Seven Decades of China's Agricultural Development:Achievements,Experience and Outlook

Over the past seven decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,China's agriculture has been transformed beyond recognition.Tremendous progress has been made in China's agricultural output.China has made all-round achievements in its agriculture,forestry,livestock and fishery sectors,vastly improved agricultural production conditions,fostered new types of agricultural operators,increased opening-up,and delivered better living conditions for rural residents.China's agricultural development experience over the past seven decades can be summarized as follows:the Party's leadership over the work on agriculture,farmers and countryside,policy support and protection for agriculture,agri-technology innovation,and agricultural product market reform.In the new era,China's agriculture must follow a green and quality-oriented approach,and develop multifunctionality.China'should foster new-type agricultural operators and service entities,promote large-scale agriculture,encourage capital inputs in agriculture,integrate primary,secondary and tertiary agricultural industries,and bring about a new patter of agricultural opening-up.

朱熹从“中和旧说”到“中和新说”的思想演变

在中国传统哲学中 ,已发未发问题又被称为“中和”问题 ,朱熹对这一问题的思考曾经历过从“中和旧说”到“中和新说”的重要变化。在旧说中 ,朱熹主“心为已发 ,性为未发” ,在新说中 ,朱熹主“心贯乎已发未发”。相应地 ,在修养方法上 ,朱熹也一改旧说的“先察识后涵养”而为新说的“涵养于未发 ,察识于已发”。正是在从“中和旧说”到“中和新说”这一思想演变过程中 。

Review on hot spinning for difficult-to-deform lightweight metals

Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we review researches on lightweight metals spun at elevated temperatures since they are difficult to deform at room temperature. These metals include light alloys, such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum alloys, and metal composites. Then, the heating methods used in the hot spinning process and the treatment methods employed for the temperature boundary condition in finite element analyses for the process were discussed. Finally, the future development directions for the hot spinning process of lightweight but difficult-to-deform alloys were highlighted.

To establish CMOC China as an important component of marine data and service international cooperation in China

JCOMM has strategy to establish the network of WMO-IOC Centres for Marine-meteorological and Oceanographic Climate Data （CMOCs） under the new Marine Climate Data System （MCDS） in 2012 for improving the quality and timeliness of the marine-meteorological and oceanographic data, metadata and products available to end users. China as a candidate of CMOC China has been approved to run on a trial basis after the 4th Meeting of the Joint IOC/WMO Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology （JCOMM）. This article states the developing intention of CMOC China in the next few years through the brief introduction to critical marine data, products and service system and cooperation projects in the world.

In vitro Culture of Unfertilized Ovary of Strawberry(Fragaria spp.)

[Objective] This study was to investigate the in vitro culture of unfertilized ovary of strawberry.[Methods] Employing single factor experiment,we investigated six key factors including genotype,extrinsic hormone,sucrose concentration,low temperature pretreatment,growth environment and development status,and illumination condition on induction of gynogenesis in vitro of unfertilized ovary,on the induction of gynogenesis in vitro of unfertilized ovary.[Results] The optimal conditions for in vitro culture of unfertilized ovary of strawberry were as follows：the primary flower buds cultured on bare land as explants,selection of appropriate genotype,2,4-D as external hormone,sucrose at the concentration of 6%,low temperature pretreatment for 48 hours and dark culture under alternated temperature.[Conclusion] The research provided reference for ploidy breeding in strawberry.

Transcatheter to Close the Patent Duetus Arteriosus and Atrial Septal Defects in Children

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effect, safety and complications oftranscathetering Amplatzer device in the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and atrial septaldefects (ASD) in children. Methods: Patients with PDA (n = 25) and ASD ( n = 16), confirmed byechocardiography, were treated by transcatheterization. Amplatzer occluder device was placed by thetranscatheterization with the image support of X-ray and transthoracic echocardiography ( TTE) . TheTTE, ECG and X-ray examination were engaged to evaluate the therapeutic results on the time pointsof 24 h , 1, 3 , 6, 12 months after the operation, and all these cases were engaged to the follow-upexamination. Results: The cardioangiographic diameter was 13.0-28.0 mm ([19.3+-4.9] mm) in ASD and2.0-7.7 mm ([3.9+-1.5] mm) in PDA . The diameter of the Amplatzer occluder selected were 13.0-30.0mm ( [20.6+-5.1] mm) in ASD and 4.0-12.0 mm ([6.6+-1.9] mm) in PDA , respectively. All the Amplatzeroccluders were placed successfully. There were no complications during and after the operation.Very small residual shunt was still found soon after the operation in 10 cases , and there were noresidual or recanalization after three months of the operation. The pulmonary artery pressure andheart size were significantly decreased in follow-up examination . Conclusion: Transcatheteringclosure with Amplatzer device is an effective, simple and safe technique in the treatment of ASD andPDA in children.

吕大临的《中庸》阐释--兼论与张载、二程的《中庸》诠释之异同

张载提出了“太虚即气”的气本论思想。吕大临受其影响也非常注重气,认为世界万物都是由气构成的,并认为世界之所以能生成、运动的关键在于气本身具有内在的动力。虽然在此观点上吕氏同于张载而不同于二程,但在理气关系上,他明显背离了张载而趋同于二程。中庸是《中庸》极为重要的概念。小程从体用关系上对“中”进行了分析,认为“中”从体上说,为“在中”;从用上说,为“时中”。虽然,吕氏也是从体用上来界定“中庸”,但在“中”与“心”的关系上两人的看法有较大的不同。正因有异,故而他们所主张的修养工夫亦有所不同。

Exciton-Dependent Pre-formation Probability of Composite Particles

In Iwamoto-Harada model the whole phase space is full of fermions. When the momentum distributions of the exciton states are taken into account, the pre-formation probability of light composite particles could be improved, and the exciton state-dependent pre-formation probability has been proposed. The calculated results indicate that the consideration of the momentum distribution enhances the pre-formation probability of [1, m] configuration, and suppresses that of [ι 〉 1, m] configurations seriously.

Endoscopic papillectomy of minor papillar adenoma associated with pancreas divisum

Tumors of the minor papilla of the duodenum are quite rare.We successfully and safely treated an 18-mm adenoma of the minor papilla associated with pancreas divisum using endoscopic papillectomy.A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for treatment of an asymptomatic mass in the minor papilla detected by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.Endscopic analysis showed an 18-mm,whitish,sessile mass,located in the duodenum proximal to a normal-appearing major papilla.Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography did not reveal the pancreatic duct.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a lack of the ventral pancreatic duct.We suspected this case was associated with pancreatic divisum;therefore,we performed endoscopic papillectomy of the minor papilla tumor.Subsequently,endoscopic pancreatic stent placement in the minor papilla was done to prevent drainage disturbance.The patient has been asymptomatic without recurrence of tumor or stenosis of the Santorini orifice upon endoscopic examination for the past 2 years.

Otolith development in larval and juvenile Schizothorax davidi： ontogeny and growth increment characteristics

Laboratory-reared Schizothorax davidi larvae and juveniles were examined to assess the formation and characteristics of David’s schizothoracin otoliths.Otolith development was observed and their formation period was verifi ed by monitoring larvae and juveniles of knownage.The results revealed that lapilli and sagittae developed before hatching,and the first otolith increment was identified at 2 days post hatching in both.The shape of lapilli was relatively stable during development compared with that of sagittae;however,growth of four sagittae and lapilli areas was consistent,but the posterior area grew faster than the anterior area and the ventral surface grew faster than the dorsal surface.Similarly,the sum length of the radius of the anterior and posterior areas on sagittae and lapilli were linearly and binomially related to total fish length,respectively.Moreover,daily deposition rates were validated by monitoring knownage larvae and juveniles.The increase in lapilli width was 1.88±0.080 0μm at the ninth increment,which reached a maximum and the decreased gradually toward the otolith edge,whereas that of sagittae increased more slowly.These results illustrate the developmental biology of S.davidi,which will aid in population conservation and fish stock management.

Herbicidal Activities of Seven Native Plants on the Germination and Growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa

Plant extracts could turn out to be herbicides used in weed control. We evaluated the herbicidal effect of seven plants from the Al-Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia on germination and growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa. In the laboratory, plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L inhibited the germination and seedling growth of test seeds. P. minor and P. oleracea were more sensitive to the extracts than L. sativa and E. crusgalli. The germination of either P. minor or P. oleracea were completely inhibited by Prosopisjuliflora at 10 g/L and by Rumex vesicarius and Teucrium baccatus at 20 g/L. Extract of Pulicaria undulate completely inhibited germination of target seeds at concentrations ranged from l 0 g/L to 40 g/L. The rank order of bioactivity was Prosopis jul（17ora 〉 Pulicaria undulata 〉 Rumex vesicarius 〉 Withania somnifera 〉 Teucrium baccatus 〉 Artemisia monosperma 〉 Anvillea garcinii. In the greenhouse trial, the extracts of seven plant species at 30, 60 and 90 g/L reduced growth of six-weeks-old target plants. Anvillea garcinii and Prosopisjuliflora showed the greatest effects. At 90 g/L, the reduction in the growth of target species reached between 20% and 30% for Anvillea garcinii and between I 1% and 25% for Prosopis juliflora. Overall, Prosopis juliflora, Pulicaria undulata, Anvillea garcinii and Rumex vesicarius had potential for use as natural herbicides or for development as novel plant-derived herbicides.

Pathways for Elevating China’s Opening-up under the New Development Paradigm

Due to the superimposed impacts of new industrial revolution,the changing trade policy and the COVID-19 pandemic,the world has seen setbacks in globalization,contractions in the global value chain(GVC),and the risk of a fragmented global system.The once-in-a-century changes in our world today highlight the need for China to explore a new development paradigm based on new concepts.In the new era,China must not only come to terms with a backlash against globalization and challenges from the reshaping of international rules,but also breathe life into the“dual circulations,”i.e.domestic and international economic circulations.China must open up wider to the outside world to keep abreast with changes in today’s global governance system.In the complex and volatile international environment,we should explore new areas of development spearheaded by institutional opening up,create new gateways and platforms for opening up and cooperation for mutual benefit,contribute to new global governance and security systems,and promote synergy between domestic and international circulations.In building a great modern socialist country,China must open up wider and be more inclusive to the outside world.

Chemical

Chemical Chamber of Commerce, a sub council of CCPIT and CCO- IC,was established in July 1990. In accordance with the Constitution and Tenet of CCPIT,CCPIT CHEM has been dedicating itself to promoting trade ex- change and economic &

Expression Pattern of Chlamys farreri sox2 in Eggs, Embryos and Larvae of Various Stages

The SOX2 protein is an important transcription factor functioning during the early development of animals. In this study, we isolated a full-length c DNA sequence of scallop Chlamys farreri sox2, Cf-sox2 which was 2194 bp in length with a 981 bp open reading frame encoding 327 amino acids. With real-time PCR analysis, it was detected that Cf-sox2 was expressed in unfertilized oocytes, fertilized eggs and all the tested embryos and larvae. The expression level increased significantly(P < 0.01) in embryos from 2-cell to blastula, and then decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and reached the minimum in umbo larva. Moreover, location of the Cfsox2 expression was revealed using whole mount in situ hybridization technique. Positive hybridization signal could be detected in the central region of unfertilized oocytes and fertilized eggs, and then strong signals dispersed throughout the embryos from 2-cell to gastrula. During larval development, the signals were concentrated and strong signals were restricted to 4 regions of viscera mass in veliger larva. In umbo larva, weak signals could be detected in regions where presumptive visceral and pedal ganglia may be formed. The expression pattern of Cf-sox2 during embryogenesis was similar to that of mammal sox2, which implied that Cf-SOX2 may participate in the regulation of early development of C. farreri.

Effects of the myeloperoxidase 463 gene polymorphisms on development of atrophy in H pylori infected or noninfected gastroduodenal disease

AIM： To investigate the relationship between myeloperoxidase polymorphisms as a host-related factor and atrophy caused by H pylori. METHODS： Our study enrolled 77 patients. Biopsy materials obtained during gastrointestinal endoscopies were evaluated for the presence of H pylori. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to characterize myeloperoxidase genothpes. RESULTS： Forty four patients （57.1%） were lip （＋） and 33 （42.9%） were Hp （-）. Sixty six （85.7%） had GG genotype, 10 （12.9%） had GA genotype and 1 （1.29%） had AA genotype. The change in atrophy in relation to neutrophil infiltration was significant in Hp （＋） patients （P = 0.0001）. The change in atrophy in relation to neutrophil infiltration in patients with GG genotype was significant （P = 0.002）. However, the change in atrophy in relation to neutrophil infiltration was not significiant in patients with Hp （＋） GG genotype （r = 0.066, P = 0.63）. CONCLUSION： Myeloperoxidase genotype is critical for development of atrophy in relation to the severity of inflammation. However, it is interesting to note that, H pylori does not show any additive effect on development of atrophy.

Formation of wavy-ring crack in drying droplet of protein solutions

The formations of desiccation cracks and their pattems in drying droplets of protein solutions are studied experimentally. The solvent evaporation causes the dehydration self-organization phenomenon in colloidal droplets, followed by the formations of desiccation cracks. Two categories of highly ordered crack patterns, which we name ＂daisy＂ and ＂wavy-ring＂, are identified in the drying droplets. We explore the shifting of crack patterns from the ＂daisy＂ to the ＂wavy-ring＂ by varying the concentration of protein droplets. The results show that the concentration correlates with the pattern of deposition film directly, and modulates the periodicity of the crack pattern. We investigate the formations and periodicities of these two kinds of crack patterns, and obtain the scaling law of periodicity of the ＂wavy-ring＂ crack pattern. The relationship between the deposition pattern and the highly ordered crack patterns is also examined. This study will help in understanding the formation mechanisms of crack patterns in drying droplets of protein solutions and assist the future design of crack patterns in practical applications.

Carbon nanotube: Controlled synthesis determines its future

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have received broad attention in the past decades due to their excellent physical and chemical properties and thus been regarded as a powerful candidate for future star-materials. Although various CNT products and their related applications have been demonstrated recently, their performance can hardly meet the researchers’ expectations compared with their theoretical properties. The current predicament is caused by the immature synthesis method, including the basic science and the producing technology. As the synthesis with controlled structures determines its future, this review summarizes the progress on the basic research and industrialization of CNTs in the past decades, including the fine structure control, aggregation status design and scale-up production, and further points out the way for the future development of CNTs combining with specific applications.

An experiment-library least-squares method on on-line coal element contents analysis

A new experiment-library least-squares(experiment-LLs) method used in the neutron inelastic-scattering and thermal-capture analysis(NITA) technique for on-line coal analysis was developed,which has significantly decreased the non-linear radiation effects.In this method,sixty samples with preset elemental contents were made,from whose experimental spectra twenty single-element spectrum libraries corresponding to twenty kinds of coal were built using the least-squares method.The spectrum of the unknown sample was analyzed based on these twenty libraries to estimate its element contents.With the initial estimated result,the procedure of developing library and analysis was iterated to build a new library with the closest element contents to the unknown sample.Hence the experiment-LLs method can reduce non-linear radiation effects.The experiment-LLs method was performed on an improved coal analysis system which was equipped with a long-life 14 MeV pulsed-neutron generator,a bulk BGO detector with a temperature controller,a moisture meter and coal-smoothing device.The precisions of this system for ash content,water content,volatile content and calorific value have reached 1.0wt%,0.5wt%,1.0wt%,350 kJ/kg,respectively.

A Robust Fault Detection Scheme for a Class of Multi Time Delay Systems

A robust fault detection (RFD) scheme for a class of multi time delay system is proposed in this paper. A time delay unknown input observer (TDUIO) is adopted as the residual generator. The key stage of the TDUIO design is to find a coordinate change such that in the new coordinates all the time delay terms in the system description are associated with the output only. Then the TDUIO can be completed by the method for common unknown input observer. Thus, a robust residual signal for RFD is generated, which is sensitive to faults while robust against unknown input (disturbance). The proposed method has been verified by a numerical example.