“不知道”的句法语义多角度研究

基于“不知道”进行多角度观察,主要讨论句法主语、言者主语和两解时的句法语义限制因素:第一,不同的句法层级对语义解读有着不同影响,其中语气>时体>句法成分。第二,主语、状语、宾语、谓词、固定结构及句式构成的事件能否表达强认识性或者[+控制性]是言者主语语义识解的关键因素;宾语小句的叙实性影响语义解读;不同的语气范畴倾向解读为不同的语义。第三,在叙实/非叙实框架下,“不知道”作为焦点敏感算子,与其他焦点敏感算子在句法语义各层面因素共同作用是这类特殊“S+不知道+VP”单解/歧解的必要条件,而充分条件或者内在动因则是信息结构的“完形重塑”。

中华书局本《道教灵验记》勘正

杜光庭所撰《道教灵验记》是一部道教灵验故事集,也是研究近代汉语的宝贵语料。中华书局2013年标点本《道教灵验记》(收于《杜光庭记传十种辑校》),是目前使用较广的版本。综合运用文献学、文字学、版本学等相关知识,就该本整理中出现的讹文、脱文、倒文、误校问题予以商榷。如:“辰未己午”当作“辰未巳午”,“白箭”当为“白简”,“叩搏颡”脱“稽”字,“四卷同”当乙为“四同卷”,“舌本”指舌根等。通过这一探讨,希望能够为道教文献的释读提供参考与借鉴。

The effect of functional loads on free spanning pipeline's VIV response

During the operation and installation of offshore pipelines, high axial forces and pressures are experienced, and their effects cannot be neglected. In this article, the effect of internal flow velocity and functional loads on vortex-induced vibration （VIV） response is investigated. On the basis of the Hamilton principle, a differential equation was derived to describe the motion of a pinned-pinned tensioned spanning pipeline conveying fluid. The VIV response was calculated according to DNV-RP-F105 under different functional loads. The results showed that functional loads influence free spanning pipeline VIV response by changing the natural frequency. Internal flow velocity was found less important for VIV response than other functional load factors, such as effective axial force, because the speed in reality is not high enough to be significant. The research may provide a reference for sensitivity studies of the effect of functional loads on allowable free span lengths.

Sinusoidal FM Fuze's Channel Leak and Its Jamming Mechanism

Aim To get the theory base of designing FM fuze's jamming signal, its jamming mechanism was studied. Methods A sinusoidal FM fuze was analyzed in time domain and frequency domain and the concept of channel leak was presented. Results It was proved that information channel leak exists in FM fuze because of the nonlinear property of the mixer. The jamming signal was designed based on the channel leak and the jamming mechanism was analyzed in detail. Conclusion This kind of jamming signal can jam the sinusoidal FM fuzes effectively just depending on the jamming signal's feature itself. It's different from the traditional jamming way of simulating echo. Though the sinusoidal FM fuze was just analyzed, the principle is applicable to all FM fuzes. At the same time, it may be used as the reference for FM radar and communication countermeasures.

On the Problem of All Equal Positive Odd Number Solutions of the Dissemination of the Ends' Guess

The thesis is concerned with the problem of the dissemination of the Ends’ guess and offers the formula of all equal positive odd number solutions.

Rebuilding the Extrant's Architecture with VPN

This article describes how to utilize the VPN to construct the new Extranet’s topology. Firstly, it tells what is the Extranet. Secondly, some basic principles and technical idioms of the VPN are dealt with. Thirdly, tunnel protocols about VPN are discussed. Finally, three kinds of Extranet’s architectures with VPNs are given. Through integrating the VPNs into the Extranet, we can get much more benefits from shared networks (e.g., Internet, ISDN, PSDN, etc.).

GeSi Source/Drain Structure for Suppression of Short Channel Effect in SOI p-MOSFET's

GeSi source/drain structure is purposefully adopted in SOI p MOSFET's to suppress the short channel effect (SCE).The impact of GeSi material (as source only,drain only or both source and drain) on the threshold voltage rolling off and DIBL effect is thoroughly investigated,as well as the influence of the Ge concentration and silicon film thickness.The Ge concentration should be carefully chosen as a tradeoff between the driving current and SCE improvement.The detailed physics is explained.

清代道光“癸巳大水”研究

道光十三年水灾是一次波及范围广、持续时间长、破坏性强、影响深远的重大灾害事件。灾害发生后,清廷全力实施救灾。所有赈济开销,除无法纳入计算的口粮、籽种、官民捐赈等各项,明确可考的支用为2 657 509.731两白银。本年用于水利上的开支不低于450万两白银。各省蠲缓3 101 080两白银,蠲缓后少征600万两白银。大水对清朝的关税与盐课收入也造成影响。综计此次水灾所造成的财政损失超过1370万两白银,占全部财政收入的1/3以上。道光时期大水灾频繁发生,“癸巳大水”是其中的关键一例。在连续灾害的重压之下,清王朝已是沉疴在身,呈江河日下之势。

辽宋文献中辽代“京道”与“京路”辨析

《辽史》除《地理志》因谋篇需要提及诸“京道”外,仅有两处提及某“京道”,而辽代石刻及宋人文献皆没有关于辽代“京道”的任何记载。《辽史》中数次出现的“(几)京诸道”,是五代、北宋较为常见的一种说法,系诸京与诸节镇的合称。这些证据表明辽代并没有“京道”一级的政区。此外,文献中的“京路”也与行政区划无涉。《辽史》中关于三京宰相府的记载,实为东京中台省(宰相府)之误记,辽代并没有三京宰相府。

Prognostic factors for recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy's lesion

AIM： To analyze the effectiveness of the endoscopic therapy and to identify prognostic factors for recurrent bleeding. METHODS： Retrospective study of patients with gas- trointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy＇s lesion （DL） from 2005 to 2011. We analyzed the demographic characteristics of the patients, risk factors for gastro- intestinal bleeding, endoscopic findings, characteristics of the endoscopic treatment, and the recurrence of bleeding. We included cases in which endoscopy de- scribed a lesion compatible with Dieulafoy. We exclud- ed patients who had potentially bleeding lesions such as angiodysplasia in other areas or had undergone other gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. RESULTS： Twenty-nine patients with DL were identi- fied. Most of them were men with an average age of 71.5 years. Fifty-five percent of the patients received antiaggregatory or anticoagulant therapy. The most common location for DL was the stomach （51.7%）. The main type of bleeding was oozing in 65.5% of cases. In 27.6% of cases, there was arterial （spurting） bleeding, and 6.9% of the patients presented with an adherent clot. A single endoscopic treatment was ap- plied to nine patients （31%）, eight of them with adren- aline and one with argon, while 69% of the patients received combined treatment. Six patients （20.7%） presented with recurrent bleeding at a median of 4 d after endoscopy （interquartile range = 97.75）. Within these six patients, the new endoscopic treatment ob- tained a therapeutic success of 100%. The presence of arterial bleeding at endoscopy was associated with a higher recurrence rate for bleeding （50% vs 33.3% for other type of bleeding） rP = 0.024, odds ratio （OR） = 8.5, 95% CI = 1.13-63.87]. The use of combined en- doscopic treatment prevented the recurrence of bleed- ing （10% vs 44.4% of single treatment） （P = 0.034, OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.19-0.99）. CONCLUSION： Endoscopic treatment of DL is safe and effective. Adrenaline monotherapy and arterial （spurting） bleeding are associated with a high rate of bleeding recurrence.

Endoscopic ablation of Barrett's esophagus using high power setting argon plasma coagulation: A prospective study

AIM: This prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of 90 W argon plasma coagulation (APC) for the ablation of Barrett's esophagus (BE) that is considered to be the main risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.METHODS: The results from 25 patients, observed at the First Department of General Surgery, University of Verona, Italy, from October 2000 to October 2003, who underwent APC for histologically proven BE were prospectively analyzed.RESULTS: The ablation treatment was completed in all the patients but one (96%). The mean number of APC sessions needed to complete ablation was 1.6 (total number: 40). The eradication was obtained in the majority of cases by one session only (60%), two sessions were required in 24% of the cases and three or more in 16%.About 43% of the sessions were complicated. Retrosternal pain (22.5%) and fever (17.5%) were the most frequent symptoms. Only one major complication occurred, it was an hemorrhage due to ulcer formation on the treated esophagus that required urgent endoscopic sclerosis and admission. The follow-up was accomplished in all the patients with a mean period of 26.3 mo and 20 patients (84%) with a follow-up period longer than 24 mo. Only one patient showed a relapse of metaplastic mucosa 12 mo after the completion of ablation. The patient was hence re-treated and now is free from recurrence 33 mo later.CONCLUSION: High power setting (90 W) APC showed to be safe and effective. The effects persist at a mean follow-up period of two years with a comparable cost in term of complications with respect to standard power settings. Further studies with greater number of patients are required to confirm these results and to assess if ablation reduces the incidence of malignant progression.

Pressure waves acting on wall of a tunnel and their impact on the tunnel's structural safety

The transient pressures induced by trains passing through a tunnel and their impact on the structural safety of the tunnel lining were numerically analyzed.The results show that the pressure change increases rapidly along the tunnel length,and the maximum value is observed at around 200 m from the entrance,while the maximum pressure amplitude is detected at 250 m from the entrance when two trains meeting in a double-track tunnel.The maximum peak pressure on the tunnel induced by a train passing through a 70 m^(2) single-track tunnel,100 m^(2) double-track tunnel and two trains meeting in the 100 m^(2) double-track tunnel at 350 km/h,are−4544 Pa,−3137 Pa and−5909 Pa,respectively.The aerodynamic pressure induced axial forces acting on the tunnel lining are only 8%,5%and 9%,respectively,of those generated by the earth pressure.It seems that the aerodynamic loads exert little underlying influence on the static strength safety of the tunnel lining providing that the existing cracks and defects are not considered.

Long-term results of endoscopic balloon dilatation of lower gastrointestinal tract strictures in Crohn's disease:A prospective study

AIM:To examine the long-term results of endoscopic treatment in a prospective study conducted over a period of 10 years,1997 to January 2007.METHODS:A total of 25 patients(20 female and five male:aged 18-75 years),with at least one symptom of stricture not passable with the standard colonoscope and with a confirmed scarred Crohn's stricture of the lower gastrointestinal tract,were included in the study.The main symptom was abdominal pain.The endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed with an 18 mm balloon under endoscopic and radiological control.RESULTS:Eleven strictures were located in the colon,13 at the anastomosis after ileocecal resection,three at the Bauhin valve and four in the ileum.Four patients had two strictures and one patient had three strictures.Of the 31 strictures,in 30 was balloon dilatation successful in a single endoscopic session,so that eventually the strictures could be passed easily with the standard colonoscope.In one patient with a long stricture of the ileum involving the Bauhin valve and an additional stricture of the ileum which were 15 cm apart,sufficient dilatation was not possible.This patient therefore required surgery.Improvement of abdominal symptoms was achieved in all cases which had technically successful balloon dilatation,althoughin one case perforation occurred after dilatation of a recurrent stricture.Available follow-up was in the range of 54-118 mo(mean of 81 mo).The relapse rate over this period was 46%,but 64% of relapsing strictures could be successfully dilated again.Only in four patients was surgery required during this follow-up period.CONCLUSION:We conclude from these initial results that endoscopic balloon dilatation,especially for short strictures in Crohn's disease,can be performed with reliable success.Perforation is a rare complication.It is our opinion that in the long-term,the relapse rate is probably higher than after surgery,but usually a second endoscopic treatment can be performed successfully,leading to a considerable success rate of the endoscopic procedure.

Free radicals and antioxidant systems in reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus

AIM: Experimental studies suggest that free radicals are involved in acid and pepsin-induced damage of esophageal mucosa. The profile and balance between free radicals and antioxidant systems in human esophagitis are unknown. METHODS: Superoxide anion and its powerful oxidant reaction with nitric oxide (peroxynitrite) generation were determined in esophageal mucosal biopsies from 101 patients with different gastro-esophageal reflux diseases and 28 controls. Activity of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, were also assessed. Expression of Cu,ZnSOD, MnSOD and tyrosine-nitrated MnSOD were analyzed by Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The highest levels of superoxide anion generation were found in patients with severe lesions of esophagitis. Peroxynitrite generation was intense in Barrett's biopsies, weaker in esophagitis and absent/weak in normal mucosa. Expression of Cu,ZnSOD and MnSOD isoforms were present in normal mucosa and increased according to the severity of the lesion, reaching the highest level in Barrett's esophagus. However, SOD mucosal activity significantly decreased in patients with esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus, which was, at least in part, due to nitration of its tyrosine residues. Catalase activity and GSH levels were significantly increased in mucosal specimens from patients with esophagitis and/or Barrett's esophagus. CONCLUSION: A decrease in SOD antioxidant activity leading to increased mucosal levels of superoxide anion and peroxynitrite radicals may contribute to the development of esophageal damage and Barrett's esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Administration of SOD may be a therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.

ATP-sensitive potassium channels:novel potential roles in Parkinson's disease

The ATP-sensitive potassium（KATP）channels which extensively distribute in diverse tissues（e.g.vascular smooth muscle,cardiac cells,and pancreas）are well-established for characteristics like vasodilatation,myocardial protection against ischemia,and insulin secretion.The aim of this review is to get insight into the novel roles of KATPchannels in Parkinson＇s disease（PD）,with consideration of the specificities KATPchannels in the central nervous system（CNS）, such as the control of neuronal excitability,action potential,mitochondrial function and neurotransmitter release.

Spatial Distribution of Integrated Impact Index of Mega-event——A Case Study of Expo '99 Kunming

Taking the affinity between events and media as a conceptualization base, a total of 1032 related news re-ports of Expo '99 Kunming, gathered from the internet data bank of China INFOBANK from 1992 to 2003, are used as data sources. After classifying them with a communication research method-the content analysis, a data bank for SPSS is set up, and a mathematic model called the Integrated Impact Index of Expo '99 Kunming is constituted. With the model, the spatial distribution of the total integrated impacts of Expo '99 Kunming on the regions or cities with different regional scales is analysed quantitatively. The conclusions are: 1) the Expo '99 Kunming made obvious integrated impacts on the regions or cities of every scale, especially in the venue city and the region-Kunming City and Yunnan Province; 2) it had corresponding impacts on other provinces; 3) the spatial distribution of Integrated Impact Index had a disaggregation with both plane extension and spotted decentralization; and 4) there was a distance decay law in all three scales of regions (Kunming City, Yunnan Province and the whole China), which incarnated the spatial extension law of the integrated impact of a special mega-event.

TGR5 expression in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of Barrett's esophagus: Case series and findings

To examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett’s mucosa, dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA).METHODSSlides were stained with TGR5 antibody. The staining intensity was scored as 1+, 2+ and 3+. The extent of staining (percentage of cells staining) was scored as follows: 1+, 1%-10%, 2+, 11%-50%, 3+, 51%-100%. A combined score of intensity and extent was calculated and categorized as negative, weak, moderate and strong staining. TGR5 mRNA was measured by real time PCR.RESULTSWe found that levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett’s dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with Barrett’s cell line CP-A. Moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) or in low-grade dysplasia. Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia than in BE mucosa, but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA. In addition, TGR5 staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high-grade dysplasia and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia and that its staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis. TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA.

Simulation of people's evacuation in tunnel fire

The simulation model Tunev（tunnel evacuation） was developed for people＇s evacuation in tunnel fire. It contains simple database of the people＇s behavioral reaction and structure characteristic parameters of tunnel fireproofing. The model can be used to calculate the total evacuation time in various scenes when fire occurs in the different locations of the tunnel. Combined with fire simulation soft ware CFD- POENICS3.5, Tunev model can be used to calculate the fire danger coming time; by comparing with these two kinds of time, it can be used to assess the safety of the evacuation, and the evacuation process also have a dynamic demo. The simulation results show that the Tunev model can be used to predict the reliability of safe evacuation for people in tunnel fire and provide references for people＇s safe escape scheme. Some relevant concepts of the model were described and an evacuation simulation of a typical tunnel case, i.e. Xuefeng Mountain Tunnel was performed by using this model. And the model＇s validation and actual aoolication were also described.

Infliximab stopped severe gastrointestinal bleeding in Crohn's disease

To report the result of rapid ulcer healing by infliximab in Crohn's patients with severe enterocolic bleeding. During 2005 and 2010, inflammatory bowel disease database of King Chulalongkorn Memorial and Samitivej hospitals were reviewed. There were seven Crohn's disease (CD) patients (4 women and 3 men; mean age 52 ± 10.4 years; range: 11-86 years). Two of the seven patients developed severe gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) as a flare up of CD whereas the other five patients presented with GIB as their first symptom for CD. Their mean hemoglobin level dropped from 12 ± 1.3 g/ dL to 8.7 ± 1.3 g/dL in a 3-d period. Median packed red blood cells units needed for resuscitation was 4 units. Because of uncontrolled bleeding, surgical resection was considered. However, due to the poor surgical candidacy of these patients (n = 3) and /or possible development of short bowel syndrome (n = 6), surgery was not pursued. Likewise angiographic embolization was not considered in any due to the risk of large infarction. All severe GIBs successfully stopped by one or two doses of intravenous infliximab. Our data suggests that infliximab is an alternative therapy for CD with severe GIB when surgery has limitation or patient is a high risk.

Role of genetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of Crohn's disease

Considering epidemiological,genetic and immunological data,we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment interact to produce the disease.It is probable that patients have a genetic predisposition for the development of the disease coupled with disturbances in immunoregulation.Several genes have been so far related to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.Those genes are related to innate pattern recognition receptors,to epithelial barrier homeostasis and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity,to autophagy and to lymphocyte differentiation.So far,the most strong and replicated associations with Crohn's disease have been done with NOD2,IL23R and ATG16L1 genes.Many genes have so far been implicated in prognosis of Crohn's disease and many attempts have been made to classify genetic profiles in Crohn's disease.CARD15 seems not only a susceptibility gene,but also a disease-modifier gene for Crohn's disease.Enriching our understanding on Crohn's disease genetics is important but when combining genetic data with functional data the outcome could be of major importance to clinicians.