“剩女难嫁”的社会学解读

剩女是近年来新出现的现象,她是网络媒体的宠儿,但是却被网络媒体塑造成有问题的一个群体。剩女的出现与其说是由剩女自身造成的,不如说是由社会造成的,是传统的择偶和婚姻模式与现代新生事物之间碰撞所激发出来的问题。剩女现象暴露出男权家庭制度的虚伪性和脆弱性,但是男权制的家庭仍然是剩女在职业和家庭选择中的主要障碍。剩女虽然在婚姻上存在失调,但是她们婚姻问题的解决将是女性在职业和家庭平衡的良好范例,剩女本身就是女性自身发展过程中一个必然阶段,她们的成熟路程也必定是女性人格发展的一个范例。

Giorgio Vasari and Mannerist Architecture： A Marriage of Beauty and Function in Urban Spaces

The first part of this essay deals with Giorgio Vasari＇s conception of architecture in sixteenth-century Italy, and the second part examines Vasari＇s practical application of one of his constructions, the loggia （open gallery or arcade） or corridoio （corridor）. The essay also discusses the merits of Vasari＇s open gallery （loggia） as a vernacular architectural construct with egalitarian functions and Vasari＇s principles of architecture （design, rule, order, and proportion） and beauty （delight and necessity） for the formulation of the theory of art in Mannerism, a sixteenth-century style of art.

Austen＇s Persuasion and Her Views of Marriage and Love

Jane Austen was a famous female writer who lived in the period between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. When she was very young, she began to write about the life in the country and all kinds of people living around; the basic theme of her most works was love between young men and women. These works not only inherited the traditional realism but also brought the climax of the works of realism in the 19th century, which blew a fresh breeze for the British literature in the early age the 19th century. All these had made a big difference of the development of English literature history. Persuasion was the last full-length novel of Jane Austin, in which she carefully described a nearly perfect female, Anne Eliot, who was beautiful and knowledgeable, and her love story with Wentworth. This paper will discuss Austen＂ s ideas of love and marriage and reasons of them mainly by analyzing Persuasion.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Age at First Marriage in Slum Areas,Bangladesh

This article attempts to examine the influence of some selected predictor variables on female age at first marriage in slum areas of Bangladesh.A path and multiple classification analysis(MCA) approach have been adopted.Authors thought that respondent's educational level and the mass media such as watching television have a significant direct impact on age at marriage,while the types of family and occupational status have an indirect effect on age at marriage.

Against Orthodoxy： Sex, Marriage, and Gender Roles in George Meredith＇s Poems and Novels

George Meredith （1828-1909） is acknowledged as a creator of memorable female characters. Meredith＇s heroines are radically different from the women generally encountered in Victorian fiction. Characteristically, Meredith constructs a type of female character who, in a social context hostile to any break with convention, refuses to conform to the stereotype of the weak, passive, and dependant woman. In accordance with J. S. Mill＇s observations in The Subjection of Women （1869）, Meredith thought that the progress of society could be possible only through female emancipation and admittance of women into public practice. This paper discusses the themes of marital disintegration and ＂conscious adultery＂ that affirm the legitimacy of female pleasure against coercion Thus, the paper will take into consideration the sonnet sequence Modern Love （1862） and one of Meredith＇s most neglected novels, Lord Ormont and His Aminta （1894）, whose heroines are unexpectedly depicted as non-conventional, strong, and proud. A close reading of the texts will reveal the narrative strategies and textual devices through which Meredith exploited a model of womanhood that, by subverting the current ideas on sex, marriage, and gender roles, is able to countermine male ＂egoism＂, the only obstacle to the genuine progress of Victorian society toward real democratization

Martin Luther on Marriage and Family

This paper describes and analyzes Martin Luther＇s views on marriage and family primarily from his own writings. Luther elevated marriage and family life to a place of respect and honor in the church and society at a time when singleness and celibacy were celebrated as ways of reaching a higher state of spirituality. Martin Luther＇s teachings were so radically different from the traditional Catholic views of his days that the church became furious with him and tried almost everything in their power to silence him. Although Luther is known primarily for his views on Justification, but it is his teachings on marriage and family that has been more consequential. Many in the West who have never heard the name of Martin Luther, today enjoy a more biblical view on marriage and family because of his influence. He advocated divorce according to biblical principles, at a time when divorce was almost impossible; he encouraged priests to marry by showing that there was no conflict between their calling and marriage; he denounced celibacy, blaming it for encouraging lust rather than aiding chastity; he restored marriage and family life back to the arena of spirituality and respectability in society. Luther lived out his own advice by getting married and living an exemplary married life. What made Luther so effective was the passionate intensity with which he advocated these reforms. He wrote and spoke with such power and backed up his words with such a bold and courageous life, although living in the shadow of constant threats, that centuries after his death, the power and conviction of his ideas still resonate.

The Conversational Implicature in Sense and Sensibility -A CP Perspective

Sense and Sensibility is Jane Austen’s debut which uses Elinor’s and Marianne’s marriage life as the main line, describing exquisitely and vividly the protagonists’ love and marriage. Since the dialogue is one of the basic ways to shape characters in literary works, the analysis of dialogues, especially that of those contradictory dialogues helps better analyze the novel itself. This paper analyzes different conversational implicatures in the typical dialogues in Sense and Sensibility, in order to help us to understand character differences, and to further understand the novel’ s theme. Through the analysis, this paper finds that there exist many indirect expressions in the dialogues in Sense and Sensibility, which reflect that characters violate the four maxims of Cooperative Principle in order to implicitly express their true thoughts and avoid such unpleasant communicational effects as embarrassment and conflict.

Seeing Rape as Rape： Philosophical and Historical Perspectives on Marriage Law

In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on law as a form of objective and rational knowledge, outside which there are only impracticable and irrational views. I investigate the case of marriage jurisprudence in the UK, as a prominent example, because it has long accepted marital rape as objectively and rationally part of a wife＇s duty. Even though changes have occurred which improve the marital rape jurisdiction and prejudicial disbelief concerning a woman＇s private life is still used in the courts to question the credibility of the victim. Over the past year, extensive efforts have been made to reform the management of rape cases. Whilst there is a need to acknowledge the seriousness of the accusation with rigorous legal principles which provide appropriate safeguards for the accused person as well as the complainant, especially bearing in mind the often ＂private＂ circumstances, with a concomitant lack of witnesses, it remains the case that the rate of attribution in attempts to secure successful prosecutions in rape case remains overwhelming. I show how a Wittgensteinian approach to law would take into consideration the shape ofgendered lives as they are experienced, and hence would not accept just one legal interpretation of marital law. The phenomenon of＂seeing-as＂ in Wittgenstein＇s philosophy can support the experience of being jolted into appreciating the feminist aspect of consent in marital sexual relationships.

An Unlikely Marriage： Theorizing the Corporeality of Language at the Crossroads of Thoreau, Heidegger and the Botanical World

This paper examines the relationship between language, particularly language that expresses aesthetic experiences of plant life, and corporeality. The theorisation of language is a keystone towards conceptualising participatory relationships between people and the botanical world. A comparative reading of the works of Henry David Thoreau and Martin Heidegger provides a framework for approaching language as embodied participation. Despite political differences, Thoreau and Heidegger shared a mutual conviction about the generative powers of language. Thoreau＇s literary practice partly involved immersion in places such as swamps and forests. Fittingly, Heidegger＇s explication of Rilke＇s concept of＂the Open＂ mirrors the participatory aesthetics of Thoreau. Both thinkers looked towards the capacities of poetics to galvanise the evolution of language. In response to the increasing dissection offered by contemporaneous theories of linguistics, Thoreau and Heidegger held the notion of language as a body in itself, one brought to life through immanence between sensuous bodies in the world. For each theorist, language was both bodily and a body. Their works evidence that multi-sensorial encounters with the natural world can be captured in language. The body of language may be engaged with as a whole living phenomenon rather than a dissected corpse as this comparative reading of Thoreau and Heidegger will intimate.

The ＂Sacred Marriage＂ of Beauty and Eros and Its Anthropological Condition

Art composed of categories of the scale of beauty transmutes the aesthetic into eroticism, such that as an element of life it may be displayed as a love relationship between beauty and eros, the knowledge of which is referenced as early as Plato＇s philosophical contemplations. Plato characterizes eros in the Symposium and the Phaedrus as an invincible psychic force, capable, taking into account the fallibility of man, of compelling him toward the acquisition of that which will entail his completion. Eros, considered thusly, contributes to human ontogeny. Plotinus, who experiences beauty as eros and terror accompanied by pleasure, to the same degree will characterize it as the outcome and consequence of an intellectually and morally superior human soul. By this definition, the greatness of art lies in the fact that it compels the souls of men to eros for its spiritual content, the true nature of a work of art being the idea. As such, as long as it is not easy to know if this beauty exists as an ontologically, gnoseologically, and aesthetically idealized entity, so much the more we consider that we cannot entirely prove Freud＇s erotic theory of primordial and desirable phantasms, which seems to differ only slightly from the Platonic theory, or from Jung＇s theory of archetypes, as it seems not to recognize to an appropriate degree individual human experience. On the contrary and in agreement with the Lacanian theory on eros, in the environment of which eros is directed towards the other, so like it, it emerges in the life of the other, rupturing and reformulating it, we consider that each of us, in reality, in the erotic phenomenon, meets the other, and, behind him, our own self, which, enchanted by all that we sense that the other represents, rates all his characteristics as charmingly beautiful, because they have the privilege of coinciding, or at least of converging towards the aesthetic, entirely unique foundation of our self.

Girl Power in Cashore＇s Graceling

Girl Power in Cashore＇s Graceling is the title of this study. This study uses radical feminism as the theory, because the main character, Katsa, is the portrait of radical feminist. Katsa breaks the traditional gender roles and patriarchal ideology which dismiss and underestimate women as the inferior and subordinate from men dominance. Katsa as the main character is described as a woman who breaks the traditional gender roles by her extraordinary hobbies and capabilities, such as fighting, and killing. She also portrays radical-libertarian feminist who is showed by her principle and commitment on marriage, those are her refusal on marriage and her objection to have children.

Trickster or Colonizer： The Latent Effects of Colonialism in Efua Sutherland＇s Play The Marriage of Anansewa

The essay analyzes the play written by the late Efua Sutherland （from Ghana） and shows the effects of colonization among the Ghanaians. First, it explores the historical inroads made by the colonizer in West African countries, such as Ghana, causing the debilitation of the culture of such countries by erasing its history. One way in which such erasure occurred was in the destruction of sacred sites of the people. Further connections will also be made to West African cultural contexts with the history of colonization in Africa and its effects on popular culture, specifically drama in countries like Ghana. Next, the essay draws upon the role of the trickster figure of Ananse, the spider who features in many West African and Caribbean folkloric traditions. Sutherland＇s play revolves around the main character of the play, Ananse, and he is likened to the trickster figure, but the essay shows how this figure is also debilitated by the colonizer. Finally, in the play, one notes that despite the main character＇s ＂victory＂ in getting his daughter married to the ＂Chief-Who-ls-Chief＇, he does it for his survival and the survival of his daughter in a world in which the latent effects of colonization has hampered the memory and culture of its people.

Dimension of marriage and adultery in The scarlet letter

The story The scarlet letter happened in the later seventeenth century by Hawthorn, when the Puritans had declined in morality. Hawthorne points out that the suffering and agony of the characters in The scarlet letter is due to an ill-conceived marriage. At the same time Hawthorne lightens the story in that he invents his own moral dimension of marriage and adultery and suggests that marriage should be based on the communion of the souls.

Marriage in Pre-lslamic Arabia as Reflected in Poetry and Prose： The Social and Humane Relations Between Husband and Wife

This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.

Marital and Co-parenting Relationships After Divorce： Continuity and Discontinuity

Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.

Widowhood Practice in Eastern Nigeria： A Comparative Study of Imo and Anambra States

Marriage is one of the valued institutions in the traditional African society. Incidentally, it has its own challenges. When a young man or woman gets to a certain age and he/she is not married, society frowns at it. Thus, many couples enter into marriage relationships with a lot of excitements and expectations. However, losing one＇s spouse to death robs one of all these excitements and expectations and exposes the bereaved spouse to some dehumanizing challenges. These challenges are mostly experienced by women in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. These women are subjected to dehumanizing practices which are socially accepted in the region. This paper attempts a comparative study of some of the practices imposed on widows in Eastern Nigeria. A sample of 200 participants was purposively selected from two states in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative research method. Thus, the analysis was made using descriptive method. The study showed that these inhuman traditional practices in Eastern Nigeria are initiated and perpetrated by the kinsmen （Umunna and Umuada）. It also showed that the widowhood treatment is meted out on all widows, but the severity or less severity of these treatments are dependent on the socio-economic and other attributes of the widow. Finally, recommendations were made, which include the need to protect the fundamental rights of widows and their children.

Marriage Migration of Mongolian Women to South Korea

Underpinning most of the Korean-Mongolian relationship is the shared view that these two nations have racial, linguistic, historical, and religious connections. Both peoples cite the famous Mongolian blue spot, as well as the Mongolian Empire＇s close relations with the Koryo dynasty in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. However, it is undeniable that in recent years, Mongolia＇s relations with South Korea have grown much wider and deeper in scope. When it comes to multiculturalism a South Korea＇s overarching social phenomenon, tens of thousands of Mongolian expatriates are one of primary contributors to the first-ever trend throughout Korean history. Marriage migration of Mongolians to South Korea has increased since mid-1990s, in company with immigrant laborers, and became one of the primary contributors to the binational population movement, This paper deals with intertwining migration of Mongolian population to South Korea and describes characteristic of Korean-Mongolian binational marriage, using statistical data and other relevant researches.

Educating Children in the Family Created in the Second Marriage in Today＇s Lithuania

Since the end of the twenty-first century, relationships in the family have been rapidly changing in Lithuania. The changes correspond to changes in the birth-rate. The former model of birth-rate which was characterized by the prevalence of legitimate children, child-bearing at a younger age and which ensured a change of generations, it was replaced by a new model characterized by having illegitimate children, the postponement of child-bearing, and low birth-rate, which does not ensure a change of generations. Although love relationships, marriage, and children are still considered to be the recognized values, these changes have affected the conception of child＇s education in the family and the perception of child as a value. It is therefore relevant to evaluate future spouses＇ preparation for a modern marriage and to constantly improve it. Such preparation is usually understood as young people＇s readiness far their first marriage. Readiness for the second marriage and child＇s education in the second family are no less important though still insufficiently explored empirically and theoretically generalized. This paper explores attitudes to child＇s education in the second marriage. The research was conducted inquiring people who wanted to create a family or establish long-term relationships. They were members of the online dating site ＂Harmonious Couple＂.

Unequal Marriage Exchange Between Majority and Minority Groups： A Case Study From Inner Mongolia, China

Since the 1960s, social integration theorists have considered intermarriage to be an effective tool for promoting social solidarity. However, from a demographic perspective, unequal marriage exchange between groups can create social division and conflict. This Chinese study is a contribution to these debates. This paper explores the issue in the context of a rural minority community in Rightqi, Inner Mongolia, taking social statistical methods and anthropological in-depth interview methods to investigate intermarriage between Mongolian and Han. The paper shows that the number of Han males married to Mongolian women is far greater than the number of Mongolian males marrying Han women. Most Hart people live in urban areas, while Mongolians predominantly reside in pastoral areas and there has been a significant trend for girls from the pastoral areas to marry urban males. Since the proportion of males to females in China has been increasing, the competition between men over female partners has intensified, leading to urban males recruiting partners from the countryside. As a result, young men from minorities in the rural areas are finding it increasingly difficult to marry and this generates a lot of social problems.

How Much Are Women Involved in Decision-Making in Family in Iran？

Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.