Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

Exchanges between CAFIU and Non-Governmental Organizations in Europe

It has always been one of its major tasks for CAFIU to conduct non-governmental exchanges and contacts with European countries since CAFIU was founded more than thirty years ago.As in recent years,the China-Europe comprehensive strategic partnership has continuously deepened with exchanges and cooperation in various areas further

Chinese Anti-Cancer Association as a non-governmental organization undertakes systematic cancer prevention work in China

Cancer has become the first leading cause of death in the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Facing the increasing trend of cancer incidence and mortality, China issued and implemented ＂three-early（early prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment）＂ national cancer prevention plan. As the main body and dependence of social governance, non-governmental organizations（NGOs） take over the role of government in the field of cancer prevention and treatment. American Cancer Society（ACS） made a research on cancer NGOs and civil society in cancer control and found that cancer NGOs in developing countries mobilize civil society to work together and advocate governments in their countries to develop policies to address the growing cancer burden. Union for International Cancer Control（UICC）, Cancer Council Australia（CCA）, and Malaysian cancer NGOs are the representatives of cancer NGOs in promoting cancer control. Selecting Chinese Anti-Cancer Association（CACA） as an example in China, this article is to investigate how NGOs undertake systematic cancer prevention work in China. By conducting real case study, we found that, as a NGO, CACA plays a significant role in intensifying the leading role of government in cancer control, optimizing cancer outcomes, decreasing cancer incidence and mortality rates and improving public health.

Effectiveness and impact of the crossborder healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations: case study of the malaria control programs by health poverty action on the ChinaMyanmar border

Background:In the Yunnan province of China,18 counties in six prefectures border Myanmar.Due to its particular combination of geographic features,climate conditions,and cultural landscape,the area provides a suitable environment for the spread of insect-borne diseases such as malaria.In five identified Myanmar Special Regions along the China-Myanmar border,economic development is lagging,people live in extreme poverty,and the healthcare system is fragile.Coupled with political and other reasons,this precludes malaria control work to be effectively carried out in Myanmar,resulting in a heavy burden of the disease.Frequent population movements and favorable conditions for malaria transmission on the border fuel difficulties in controlling and eliminating the spread of the disease in the area.Case presentation:To reduce the prevalence of malaria in the China-Myanmar border area and improve healthcare services for local residents in this particular environment,Health Poverty Action(HPA)has provided malaria aid in the area since the beginning of 2006,as a sub-recipient of the China Global Fund Malaria Programs.In this case study,we examined HPA’s activities as part of its malaria control programs in the area,analyzed and summarized the effectiveness and impact of the cross-border healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations,and put forward suggestions for cross-border health aid models and for the prevention of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion.Conclusions:HPA had carried out a great quantity of successful malaria control activities in border areas between China and Myanmar,strengthened the partnership and established the collaboration,coordination and cooperation channels among stakeholders.HPA has laid good groundwork and developed its valuable model that could be highlighted and referenced.

Social innovation based on collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations in COVID-19 crisis: evidence from Iran

Background One of the effective ways to attract social collaboration to provide effective,prompt,and coordinated interventions in emergencies is through social innovation.The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on the collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)for saving people’s lives in crises.The initial idea of this research was obtained from the best practice“Every Home Is a Health Base”which was implemented in Iran.Methods The Grounded Theory strategy has been used in this study.The statistical population of the study is health experts from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran.The study time span is during the first half of 2020.Exploratory analysis was used to identify the factors of social innovation.By selecting and reviewing 68 research in-depth,the initial framework was prepared.Then,through a semi-structured interview with experts,the framework was adapted and reviewed.Based on the analysis of the collected data,39 open codes were extracted and the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation were identified.Results The eight axis codes as the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on the collaboration between government and NGOs are as follows:Paying attention to the components of the NGOs collaboration effectiveness,investment to attract NGOs collaboration,the ability to manage the implementation,the ability of networking,the ability of policymaking,providing the necessary cultural and educational infrastructure;Existence of capable legal organizations to solve the executive problems of the plan and facilitate coordination,and controlling,containing and reducing the effects of the crisis,as consequences.Conclusions Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic have shown the world that the current governmental and social structures are not efficient enough to respond quickly to the emergence of global challenges.Social innovation is a solution to this problem.The findings of this study also confirm this and identify the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on collaboration between governments and NGOs in crises.The results of this research give governments and policymakers an efficient solution by involving NGOs,especially in times of widespread crises.Also,they can be used in planning for social development.

Primary Results of Late Surgical Treatment in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot from a Developing Country

Objectives: The purpose was to show how important is to operate on the Senegalese African children presenting with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) regardless of their age. Methods: It is a retrospective, descriptive analysis of data from the Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Tuebingen’s data base which was searched for all cases of TOF in foreign patients younger than 15 years between 05/2004-10/2016. Results: 16 children from Senegal with TOF were referred for treatment. Mean age of patients was 7.0 years (range 0.9 - 14.8 years). Primary corrective surgery was performed in 13/16 patients. A primary shunt procedure was required in 3/16 patients. All patients were discharged in good condition with a median 13 postoperative days. We did not register any deaths. All became asymptomatic with pulse oximetry oxygen saturations greater than 95%. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) gradient was less than 30 mmHg in all patients and 2 patients had moderate pulmonary valvular insufficiency. Conclusions: It was still necessary to operate Senegalese children presenting with TOF irrespective of their age.

Cooperation and Collaboration Impact on Policy Development: HIV/AIDS Policy in Latvia

This article describes a case study of trends of governance approach implementation in the health policy development and implementation process in Latvia, in the state in transition, or “new democracy”. Latvia became an independent democratic state in 1991, regaining its freedom after being part of the Soviet Union for 50 years. As the three Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) had a common history and starting point in the health reform implementation, the data of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) incidence and implemented policy steps were analyzed and compared of all the three states. The research provides insight into the HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) situation in Latvia from the time when the first patient was diagnosed till nowadays, describing the initiatives that were implemented to combat the spread of HIV infection and analyze the impact of different stakeholders in the policy development and implementation process. Although the main reform implementation actors in Latvia were Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or patient organizations by performing cooperation and collaboration with all the actors involved in the policy development and implementation process, more profound investigation reveals that major impact came from “old democracies”, international and global organizations as well as from physicians and commercial powers by providing a suitable environment for the reform development.

SMEs’Development in Afghanistan:Issues and New Management Perspectives

This research focuses on SMEs’development in Afghanistan:issues and new management perspectives.This study has been conducted and finished with an in-depth research results,findings,as well as recommendations for not only SMEs’owners but also relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as financial institutions.The study mainly included surveys through questionnaire-with both open and close-ended questions-as well as face to face and virtual interviews with owners of SMEs,governmental and non-governmental organizations and financial institutions like lending banks.For data collection,the main target groups were owners of the SMEs.More than 100 SMEs were selected as sample size and were reached and asked for their opinions about research questions and other open and close-ended questions among which more than 90 responses were received(40 from small and more than 50 from medium sized enterprises).Apart from SMEs,interviews with three relevant governmental and three non-governmental organizations as well as three financial institutions like lending banks were conducted.Based on main findings of this research,limited access to sustainable finance,insecurity,high operational cost,lack of support,and limited access to national and international markets are the most current and main challenges of SMEs in Afghanistan.Findings of this research also show that the service and the e-commerce sectors are making great advancement comparing to manufacturing sector in Afghanistan owing to more and more people’s access to internet every day.In fact,Afghanistan has a great opportunity for e-commerce since people’s access to internet has been increasing dramatically-from 4.7 million users in 2018 to 7.65 million users in 2020.Furthermore,according to findings of this research,most of the SMEs in Afghanistan are also referring to e-business mainly because of avoiding from being taxed by the government or getting licenses.This paper also provides some recommendations for SMEs owners,governmental and non-governmental organizations(donors).

Global Opportunities

The 2019 World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting,convened in Davos, Switzerland,on January 21-24 under the theme of Globalization 4.0:Shaping a New Architecture in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution,brought together senior government officials,executives from major global companies,leaders of international organizations and non-governmental organizations, and other prominent figures for intensive deliberations.

Social donation and university development:a comparative analysis between China’s and America’s endowment for public education

Social donation is a means for individuals,government organizations,and non-government organizations(NGOs)to provide public products and services for society.Seeking social donation is vital in the improvement of the university.This paper probes into the relationship between social donation and university development by comparing social donation levels and practices in China with those in the U.S.The main reasons why social donations in Chinese universities are relatively low are as follows:(1)independent NGOs have not been formed;(2)the system and mechanism of social donation are not perfect,and(3)many restricting factors of social culture still exist in China.