility values. The descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. Results: The total mean score of the positive values was 43.55 ± 10.10, and that of the negative values was 50.87 ± 13.85. There were significant differences in the scores of the overall positive and negative values, as well as scores of each dimension (p The item mean score of the overall negative values (3.38 ± 0.93) was higher than that of the overall positive values (2.90 ± 0.67). Among the positive values, “emotional value” (4.26 ± 0.93) scored the highest, while “worrying about life changes” (3.88 ± 1.10) scored the highest among the negative values. There were significant differences in both the positive and negative values in terms of age, marital status, and “only-child” women or not (p Conclusion: The fertility values among women of childbearing age in Hunan Province were relatively negative, especially, excessive worries about life change since having a child, which may lead to further declines in fertility levels. Relevant support measures are urgently needed from the government to adapt to the three-child policy.