“奴”作自称称谓词小考——兼谈《撰集百缘经》的译成时地

“奴”至晚从中古后期开始可以作自称称谓词,这种自称用法可能源于当时鲜卑、突厥等操阿尔泰语系语言的游牧民族。鲜卑、突厥等以本族语(或阿尔泰语系诸语言)中专表奴隶、奴仆义的词作为臣下对君主的自称,汉语则以“奴”来对译,以致作自称的“奴”最初流行于北朝,继而扩散开来,至唐代中晚期成为全民用语,不限性别与身份。自称称谓词“奴”的用法及行用时地,可以作为推定旧题三国吴支谦译《撰集百缘经》译成时地的语言证据之一。

说新词中的“～奴”

本文解释了几类"～奴"的词义,分析此类词产生的历史渊源,现实原因及意义.

“奴”族新词的体验性研究

作为认知主体的人类的心智活动所涉及的范畴、概念、思维、语言及意义等都是依靠其自身的身体经验、"个体经验或群体经验,最后通过语言符号来表征认知主体依靠心智活动产生的心理表征。"奴"族新词的出现就是人类在不断的社会实践活动中所产生的心理表征和语言表征,可从人脑体验性、认知机制体验性及语言体验性三个维度阐释"奴"族新词语义构建及认知的哲学体验性。

两晋之际匈奴汉国在黄淮地区的活动及失败--以石勒的雄踞江汉及葛陂之役为中心

公元310年10月,汉国将领石勒在冀州战败,退入豫州.此时,汉国经略兖豫地区的将领为王弥,石勒被其所迫前往南阳收服雍州流民.南阳战败,石勒退入江汉平原,试图“雄踞江汉”.在江汉,石勒军团遭遇疾病、饥饿和流民的不断骚扰,减员严重,不得不回到许昌继续与王弥合作.追歼司马越余部、降服苟晞军团等战绩,实际上是王弥策划下由石勒来实施的.西晋主力被灭后,王弥策划吞并石勒,不料消息走漏被石勒反杀.黄淮地区的原有军政组织只剩下石勒军团,但其并未因之成为该地区的霸主,反而退守淮南,陷入困境.流民团体在洛阳沦陷后,被荀藩等原西晋高官所整合,成为黄淮地区的主要政治势力.因此,石勒退出了江淮、黄淮地区,回归河北.公元312年6月,汉国的军政势力基本撤出了黄淮地区.

也谈敦煌文书中带“奴”字的人名

数万卷的敦煌写本保存了丰富的人名资源,其中人名中带"奴"字现象十分突出。对于这种带"奴"字的人名不能一概而论,应该根据它在人名中的位置以及它前面的字的特点进行具体分析。总的来说,大致可以分为三类:一是确实是一种丑名或贱名;二是反映了敦煌地区人民虔诚的信仰;三是"奴"字用于人名,更多的是一种词缀的性质。

质疑“倭奴当对Wonna”之说

有一种新观点认为,古日语表示女人的wonna是同样表示女人的先秦音*■ol-na、汉代音*■oi-na的原语。但古日语音wonna产生的时期晚于先秦、汉代。笔者认为该观点不能成立。

西汉时期乌桓历史辨析

乌桓源自于东胡的观点是西晋时期史学家提出的新认识,成书于汉代的《史记》和《汉书》没有关于乌桓族源的记载。分别成书于西晋时期的《魏书》和南朝宋时期的《后汉书》都存在将较晚时期的与西汉乌桓相关历史事件的年代提前的做法。

Predictive performance of'Diprifusor'TCI system in patients during upper abdominal surgery under propofol/fentanyl anesthesia

Objective:To evaluate the predictive performance of‘Diprifusor’TCI(target-controlled infusion)system for its betterapplication in clinical anesthesia.Methods:The predictive performance of a‘Diprifusor’TCI system was investigated in 27Chinese patients(16 males and 11 females)during upper abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA)withpropofol/fentanyl.Measnred arterial propofol concentrations were compared with the values predicted by the TCI infusion system.Performance was determined by the median performance error(MDPE),the median absolute performance error(MDAPE),thedivergence(the percentage change of the absolute PE with time),and the wobble(the median absolute deviation of each PE fromthe MDPE).Results:The median(range)values of 14.9%(-21.6%～42.9%)for MDPE,23.3%(6.9%～62.5%)for MDAPE,-1.9%h^(-1)(-32.7%～23.0% h^(-1))for divergence,and 18.9%(4.2%～59.6%)for wobble were obtained from 227 samples from all patients.For the studied population,the PE did not increase with time but with increasing target propofol concentration,particularly fol-lowing induction.Conclusions:The control of depth of anaesthesia was good in all patients undergoing upper abdominal surgicaloperation and the predictive performance of the‘Diprifusor’target controlled mthsion system was considered acceptable forclinical purposes.But the relatively bigger wobble showed that the pharmacokinetic model is not so suitable and requires im-provement.

A Master-Slave Blockchain Paradigm and Application in Digital Rights Management

Upon flaws of current blockchain platforms of heavyweight, large capacity of ledger, and time-consuming of synchronization of data, in this paper, we proposed a new paradigm of master-slave blockchain scheme(MSB) for pervasive computing that suitable for general PC, mobile device such as smart phones or PADs to participants in the working of mining and verification, in which we separated traditional blockchain model in 2 layer defined as master node layer and a series of slavery agents layer, then we proposed 2 approaches for partially computing model(PCM) and non-computing of model(NCM) in the MSB blockchain, Finally large amounts of simulations manifest the proposed master-slave blockchain scheme is feasible, extendible and suitable for pervasive computing especially in the 5 G generation environment, and can apply in the DRM-related applications.

Treatment of intractable chronic pelvic pain syndrome by injecting a compound of Bupivacaine and Fentanyl into sacral spinal space

Objective：To investigate the effect of injecting a compound of Bupivacaine and Fentanyl into sacral spinal space to treat chronic pelvic pain syndrome （CPPS）. Methods： A total of 36 men with recalcitrant （TPPS refractory to multiple prior therapies were treated with the injection of a compound of Bupivacaine and Fentanyl （10 ml of 0. 125% Bupivacaine, 0.05 mg Fentanyl, 5 mg Dexamethasone, 100 mg Vitamin B1 and 1 mg Vitamin B12） into sacral space once a week for 4 weeks. The National Institute of Heahh Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index （NIH-CPSI）, maximum and average flow rate were performed al the start and the end of 4 weeks＇ therapy. Results：Mean NIH-CPSI total score was decreased from 26. 5±1.6 to 13.4±2.0 （p〈0.001）. Significant improvement was seen in each subscore domain. A total of 32 patients （89%） had at least 25% improvement on NIH-CPSI and 22 （61%） had at least 50% improvement. Maximal and average flow rate were increased from 19. 5±3. 8 to 23. 6±4. 2 and 10. 9±2.6 to 14.3±2.4 respectively. Conclusion： Injection of this compound of Bupivacaine, Fentanyl and Dexamethasone into sacred spinal space is an effective and safe approach for recalcitrant CPPS. Further study of the mechanisms and prospective placebo controlled trials are warranted.

日本汉字流通的成立过程

本文是论述关于日本列岛汉字普及的过程及其历史。从57年赐予倭国王的金印、3世纪《三国志·魏志·倭人传》的记载、中国带来的镜上的汉字来看，多处可见倭人知道汉字的想法。也有从应神天皇的时代王仁带来《千字文》和《论语》、《宋书·倭国传》记载顺帝升明二年（478）倭王武送呈出色的上表，有提倡倭王武熟知汉字的说法。但是至6世纪《隋书·倭国传》中，关于日本列岛的文字使用状况记载有“无文字，唯刻木结绳”，这是隋朝遣使看到的实际状况。6世纪佛教从百济传来，随着佛教经典的流入，为了理解佛教需要学习汉字。这样的情况成为日本列岛汉字的导入时期。610年高丽僧昙征渡来并制作纸墨。之后7世纪中叶出现了木简的出土文物。这是官员处理事务使用汉字，也可以看出日本列岛汉字普及的痕迹。之后藤原京、平城京出土了大量木简。至8世纪编纂《古事记》、《日本书纪》，日本列岛的汉字熟练水平提高。不久简化汉字制作假名，产生了以音表记和训表记日语的独自的汉字的使用。其基础是在6世纪至7世纪中叶建立的。

On Huck＇s Establishment of Identity in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn from the Perspective of Initiation Theme

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain is considered as representative novel with initiation theme in American literary circle. It has taken the fancy of the readers throughout the whole world since it was frequently printed and widely translated. In the story, Mark created an image of a boy named Huck who had an unexpected adventure by sailing a raft down the Mississippi River with his friend, Jim. After experiencing the adventure, Huck finally became mature. The present paper gives a brief introduction of the story. Then, the paper mainly explores how Huck established his identity from the following aspects： his disapproval to slavery and his consciousness of moral development and obligation.

EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS FENTANYL ON SPONTANEOUS RENAL SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY IN NORMAL AND VAGOTOMIZED RABBITS

Objective To investigate the roles of sympathetic and vagus nerves in hypotension and bradycardia induced by fentanyl. Methods Fourteen rabbits were divided into 2 groups: normal and vagotomized rabbits. Rabbits were anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificial ventilated. Right renal sympathetic nerve was exposed and prepared for recording electrical activity. Fentanyl was injected intravenously in incremental doses of 1, 4, 15, 30, and 50 μg/kg at 10 minutes intervals. Results Fentanyl significantly reduced the spontaneous activity of renal sympathetic nerve, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate above a total dose of 20 μg/kg in both normal and vagotomized rabbits. However, normal rabbits spontaneous sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial pressure were more depressed than vagotomized rabbits at total doses of 50 and 100 μg/kg. There were no significant difference in the reduction of heart rate between normal and vagotomized rabbits. Conclusion Fentanyl induction of bradycardia and hypotension in rabbits is mainly due to depression of sympathetic nerve activity.

The Connection Between Slavery and Prophecy as It Relates tothe American Nation in the Writings of the Adventist PioneersDuring the Antebellum Period

The period between 1850 and 1865 was a period of major social upheavals in American society; the major issue was the slavery. This period also witnessed the birth and organization of the Sabbatarian Adventism, a pre-millennial Christian movement distinguished by an emphasis on the Seventh-day Sabbath and a special understanding of Bible prophecies. Most Adventist pioneers vehemently opposed slavery, although not always on the same ground as their Christian counterparts. Aided by their peculiar understanding of Bible prophecy, the early Adventists identified America with apocalyptical end-time power, slavery being the key attribute of the ＂beast that looks like a lamb but speaks like a dragon＂ from Revelation 13：11. This article investigates the development of Adventist connection between slavery, America and Bible prophecy.

How Capitalism Creates Peace in Don Quixote While Non-Capitalism Induces Violence

This article reasons that free-market capitalism produces peace in Don Quixote while its absence induces violence. Specifically, it shows readers： that when Don Quixote＇s characters inherit peace transpires but when they are extorted gore happens; that a modem salary causes peace in Don Quixote while a feudal Mercedes causes conflict; that when contracts are honored Don Quixote＇s characters are calm but when contracts are breached its＇ characters are violent; that figures in Don Quixote who work for a living are tranquil while those who do not work fight; that peaceful capitalism in Don Quixote is separate from, and better than, violent corsair anti-capitalism; thatCapitalism＇s profit motive does not cause slavery in Don Quixote but feudal suppression of human fi＇eedom does; that peaceful economic justice is adjudicated by civil judges, such as Sancho Panza, while bloody economic injustice is inflicted by either vigilantes （in Don Quixote＇s Case） or monarchical brutality （in the Holy Brotherhood＇s case）; and penultimately, that when the novel＇s financial disputes are decided by law courts peace ensues but when they are not violence happens.Finally, this article fmishes, by enumerating specific areas of future research on capitalism in Don Quixote. Scholars interested in Emre Gurgen＇s full scholarship, can visit his personal author website at www.don-quixote-explained.com

The Role of Memory and Tradition in the Construction of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Bahamas

Tradition has been defined as practices brought forward from the past into the present. In the context of enslavement and the cultural dislocation that accompanied it, memory became critical in the recreation of tradition. Individual memory contributed to the practices that created new traditions to be carried forward by subsequent generations. Archaeological evidence from Clifton Plantation, Bahamas, illustrates how memory and tradition shaped the identities of both enslaver and enslaved, and influenced the construction of an African Bahamian identity in the early nineteenth-century. In their consumer selections, the enslaved people of Clifton were constructing artifact assemblages that reflected their memories of their traditional cultural background. In the process they were creating an Afro-Bahamian aesthetic that would become a tradition for future generations of Bahamians. While the goods were not of their own manufacture, the choices were theirs from the selection available to them. At the same time, those of British heritage were signaling their British identity through their consumer choices. However, Clifton was unusual in being owned by a reformer who sought to ameliorate the conditions of slavery. The paper also briefly discusses whether these concepts are useful in understanding the material culture of enslaved Africans at other sites.

Government Underpinning： Failure to Abolish Consumer Slavery

This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate a symbiotic relationship between the laborer and the capitalist, a hierarchal relationship where mutual dependence encourages unrelenting exploitation. Further focus will center on how these social hierarchies perpetuate a continuous enslavement of individuals politically defined as black and politically defined as woman. These identities are outlined within the framework of two active dichotomies： black/white and man/woman. Both gender and race are key factors in determining an individual＇s identity. Because the hegemonic gender is man, while the hegemonic race is white, any person who does not fit into those two categories simultaneously is underprivileged. Hence the reason why black and woman, both of which have been historically deemed subordinate to white and man, is automatically a part of the underprivileged working class. Since the hierarchal laborer-capitalist relationship is greatly validated by socializations, it cannot be voided by taking legal action alone. However, policy changes addressing education gaps, gender wage gaps, and hiring discrepancies, can assist in decoupling the social constructs of race and gender from class therefore minimizing racial and gender privileges.

Analysis on the Significance of Ancient Chinese Corporal Punishment Reform to the Progress of the Penalty System

Since the ＂five -punishment＂ system was established from the period of the slavery society of the Western Zhou Dynasty, corporal punishment has been always in existence as a tool used by the rulers to punish people in ancient China. Although corporal punishment was abolished in the punishment sentencing reform of Emperor Wen of Han, it was further developed and improved in the penalty system of the Sui and Tang dynasties. However, it was restored in the Song, Liao, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, etc. From the studies of the corporal punishment change, the reform law of the penal system in ancient China can be found, and also the significance of ancient Chinese corporal punishment reform to the progress of criminal penalty can be sought. Meanwhile, it is of vital significance to knowing well the development of China＇s legal history and improving the current penal system.

The Ghost Daughter Returns Home： Memory of Slavery in Toni Morrison＇s Beloved

This article aims to present Beloved, a ghost-in-the-flesh protagonist of Toni Morrison＇s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved （1987）, as an incarnation of memory of slavery. Interpreted as personal and shared experience, Beloved will be analyzed on the basis of memory＇s dynamic nature as an active mnemonic agent operating in and between the individual and collective zones. It will be also argued that on the one hand, Beloved embodies memories of past slaved lives of the novel＇s central characters, Sethe and Paul D, while on the other hand she plays the role of an allegoric reminder of all Black slaves who lived and died in bondage on the American continent. Finally, Beloved will be symbolically seen as a historical, cultural and psychological link between contemporary African Americans and their African ancestors of the Middle Passage. The theoretical framework for this study of Morrison＇s most memorable ghost figure will follow from a discussion of memory＇s individual and shared qualities, as well as from the concepts of a collective consciousness, the collective unconscious, and collective memory.

匈奴汉国的中央官制特点

本文认为,匈奴汉国中央官制有三个显著特点:一是中央官职以三公为核心,三公不仅职高权重,而且参与国政。二是录尚书事在三公制转变为三省制的过程中扮演了很重要角色,并在录尚书事的发展过程中,诸公与三省诸官并存,三省诸官的作用逐渐增加。三是被称为"非寻常人臣之职"的相国在中央官制的运转上独树一帜,它以"赠官"创置,但不久即成为职官之首。