Adding Value to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.

Modelling Land Use/Land Cover Change of River Rwizi Catchment, South-Western Uganda Using GIS and Markov Chain Model

Analysis of catchment Land use/Land cover (LULC) change is a vital tool in ensuring sustainable catchment management. The study analyzed land use/land cover changes in the Rwizi catchment, south western Uganda from 1989-2019 and projected the trend by 2040. Landsat images, field observations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Changes in cropland, forestland, built up area, grazing land, wetland and open water bodies were analyzed in ArcGIS version 10.2.2 and ERDAS IMAGINE 14 software and a Markov chain model. All the LULC classes increased in area except grazing land. Forest land and builtup area between 2009-2019 increased by 370.03% and 229.53% respectively. Projections revealed an increase in forest land and builtup area by 2030 and only built up area by 2040. LULCC in the catchment results from population pressure, reduced soil fertility and high value of agricultural products.

Land Use Land Cover Analysis for Godavari Basin in Maharashtra Using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing

The dynamic transformation of land use and land cover has emerged as a crucial aspect in the effective management of natural resources and the continual monitoring of environmental shifts. This study focused on the land use and land cover (LULC) changes within the catchment area of the Godavari River, assessing the repercussions of land and water resource exploitation. Utilizing LANDSAT satellite images from 2009, 2014, and 2019, this research employed supervised classification through the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software’s SCP plugin. Maximum likelihood classification algorithm was used for the assessment of supervised land use classification. Seven distinct LULC classes—forest, irrigated cropland, agricultural land (fallow), barren land, shrub land, water, and urban land—are delineated for classification purposes. The study revealed substantial changes in the Godavari basin’s land use patterns over the ten-year period from 2009 to 2019. Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/cover changes (2009-2019) were quantified using three Satellite/Landsat images, a supervised classification algorithm and the post classification change detection technique in GIS. The total study area of the Godavari basin in Maharashtra encompasses 5138175.48 hectares. Notably, the built-up area increased from 0.14% in 2009 to 1.94% in 2019. The proportion of irrigated cropland, which was 62.32% in 2009, declined to 41.52% in 2019. Shrub land witnessed a noteworthy increase from 0.05% to 2.05% over the last decade. The key findings underscored significant declines in barren land, agricultural land, and irrigated cropland, juxtaposed with an expansion in forest land, shrub land, and urban land. The classification methodology achieved an overall accuracy of 80%, with a Kappa Statistic of 71.9% for the satellite images. The overall classification accuracy along with the Kappa value for 2009, 2014 and 2019 supervised land use land cover classification was good enough to detect the changing scenarios of Godavari River basin under study. These findings provide valuable insights for discerning land utilization across various categories, facilitating the adoption of appropriate strategies for sustainable land use in the region.

Trends of Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Savannah Ecological of the Protected Area Reserve Partielle de Dosso, Niger

Information on the dynamics of savannah is important to a country's plan to overcome the problems of uncontrolled development and environmental hazards. Taking the reserve partielle de Dosso, Niger as the case study area, this paper analyzed the long-term land use land cover change from 2002 to 2022. Satellite images were processed by using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Therefore, four major land cover classes were identified based on spectral characteristics of Land sat, namely, built-up, vegetation, cropland, bare land and water. The result revealed that barren and built-up areas increased at the expense of vegetation and water. From the four major land use land cover the large area is covered by vegetation which comprises about 192963.5 hectares followed by cropland and water consisting of 32506.43 and 1596.4 hectares respectively. The built-up area gained substantial area (most) during the study period. The reduction in some of the land cover/uses underlines the dangerous trend of the pressure poised by population growth and the changing functionality. Land cover change is influenced by a variety of societal factors operating on several spatial and temporal levels. The area estimates and spatial distributions of the LULC classes produced from the current study will assist local authorities, managers, and other stakeholders in decision-making and planning regarding forest land cover and uses.

Migration and Spatiotemporal Land Cover Change: A Case of Bosomtwe Lake Basin, Ghana

Internal migration is highly valued due to its increasingly acknowledged potential for social and economic development. However, despite its significant contribution to the development of towns and cities, it has led to the deterioration of many ecosystems globally. Lake Bosomtwe, a natural Lake in Ghana and one of the six major meteoritic lakes in the world is affected by land cover changes caused by the rising effects of migration, population expansion, and urbanization, owing to the development of tourist facilities on the lakeshore. This study investigated land cover change trajectories using a post-classification comparison approach and identified the factors influencing alteration in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin. Using Landsat imagery, an integrated approach of remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), and statistical analysis was successfully employed to analyze the land cover change of the basin. The findings show that over the 17 years, the basin’s forest cover decreased significantly by 16.02%, indicating that population expansion significantly affects changes in land cover. Ultimately, this study will raise the awareness of stakeholders, decision-makers, policy-makers, government, and non-governmental agencies to evaluate land use development patterns, optimize land use structures, and provide a reference for the formulation of sustainable development policies to promote the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Snow Cover Area in the Pamirs from 2010 to 2020

Scientific and comprehensive monitoring of snow cover changes in the Pamirs is of great significance to the prevention of snow disasters around the Pamirs and the full utilization of water resources. Utilize the 2010-2020 snow cover product MOD10A2, Synthesis by maximum, The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of snow cover area in the Pamirs in the past 11 years have been obtained. Research indicates: In terms of interannual changes, the snow cover area of the Pamir Plateau from 2010 to 2020 generally showed a slight decrease trend. The average snow cover area in 2012 was the largest, reaching 54.167% of the total area. In 2014, the average snow cover area was the smallest, accounting for only 44.863% of the total area. In terms of annual changes, there are obvious changes with the change of seasons. The largest snow area is in March, and the smallest snow area is in August. In the past 11 years, the average snow cover area in spring and summer showed a slow decreasing trend, and there was almost no change in autumn and winter. In terms of space, the snow cover area of the Pamirs is significantly affected by altitude, and the high snow cover areas are mainly distributed in the Karakoram Mountains and other areas with an altitude greater than 5000 meters.

Estimating Tree Canopy Cover and Identifying Deforestation Patterns in Meghalaya (1990-2021) through ML Classifiers

This study utilizes ML classifiers to estimate canopy density based on three decades of data (1990-2021). The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier outperformed other classifiers, such as Random Tree and Maximum Likelihood. Satellite data from Landsat and Sentinel 2 was classified using a developed python model, providing an economical and time-saving approach. The accuracy of the classification was evaluated through a confusion matrix and area computation. The findings indicate a negative trend in the overall decadal change, with significant tree loss attributed to jhum cultivation, mining, and quarry activities. However, positive changes were observed in recent years due to the ban on illegal mining. The study highlights the dynamic nature of tree cover and emphasizes the need for biennial assessments using at least five time-series data. Micro-level analysis in Shallang, West Khasi hills, revealed a concerning trend of shortening jhum cycles. Automation in canopy change analysis is crucial for effective forest monitoring, providing timely information for law enforcement proposals and involving forest managers, stakeholders, and watchdog organizations.

Copper Mineralization in the Lower Cambrian Cover of Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti Atlas, Morocco): Tectonic-Mineralizations Relationships

The Moroccan Anti-Atlas is a vast geological region composed of a Precambrian basement covered by a late-Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. More than 200 copper occurrences are listed in these sequences. The copper mineralization of the Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti-Atlas) is observed into the lower Limestones of the lower Cambrian (Adoudou formation), just above the volcanic formations of the Jbel Boho between Bou Azzer El Graara and Zenaga inliers. The region is by an E-W shortening resulting in an overlapping structure with vergence associated with folds. Generally, the mineralization is hosted along the principal fault of Jbel N’Zourk and sometimes in the anticlines hinges. The petrographic study showed that the mineralization can be observed in several aspects, either in the fractures and veins, in small karsts or rarely disseminated in calcite and dolomite minerals. These observations host new arguments who contribute to a later reconcentration of the copper mineralization of Jbel N’Zourk, trapped on faulted and folded structures attributed to Variscan deformation.

An Assessment of Land Cover Change in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria

The paper assessed the land cover change in Gashaka-Gumti National Park between 1991 and 2021. To achieve this, LandSat data of years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 were obtained from the United States Geological Survey online resource. The findings of the study revealed that there is decrease in the different land cover types over time as a result of anthropogenic activities of the enclave dwellers. The study observed that the continuous existence of enclaves within and around the Park constitutes a serious threat to the survival of the Park. The study recommended that the federal government should consider resettlement of the enclave dwellers to give way for the development of the Park.

Estimation of the Carbon Sequestration Dynamics of Senegal’s Great Green Wall Based on Land Cover over the Past Three Decades

The severe drought observed in the Sahel during 1970s, 1980s and 1990s has deeply affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this climatic area. The GGW Initiative spearheaded by Africa Union in 2007 proposed to combat the land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. A reforestation was then conducted in the Senegal’s GGW since 2006 as part as other areas in the Sahel. This paper aims to evaluate the carbon sequestration dynamics in the sites of the Senegal’s GGW over the last three decades. The method consists firstly of analyzing the evolution of land cover and land use dynamics based on ESA-CCI LC satellite data. There is an improvement of the surface areas of tree and shrub savanna of 11.40% (Tessekere), 8.25% (Syer) and 2.70% (Loughere-Thioly). The regreening of the different localities and a positive dynamic observed is explained by the return to normal rainfall and to reforestation actions, agroforestry practices, better management of natural resources undertaken. However, some non-reforested sites showed an opposite trend despite of the normal rainfall. Secondly, the results on land mapping are used as a proxy for the assessment of carbon stocks. The dynamic observed in vegetation cover since the beginning of the reforestation made it possible to sequester 5.8 million tons of carbon representing respectively 2.31% of African GGW. This gain in stored carbon is equivalent to 21.2 million tons of CO2 captured in the atmosphere. Through this study, it appears that carbon storage becomes significant 8 to 10 years after the start of reforestation. An urbanization without respect for the environmental factors could be a danger for the climate (case of Ballou).

52例猫坏死性角膜炎病例报告

猫坏死性角膜炎是一种常见的猫角膜疾病,我国针对该病的研究较少,治疗方案不一。本试验收集2019年1月─2021年1月在中国农业大学动物医院就诊的52例猫坏死性角膜炎病例(共56只患眼),对病例统计分析,总结该病特征性的临床症状,讨论不同治疗方案的优缺点。结果显示,猫坏死性角膜炎高发品种为异国短毛猫(22/52,42.3%),高发年龄段为<7岁(50/52,96.2%),慢性角膜刺激是该病的常见病因。在52例患猫病例中,34例(共38只患眼)进行角膜切除术治疗,其中22只患眼同时进行了第三眼睑遮盖术,另外16只患眼同时进行了结膜瓣遮盖术。2例患猫病例术后出现坏死性角膜炎复发,均为年轻斯芬克斯猫。结果表明,角膜切除术是治疗猫坏死性角膜炎的首选治疗方案,坏死角膜的残留可能造成术后复发。

黄河水源涵养区土地利用变化的区域分异特征及未来格局

解析黄河水源涵养区历史和未来的土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)对于保护黄河流域水土资源和维系生态系统服务功能等具有重要意义。在研究区及其三大子区(Ⅰ黄河上游水源区、Ⅱ渭河南山区、Ⅲ伊洛河区),基于1990—2020年的土地覆盖产品数据,采用转移矩阵、地理探测器、CA-Markov模型等方法,分析LUCC特征、探测驱动因素和预测未来期(2025年)空间格局。结果表明:自2000s以来,研究区及分区地类呈现退耕还林还草和建设用地快速增长的2条主线变化趋势,其中,全区LUCC主要受到粮食产量、高程和人口密度驱动,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区LUCC的主导驱动因素分别是高程、人口密度和粮食产量。未来生态保护情景相对于自然发展情景,耕地和建设用地扩张将受到约束,能更好地保障生态用地面积以支撑水源涵养等生态服务功能。

面向多源异质遥感影像地物分类的自监督预训练方法

近年来,深度学习改变了遥感图像处理的方法。由于标注高质量样本费时费力,标签样本数量不足的现实问题会严重影响深层神经网络模型的性能。为解决这一突出矛盾,本文提出了用于多源异质遥感影像地物分类的自监督预训练和微调分类方案,旨在缓解模型对于标签样本的严重依赖。具体来讲,生成式自监督学习模型由非对称的编码器-解码器结构组成,其中深度编码器从多源遥感数据中学习高阶关键特征,任务特定的解码器用于重建原始遥感影像。为提升特性表示能力,交叉注意力机制模型用于融合异源特征中的信息,进而从多源异质遥感影像中学习更多的互补信息。在微调分类阶段,预训练好的编码器作为无监督特征提取器,基于Transformer结构的轻量级分类器将学习到的特征与光谱信息结合并用于地物分类。这种自监督预训练方案能够从多源异质遥感影像中学习到刻画原始数据的高级关键特征,并且此过程不需要任何人工标注信息,从而缓解了对标签样本的依赖。与现有的分类范式相比,本文提出的自监督预训练和微调方案在多源遥感影像地物分类中能够取得更优的分类结果。

不同覆盖物清理状态下海底电缆打捞受力仿真

该文通过对海缆深浅水打捞过程机理的分析,确定覆盖物对打捞过程存在一定影响。通过OrcaFlex考虑水动力建立打捞过程模型,研究覆盖物厚度与覆盖物位置对海缆打捞过程中张力及曲率的影响。研究发现,覆盖段被打捞时,海缆张力会出现明显的波动;打捞过程覆盖段海缆曲率极值明显增大。随着覆盖物厚度的增加,覆盖段海缆曲率极值逐渐增大,海缆的张力波动也更加明显。覆盖物只对覆盖段曲率极值有明显影响;当吊点处覆盖物未完全清理时海缆易发生弯曲失效,远离吊点处的覆盖物对打捞过程海缆沿缆曲率极值影响不大。在实际工况下可进行针对性工作和保护,降低工作量并提高打捞效率,防止电缆在打捞过程中受到二次破坏。

Investigating the Long-Term Relationship between Aerosol Optical Thickness and Land Use/Cover Change in Guangxi Coastal Cities, China

Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) has an impact on AOD to a certain extent. It is of great significance for ecological environment and public health to pay attention to and explore the response mechanism of AOD to LUCC. Based on remote sensing satellite technology, using landsat8 and MODIS data, this paper analyzes the correlation between different land use types and AOD in Beibu Gulf coastal urban belt under the background of wide-scale region and long time series, and further discusses the difference value and contribution level of each LUCC to AOD. The results show that: 1) there is a positive correlation between PM concentration and cultivated land, urban land, water area and other types of land, and the correlation coefficient increases in turn, R is 0.812, 0.685, 0.627, 0.416, respectively, which indicates that the increase of cultivated land and urban land increases PM concentration to a certain extent;2) there is a significant negative correlation between PM concentration and forest land, R is -0.924, The results show that the decrease of woodland is an important factor for the increase of atmospheric particulate matter concentration in the study area from 2015 to 2019;3) through the contribution analysis method, the contribution of cultivated land to AOD is the largest, followed by urban land, and the water area is the smallest in 2015-2019, which indicates that the land use mode is closely related to AOD. It can be helpful to reasonably plan land use types and scientifically optimize land use structure. It can effectively reduce the concentration of air pollution particles.

盖板件高效铣削表面粗糙度预测与工艺参数优化

为了保证7075铝合金盖板件铣削表面质量和提高铣削加工效率,进行工艺参数优化,通过响应曲面法(RSM)构建铣削加工表面粗糙度预测模型,分析铣削工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响规律。基于表面粗糙度预测模型建立高效铣削工艺参数优化目标方程,采用改进的粒子群算法(PSO)对目标方程进行优化,运用优化后的工艺参数对某盖板件进行铣削加工。试验结果表明:采用优化后的工艺参数进行盖板件铣削加工可以满足表面粗糙度要求,验证了预测模型的准确性和改进PSO方法的可行性。

CMIP6耦合模式对青藏高原积雪的未来预估

基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的历史模拟试验以及情景预估试验数据,分析了21世纪中(2035—2064年)、后期(2070—2099年)青藏高原积雪相对于参考期(1985—2014年)的变化。结果表明:相对于参考期,21世纪中、后期青藏高原平均年积雪日数、平均积雪期均表现为减少,减少幅度总体随着人为辐射强迫的增加而加大;除低强迫情景外,21世纪后期的减少幅度均大于21世纪中期;空间上总体表现为青藏高原东南部的减少幅度大于西北部。21世纪中、后期青藏高原积雪初日均表现为推迟、积雪终日均表现为提前,积雪初日推迟天数是积雪终日提前天数的1.5~2.0倍;人为辐射强迫越高,积雪初(终)日推迟(提前)天数越多;相同情景下21世纪后期积雪初(终)日推迟(提前)天数均多于21世纪中期。降雪(气温)与年积雪日数呈正(负)相关;随着人为辐射强迫的增加,降雪对年积雪日数的相对贡献率总体呈增加趋势;空间特征表现为降雪(气温)对青藏高原南部和北部(东部和西部)的年积雪日数的相对贡献更大。7—12月降雪的减少幅度大于1—6月,这可能是积雪初日推迟天数多于积雪终日提前天数的重要原因。不同情景下青藏高原未来积雪变化差异明显,由此可见,控制温室气体排放对减缓未来青藏高原积雪的减少速率至关重要。

绒毛皂荚特定森林环境育苗技术组合与常规育苗对比试验

[目的]提高绒毛皂荚场地发芽率,加速种群回归。[方法]在特定的森林环境进行育苗技术组合试验,并以苗圃常规育苗为对照,研究不破坏林地环境的小铲破土和地表播种+死地被物多种覆盖方式技术组合对发芽率与苗木生长的影响。[结果]小铲破土播种或地表播种加4种不同死地被物覆盖方式技术组合的场地发芽率分别为(A_(1))61.67%、(A_(2))55.56%、(A_(3))61.11%、(A_(4))57.22%,均高于常规育苗(CK)的35.03%;A_(1)小铲破土播种后,盖1 cm厚表层有机土+3 cm厚粗腐殖质+未分解的枯枝落叶组合和A_(3)种子直播土壤地表后,盖3 cm厚的粗腐殖质+未分解枯枝落叶同为最佳组合;常规育苗的苗木成苗率(成苗数与发芽数之比×100%)与苗木生长量略高于其他处理;但从成苗数的绝对数比较,CK小于A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)、A_(4)处理的106、85、95和88株。[结论]特定的森林环境母树下小铲破土或地表播种后+林地死地被物覆盖组合育苗是提高场地发芽率和成苗数的有效方法。

绿化覆盖率对城市绿地破碎度与地表温度的关系的影响

优化绿地空间配置(如破碎度)是改善城市热环境的有效途径。然而绿地破碎度对城市热环境的影响可能随绿化覆盖率的变化而变化,对改善城市热环境提出了巨大挑战,但相关研究十分缺乏。以长沙市为例,利用Landsat地表温度表征城市热环境,使用解译于高分2号遥感影像的城市绿地图在1 m像元尺度量化绿化覆盖率和绿地破碎度(用绿地边界密度表征)。以419个1 km格网为分析单元,应用分段线性回归揭示绿化覆盖率与绿地破碎度间的非线性关系,识别绿化覆盖率阈值并以此为标准将419个1 km格网划分为高绿化覆盖率区和低绿化覆盖率区。以1 km格网平均地表温度为因变量,绿化覆盖率、绿地破碎度、水体覆盖率和裸地覆盖率为自变量从研究区、高绿化覆盖率区和低覆盖率区3个方面建立多元线性回归模型阐明绿地破碎度对地表温度的影响。最后进行方差分解分析绿化覆盖率、绿地破碎度和其他土地覆盖率对地表温度的独立和联合影响。结果显示,1)绿地破碎度随绿化覆盖率的增加先增加后降低,阈值为44.9%。2)整个研究区,4个指标可解释69.1%的地表温度变异,地表温度随绿化覆盖率、水体覆盖率、裸地覆盖率和绿地破碎度的增加显著降低。3)低绿化覆盖率下绿地破碎度显著影响地表温度,高绿化覆盖率下绿地破碎度对地表温度呈不显著正影响。4)在研究区和不同绿化覆盖率区域,绿化覆盖率对地表温度的独立影响均高于绿地破碎度的独立影响。建议长沙城市绿地规划管理在提高绿化覆盖率的同时可提高低绿化覆盖率区域绿地破碎度以改善城市热环境。

地质灾害易发性评价因子分级的AIFFC算法优化

针对地质灾害易发性评价因子分级数不确定的问题,引入自适应膨胀因子模糊覆盖分级方法(fuzzy cover approach for clustering based on adaptive inflation factor,AIFFC)对易发性评价因子分级进行优化。以湖南省湘乡市为研究区,提取了坡度、坡向、高程、年平均降雨量、归一化植被指数、道路、断层、岩性和土地利用9类评价因子,运用AIFFC及自然断点法(natural breakpoint classification,NBC)对连续型因子进行分级,并分别代入加权信息量模型和随机森林模型,获取研究区易发性区划图。采用单因子分级结果精度、灾积比分析和易发性分区结果对AIFFC分级法的优越性进行检验,结果表明:各因子采用AIFFC算法分级的AUC值均高于自然断点法;基于AIFFC的随机森林模型及加权信息量模型的高易发区灾积比分别提升了56.3%、74.6%,低易发区灾积比分别降低了48%、58.1%,AUC值分别提升了7.6%、2.7%。采用AIFFC分级方法优化了地质灾害易发性评价因子分级,显著提高了地质灾害易发性评价的合理性。