Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance

Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]).

Unveiling the dynamic role of innate and adaptive immune cells in COPD pathogenesis induced by cigarette smoke

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a multifaceted syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory cascade within the respiratory system,primarily triggered by exposure to harmful particles and gases,notably from cigarette smoke.This inflammatory response is orchestrated by innate immune cells like macrophages and epithelial cells,which recognize danger signals released from damaged cells.Prolonged inflammation prompts an adaptive immune reaction mediated by dendritic cells,culminating in the formation of lymphoid follicles and involving a complex interplay of T and B cells,as well as cytotoxic activity.Additionally,both viral and bacterial infections exacerbate COPD by further igniting inflammatory pathways,perpetuating the chronic inflammatory state.This comprehensive review encapsulates the intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in COPD,with a particular focus on the role of cigarette smoke in its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Research on the Relationship Between Average Cigarette Price per Box and Government Procurement in City A Based on a Regression Model

This study aims to analyze and predict the relationship between the average price per box in the cigarette market of City A and government procurement,providing a scientific basis and support for decision-making.By reviewing relevant theories and literature,qualitative prediction methods,regression prediction models,and other related theories were explored.Through the analysis of annual cigarette sales data and government procurement data in City A,a comprehensive understanding of the development of the tobacco industry and the economic trends of tobacco companies in the county was obtained.By predicting and analyzing the average price per box of cigarette sales across different years,corresponding prediction results were derived and compared with actual sales data.The prediction results indicate that the correlation coefficient between the average price per box of cigarette sales and government procurement is 0.982,implying that government procurement accounts for 96.4%of the changes in the average price per box of cigarettes.These findings offer an in-depth exploration of the relationship between the average price per box of cigarettes in City A and government procurement,providing a scientific foundation for corporate decision-making and market operations.

The Prevalence, Pattern, and Factors Affecting Cigarette Smoking among Undergraduate Students in a Tertiary Institution in Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ2 = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ2 = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ2 = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.

Cigarette induced release of exo-miR-34a from 16HBE vesicles targeting CASP2 promoted the proliferation of COPD MRC-5 cell

Objective:To explore how cigarette smoke extract(CES)regulates the expression of exosomal miR-34a in 16 HBE bronchial epithelial cells,thus affecting the proliferation of MRC-5 lung fibroblasts.Methods:CES was prepared from commercially available cigarettes,and 16HBE cells were treated with CES.The exosomal miR-34a collected from Yipeng Ding,Chief Physician,M.D..the supernatant was used for MRC-5 cell culture.The expression level of exosomal miR-34a was detected by RT-PCR.The proliferation ability of MRC-5 cells was determined by CCK-8 cell counting kit.The expression of CASP2 was detected by Western blot,and the target binding of miR-34a and CASP2 gene was verified by dual luciferase.Results:Under the transmission electron microscope,the exosomes in the supernatant of 16 HBE were spherical,with a particle size of about 100 nm;after CES treatment,the expression of exosomal miR-34a significantly increased.Further research showed that the exosomal miR-34a induced by CES can promote the proliferation of MRC-5 cells;miR-34a and CASP2 have a target binding relationship;miR-34a mimic significantly inhibited the expression of CASP2.Conclusion:In CES-induced 16HBE cells,exosomal miR-34a plays a key role in fibroblast proliferation through target binding with the CASP2 gene.

Evidence relating cigarettes,cigars and pipes to cardiovascular disease and stroke:Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

BACKGROUND More recent data are required relating to disease risk for use of various smoked products and of other products containing nicotine.Earlier we published metaanalyses of recent results for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer on the relative risk(RR)of current compared to never product use for cigarettes,cigars and pipes based on evidence from North America,Europe and Japan.We now report corresponding up-to-date evidence for acute myocardial infarction(AMI),ischaemic heart disease(IHD)and stroke.AIM To estimate,using recent data,AMI,IHD and stroke RRs by region for current smoking of cigarettes,cigars and pipes.METHODS Publications in English from 2015 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of AMI,IHD or stroke for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of stroke or cardiovascular disease(CVD),not be restricted to populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and meta-analyses.For each study identified,we entered the most recent available data on current smoking of each product,as well as the characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis for stroke and,in the case of CVD,separately for IHD and AMI.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.A more limited assessment of variation in risk by daily number of cigarettes smoked was also conducted.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:Ten studies gave a random-effects RR for AMI of 2.72[95%confidence interval(CI):2.40-3.08],derived from 13 estimates between 1.47 and 4.72.Twenty-three studies gave an IHD RR of 2.01(95%CI:1.84-2.21),using 28 estimates between 0.81 and 4.30.Thirty-one studies gave a stroke RR of 1.62(95%CI:1.48-1.77),using 37 estimates from 0.66 to 2.91.Though heterogeneous,only two of the overall 78 RRs were below 1.0,71 significantly(P<0.05)exceeding 1.0.The heterogeneity was only partly explicable by the factors studied.Estimates were generally higher for females and for later-starting studies.They were significantly higher for North America than Europe for AMI,but not the other diseases.For stroke,the only endpoint with multiple Japanese studies,RRs were lower there than for Western studies.Adjustment for multiple factors tended to increase RRs.Our RR estimates and the variations by sex and region are consistent with earlier meta-analyses.RRs generally increased with amount smoked.Current cigar and pipe smoking:No AMI data were available.One North American study reported reduced IHD risk for non-exclusive cigar or pipe smoking,but considered few cases.Two North American studies found no increased stroke risk with exclusive cigar smoking,one reporting reduced risk for exclusive pipe smoking(RR 0.24,95%CI:0.06-0.91).The cigar results agree with an earlier review showing no clear risk increase for IHD or stroke.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking increases risk of AMI,IHD and stroke,RRs being 2.72,2.01 and 1.62.The stroke risk is lower in Japan,no increase was seen for cigars/pipes.

Stubbing Out the Cigarette

China has rolled out laws,policies,and programs to reduce the use of tobacco,and achieved marked results over the past decades.OLD Chen took a drag on his cigarette,watching his three-year-old granddaughter woddle around in a small park in western Beijing.Whenever the toddler came near,he would stretch out his hand holding the cigarette as far away from her as possible.Still,the smell of smoke was perceptible even at arm’s length.“Smoking is no good,my wife complains about it every day,”he acknowledged.“But I am too old to quit,”he said,giving a familiar excuse.Like many men of his generation,the 67-year-old first picked up the nicotine habit from his peers,fellow factory workers in his case.He has noticed that fewer people of his age are smoking today.“Smoking is no good,”he reiterated.

Evidence relating cigarette,cigar and pipe smoking to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

BACKGROUND There is a need to have up-to-date information for various diseases on the risk related to the use of different smoked products and the use of other nicotinecontaining products.Here,we contribute to the information pool by presenting up-to-date quantitative evidence for North America,Europe and Japan and for both lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)on the relative risk(RR)relating to current vs never product use for each of the three smoked tobacco products,cigarettes,cigars and pipes.AIM To estimate lung cancer and COPD current smoking RRs for the three products using recent data for the three regions.METHODS Publications in English from 2010 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of lung cancer and/or COPD for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered,not be restricted to specific lung cancer types or populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE separately for lung cancer and for COPD,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and metaanalyses.For each study identified,the most recent available data on each product were entered on current smoking,as well as on characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.Results were compared with those from previous meta-analyses published since 2000.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:For lung cancer,44 studies(26 North American,14 European,three Japanese,and one in multiple continents),gave an overall estimate of 12.14[95%confidence interval(CI)10.30-14.30].The estimates were higher(heterogeneity P<0.001)for North American(15.15,CI 12.77-17.96)and European studies(12.30,CI 9.77-15.49)than for Japanese studies(3.61,CI 2.87-4.55),consistent with previous evidence of lower RRs for Asia.RRs were higher(P<0.05)for death(14.85,CI 11.99-18.38)than diagnosis(10.82,CI 8.61-13.60).There was some variation(P<0.05)by study population,with higher RRs for international and regional studies than for national studies and studies of specific populations.RRs were higher in males,as previously reported,the within-study male/female ratio of RRs being 1.52(CI 1.20-1.92).RRs did not vary significantly(P≥0.05)by other factors.For COPD,RR estimates were provided by 18 studies(10 North American,seven European,and one Japanese).The overall estimate of 9.19(CI 6.97-12.13),was based on heterogeneous data(P<0.001),and higher than reported earlier.There was no(P>0.1)variation by sex,region or exclusive use,but limited evidence(0.05<P<0.1)that RR estimates were greater where cases occurring shortly after baseline were ignored;where bronchiectasis was excluded from the COPD definition;and with greater confounder adjustment.Within-study comparisons showed adjusted RRs exceeded unadjusted RRs.Current cigar smoking:Three studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 2.73(CI 2.36-3.15),with no heterogeneity,lower than the 4.67(CI 3.49-6.25)reported in an earlier review.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(2.44,CI 0.98-6.05)being imprecise.Current pipe smoking:Four studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 4.93(CI 1.97-12.32),close to the 5.20(CI 3.50-7.73)given earlier.However,the estimates were heterogeneous,with two above 10,and two below 3.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(1.12,CI 0.29-4.40),being imprecise.For both diseases,the lower RR estimates for cigars and for pipes than for current smoking of cigarettes aligns with earlier published evidence.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking substantially increases lung cancer and COPD risk,more so in North America and Europe than Japan.Limited evidence confirms lower risks for cigars and pipes than cigarettes.

计及多目标约束的成品卷烟销售订单配送调度优化

针对制造业供应链中的跨地域多运输中心大数据订单物流调度问题,对涉及多约束条件和多目标的异构运输车辆调度问题展开研究。根据烟草制造工业的实际运输任务需求,考虑制造订单安排、车辆准运证限制、运输车辆物理限制、运输时间窗、排产出库时间等实际约束,搭建了以包括车辆等待卷烟出库的最短运输时间,最低运输费用及最高车辆利用率为优化目标的成品烟物流车辆跨地域调度优化模型。设计了基于差分进化的混合多元宇宙算法(DE-MVO)用以解决该模型。最后基于某烟草工业企业的实际生产订单数据进行实验,将所设计的算法分别与粒子群(PSO)算法、差分进化(DE)算法、鲸鱼优化(WOA)算法、遗传优化(GA)算法、乌鸦搜索(CSA)算法、天鹰座优化器(AO)、多元宇宙(MVO)等前沿算法进行横向对比,对比结果表明所设计的算法在全局搜索能力、寻优精度等方面更优于其他算法,进一步表明所建立的模型在求解制造业供应链运输车辆调度问题中具有可行性。

Analysis on the Development of Cigarette Packaging in the Era of Intelligence

China is one of the biggest countries in cigarette production and sales,therefore it is important to improve the quality and efficiency of cigarette production.As cigarette packaging is an important part in cigarette production,therefore,it is important to strengthen research on improving the quality of cigarette packaging.This article summarizes the development process of cigarette packaging in China,introduces the development of printing technology in the era of intelligence,summarizes the application of printing technology in cigarette packaging,analyzes and explores the development trend of cigarette packaging in the era of intelligence,with the hope to provide reference for practitioners.

基于线结构光扫描的烟支表面缺陷检测方法研究

在烟支表面缺陷检测时,为解决传统二维图像方法无法获得深度信息的问题,提出一种基于线结构光传感器旋转扫描的检测方法。烟支在两同向辊轮的旋转带动下实现自转,通过线结构光视觉传感器获取物体轴向轮廓线,使用随机采样一致性拟合轮廓线,通过计算原始点到拟合轮廓的距离判断缺陷点。选取某品牌烟支在检测过程中得到的原始数据,其中多组样本的Kappa值均达到0.97,重复性达到99.3%。研究为烟支缺陷检测提供参考。

茶叶烟用香料的制备技术及其在卷烟中的应用进展

综述了茶叶种类和物质组成、茶叶烟用香料制备技术及其在卷烟中的应用现状。茶叶中富含的茶多酚、茶多糖、茶氨酸、茶色素、挥发性成分是茶叶和茶叶烟用香精滋味和功效差异的物质基础。溶剂提取与蒸馏、膜分离技术、超临界二氧化碳萃取、亚临界萃取等技术被应用于茶叶烟用香料的制备,且在叶组、滤棒、内衬纸和卷烟胶有广泛的研究和应用。因此对茶叶烟用香料的现有研究进行归纳总结,并对未来研究方向进行展望分析。

加热卷烟抽吸前后葡萄糖和果糖转化及烟气转移分析

【目的】研究加热卷烟抽吸后葡萄糖、果糖的转化率和转移率,【方法】优化离子色谱检测方法,检测8种加热卷烟烟芯、降温段、滤嘴以及烟气中的葡萄糖和果糖,分析不同烟具的加热方式对烟芯中葡萄糖、果糖转化率的影响。【结果】(1)优化后的检测方法重复性和回收率较高,葡萄糖、果糖的加标回收率分别为95.3%~95.8%、100.6%~102.8%,重复测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.77%、1.28%;(2)8种加热卷烟烟芯中葡萄糖含量为3~5 mg/支,果糖含量为5~10 mg/支,且具有显著的正相关性;(3)烟芯中葡萄糖转化率为89.20%~97.37%,果糖的转化率为88.33%~95.28%,且具有极显著的正相关性;(4)8种加热卷烟的烟气和滤嘴段均未检出葡萄糖和果糖;(5)烟具的加热方式会影响葡萄糖和果糖的转化率。

基于单料烟的加热卷烟与传统卷烟香气成分释放差异分析

将10种单料烟分别制备成加热卷烟和传统卷烟两种类型卷烟样品,采用GC-MS分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型评价加热卷烟气溶胶和传统卷烟主流烟气中香气成分的释放差异。结果表明:加热卷烟气溶胶和传统卷烟主流烟气中分别鉴定出53种和77种香气成分;两者共有香气成分47种,其中13种香气成分在加热卷烟气溶胶中的释放量较为突出,除乙酸、γ-丁内酯外,其他11种均是醛酮类化合物;筛选出两种卷烟中存在显著释放差异的香气成分53种,包含吡嗪吡啶类7种、酮类12种、呋喃类4种、酸类9种、酯类3种、酚类8种、烃类9种、醇类1种,从差异性香气成分在该类别总鉴定成分的占比来看,酚类香气成分在两种卷烟中的释放差异性最为显著,其余依次为烃类、吡嗪吡啶类、酸类、酯类、酮类、呋喃类、醇类。

基于特征点配准的真伪卷烟商标纸鉴别

为提高真伪卷烟商标纸鉴别的准确性和效率,降低鉴别的经验要求和主观性,提出一种基于特征点配准的真伪卷烟商标纸鉴别方法。使用一致的标准扫描采集卷烟样品图像,基于尺度不变特征转换算法提取图像特征点,通过特征匹配和基于单应性变换的图像配准获取判别预测变量。采用逻辑回归、梯度提升分类决策树算法构建二元分类模型对图像样本进行训练和评估。在64个卷烟规格、2 918个样本数据集上进行实验,该方法准确率高于95%。通过对比实验验证了该方法的稳定性和有效性。

基于改进CRNN网络的卷烟件烟上行码识别方法研究

在卷烟物流系统中,卷烟追溯标签包含了一维条码未包含的部分分拣关键信息,可极大提升分拣效率,其关键在于高精度标签识别。为实现卷烟追溯标签的精准识别,提出一种基于改进于卷积循环神经网络(Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network,CRNN)的卷烟追溯标签识别网络,称为RA-CRNN。该方法的特征提取受ResNet启发引入了残差结构,并通过注意力和门控机制提升识别精度。改进后算法的识别准确率较目其他先进的文本识别算法有所提升,对追溯标签识别准确率达到97.87%,可满足工业自动化卷烟追溯标签识别的要求。

公共健康视角下我国电子烟监管政策文本量化研究

目的在推进健康中国战略的背景下,从政策工具视角出发,分析2017年11月至2022年10月间我国电子烟监管相关政策工具使用情况,为后续电子烟政策的调整和优化提供参考。方法构建政策工具与电子烟行业二维分析框架,运用定量分析法对我国电子烟监管相关政策进行归纳,使用NVivo 11软件对政策文本进行编码整理和内容分析。结果共纳入了29份国家层面出台的电子烟监管政策文件,累计编码530条,其中环境型政策工具占54.53%,需求型政策工具占28.49%,供给型政策工具占16.98%。从电子烟行业的维度来看,电子烟生产企业在政策工具中被提及的频率最高,电子烟批发企业次之,电子烟零售商最低。结论充分认识政策工具的优势,优化政策配置以提高政策工具整体结构均衡性。适当减少环境型政策工具的同时重视评估机制的作用;着力增加示范项目和科普宣传类需求型政策工具的使用;加大基础设施建设、技术标准、资金投入等类型的供给型政策工具出台力度。在有效维护人群健康的同时,拉动电子烟行业可持续发展。

Immediate Respiratory Response to Electronic Cigarette Use

Background: Electronic cigarettes were originally designed to reduce adult dependency on normal cigarettes and as a tobacco cessation tool to substitute traditional cigarettes. But it has become the most popular among teenagers. Rationale: To investigate the immediate adverse respiratory effect of short-term electronic cigarette vapor inhalation. Method: Twenty-five subjects were randomly selected and used in this study. The respiratory resistance values were evaluated and used for comparison. The subjects were asked to breathe into the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) for evaluation of their respiratory resistance before vaping (in triplicate). The same subjects, a minute later, were then asked to use one poke (3 seconds) of the e-Cigarette device to inhale e-Cigarette vapor with nicotine from a pod with 59 mg/ml nicotine. Immediately following the e-Cigarette use, their respiratory resistance was measured again (in triplicate). Results: Comparing the respiratory resistance values before and immediately after exposure to e-Cigarette vapor showed that their respiratory resistance increased almost immediately. Conclusion: Although there are long-term studies showing that the e-Cigarette is as harmful as regular cigarettes, this study showed a nearly immediate effect of using the e-Cigarette that significantly increased the respiratory resistance of the user. Very short exposure time to e-Cigarette vapor (3 seconds only), caused an immediate adverse physiologic effect in respiratory resistance.

麦芽酚碳酸酯的合成及其裂解行为分析

为开发适用于加热卷烟的麦芽酚潜香化合物,将不同种类的醇与麦芽酚通过缩合反应合成7种麦芽酚碳酸酯。利用核磁共振和高分辨质谱技术对产物结构进行确认,并通过热重分析和在线热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术考查7种麦芽酚碳酸酯的裂解行为。结果表明:在优化的合成条件下,7种麦芽酚碳酸酯产率范围为83.0%~94.3%;合成的麦芽酚碳酸酯的热失重过程主要存在直接挥发和裂解两种模式;麦芽酚碳酸酯在加热时均可裂解生成麦芽酚,其裂解能力与原料醇的类型密切相关,其中麦芽酚叔丁醇碳酸酯和麦芽酚苯甲醇碳酸酯最易发生裂解,在200℃的较低温度下便可迅速裂解并释放麦芽酚,与加热卷烟烟丝受热温度相适应,相比之下,麦芽酚仲醇碳酸酯的裂解能力较弱,而麦芽酚伯醇碳酸酯则难以在低温条件下发生裂解。

顶空-卡尔费休库仑法测定烟用纸张中水分

本研究建立了顶空-卡尔费休库仑法测定烟用纸张中水分含量的方法,通过优化加热温度、滴定时间、样品形态和样品量等实验条件,以实现烟用纸张中水分含量的快速测定。结果表明,测定烟用纸张水分的最佳条件为:干燥炉温度120℃,延迟时间终止模式,滴定时间10 min,试样质量0.06 g。在不同浓度水平下,该方法的回收率为92.20%~103.61%,相对标准偏差为1.12%~4.86%。与烘箱法、卤素法和气相色谱热导检测(GC-TCD)法相比,测定结果接近,符合GB/T 462—2008的相关要求。顶空-卡尔费休库仑法对于水分的萃取更加充分,更能真实反应样品中水分含量。顶空-卡尔费休库仑法简单快速、准确可靠,适用于批量分析烟用纸张中的水分含量。