优质小苹果——‘塞外红’的选育

‘塞外红’,又名‘锦绣海棠’,‘鸡心果’。果实阔圆锥形,平均单果质量58.3 g,最大单果质量80.3 g;近成熟时果面全部着鲜红色,色泽艳丽,成熟时颜色变深红,果面光洁,果点小;果实硬度大,果肉淡黄,肉质紧脆,多汁,酸甜适口,有浓郁的香味,可溶性固形物17.31%,可溶性总糖13.60%,可滴定酸0.875%,维生素C为129.0 mg·kg-1。果实发育期为120 d,室温可贮1~2个月,冷藏3~4个月。通辽地区4月中旬萌芽,5月初开花,5月下旬果实膨大,8月下旬开始着色,9月中下旬果实成熟。该品种优质、丰产性突出,适应性较强,在内蒙古自治区大部、吉林省西南部、辽宁省北部、黑龙江省东南部的部分地区也可栽植,其他地区可在‘金红’适栽区内试验推广。

不同采收期对苹果常温贮藏品质和衰老的影响

以通辽地区的‘塞外红’苹果为试材,研究了生长发育期在116~134 d内的3个采收期果实常温(20±1)℃贮藏品质和软化衰老的变化,以确定‘塞外红’苹果的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明,随着采收期的推迟,果实硬度逐渐降低,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量逐渐升高,种子颜色逐渐变褐到全褐。随着贮藏时间的延长,3个采收期果实的硬度、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均逐渐下降,从采收到贮藏结束,采期Ⅰ果实的硬度一直保持最高,采期Ⅱ保持了果实较高的维生素C和可滴定酸含量,采期Ⅲ果实的可溶性固形物含量SSC一直保持最高。结果还表明,采期Ⅰ的果实常温贮藏期间虽然具有较高的原果胶和纤维素含量,而且抑制了可溶性果胶的生成,推迟了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG活性和纤维素酶活性高峰,延缓了果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现时间,但果实的外观色泽、口感和风味相对较差;采期Ⅲ的果实丙二醛和乙醇含量积累较多,果实衰老快。综合分析,采期Ⅱ的‘塞外红’苹果具有良好的内在品质、外观色泽和贮运性能。因此,建议通辽地区‘塞外红’苹果的采收期以9月5—10日为宜(可适当晚采1~2 d),采收成熟度参考标准为:果实生长发育天数123~128 d、果肉硬度11.0~11.5 kg/cm^2、SSC≥16.5%、种子的颜色3/4左右变褐、淀粉染色为4.5级左右。

Multipoint Infrared Telemetry System for Measuring the Piston Temperature in Internal Combustion Engines

A high precision, high antijamming multipoint infrared telemetry system was developed to measure the piston temperature in internal combustion engine. The temperature at the measuring point is converted into corresponding voltage signal by the thermo-couple first. Then after the V/F stage, the voltage signal is converted into the frequency signal to drive the infrared light-emitting diode to transmit infrared pulses. At the receiver end, a photosensitive audion receives the infrared pulses. After conversion, the voltage recorded by the receiver stands for the magnitude of temperature at the measuring point. Test results of the system indicate that the system is practical and the system can perform multipoint looping temperature measurements for the piston.