Racial and Ethnic Differences in Orthorexia Nervosa Symptomatology and Other Disordered Eating

While some research has explored racial and ethnic differences in disordered eating, this study may be the first to examine these differences in orthorexia nervosa, involving obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors concerning healthy eating, which negatively impact one’s life. Adult participants, recruited from college courses and social media, completed an online survey with the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Regarding racial and ethnic background, 743 were White, 249 were Hispanic, 87 were Black, 61 were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 110 were biracial/multiracial. A MANCOVA revealed that the racial and ethnic groups did not differ on the ONI subscales assessing orthorexic behaviors, impairments, and emotions, after accounting for gender, BMI, and EAT-26 total scores that were covariates. In contrast, a second MANCOVA did reveal group differences on the EAT-26 subscales, after accounting for gender, BMI, and ONI total scores that were covariates. Black participants scored significantly lower than the other racial and ethnic groups on the subscale assessing dieting behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa, and the subscale assessing binge-eating and purging behaviors characteristic of bulimia nervosa. Further, Hispanic participants scored significantly lower than White participants on the latter subscale. These findings suggest that while orthorexic symptomatology does not differ based on race and ethnicity, a Black race and Hispanic ethnicity may be protective factors against disordered eating, perhaps related either to cultural norms concerning body image or to the resiliency and social support among the Black and Hispanic communities.

Eating Disorders and Pregnancy: The Case of Anorexia

The question of the link between pregnancy and eating disorders is an important question. At the moment, there are few concrete answers for these patients. Despite common fertility challenges, patients who suffer from ED are able to access maternity. ED and pregnancy can either have an easy evolution or experience a lot of trouble. Many studies describe obstetrical and foetal complications (low birthweight, inadequate intra-uterine growth, small head circumference, miscarriage, caesarean section). Those patients are frequently reluctant to address their disease with their specialist, who also often doesn’t know how to screen the signs. The lack of official data to train the specialists further increases these difficulties. However, ED are frequent in the general population and young patients are likely to eventually want to become mothers. It is thus essential to know how to screen those patients early and accurately to improve their treatment and care. Eating disorders impact the pregnancy, the delivery and the postpartum as well as the growth of the baby. It is an important public health problem. The evolution from being a woman to becoming a mother is a difficult one, and even more so when the women is suffering from ED. Those patients must handle their nutritional fears, the anxiety about their body changing with pregnancy and the daily challenges. The early interactions with their baby have consequences on their development. It seems necessary to evaluate how to improve the screening and the patient care in ED patients. Screening should begin from the pregnancy desire to the postpartum. This patient care should be based on a multidisciplinary care team.

Eating Disorders among Students in Northern Benin (2023)

Introduction: From their earliest hours, human beings are able to identify a source of food and to feed themselves. Feeding is therefore one of the most instinctive human functions. It is regulated by several factors (physiological, psycho-affective and environmental) whose disruption can lead to eating disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate eating disorders among students in the town of Parakou in 2023. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from January to July 2023 in various universities in the city of Parakou, Benin. The study population consisted of all students in grades 1 to 7 at these universities. A two-stage non-proportional stratified sampling technique combined with a simple random draw was adopted. The Eating Attitude Test-26, Bulimia Inventory Test Edinburgh and a set of questions focusing on the diagnostic criteria for pica were used to screen for pica and other disorders such as anorexia, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 25. Results: A total of 607 students were surveyed, 323 of whom had eating disorders. A prevalence of 53.21% of students at risk of eating disorders was found. In relation to the total population, the prevalences of anorexia, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and pica were 45.96%, 0.82%, 15.48% and 12.68% respectively. In multivariate analysis, seven factors explained the risk to develop at least one eating disorder among the students surveyed. These were: urban area of residence (OR (95% CI) = 5.059 (1.75 - 14.65);p = 0.003);year of study (OR (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.28 - 0.79);p = 0.035);type of university attended (private university: OR (95% CI) = 1.63 (1.08 - 2.44);p = 0.019);parents’ marital status (couple or not) (OR (95% CI) = 1.50 (1.01 - 2.24);p = 0.046);father’s level of education: secondary (OR (CI 95%) = 3.85 (1.96 - 7.54);p 0.001)/higher (OR (CI 95%) = 2.83 (1.36 - 5.86);p = 0.005);mother’s one: secondary (OR (CI 95%) = 0.30 (0.18 - 0.51);p 0.001)/superior (OR (CI 95%) = 0.31 (0.16 - 0.61);p = 0.001);the presence of doubtful (OR (CI95% = 1.69 (1.11 - 2.58);p = 0.009) or certain anxiety symptomatology (OR (CI 95%) = 1.69 (1.11 - 2.58);p = 0.009). Conclusion: More than half the students in Parakou had at least one eating disorder. Diagnostic studies are needed, even if preventive actions are already necessary.

Biopsychosocial Review of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are among the deadliest mental illnesses known to occur. Eating disorders directly cause 10,200 deaths each year, which is one death every 52 minutes. About 9% of the global population is affected by eating disorders at some point during their lifetime. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the onset of eating disorders. Specifically, we examine biological factors, such as genetics, family history and the neuroscience behind eating disorders;furthermore, we explore psychological factors including other mental health conditions and their correlation, personality traits and behavioral risk factors;lastly, we consider social factors related to the onset of eating disorders, such as childhood and social environment, the media, and demographic factors.

优质食味粳稻香软米新品种云粳37号选育及功能基因优势等位基因型分析

云粳37号是以具有香味且表现高产稳产的粳稻品种云粳26号作母本,以持有低直链淀粉含量调控基因Wx^(y37)且稻米食味品质优异、耐寒性和抗病性强的粳稻软米品种银光作父本杂交育成,具有食味品质优异、高产、稳产、耐寒、抗病等优良性状。通过对云粳37号及双亲全基因组重测序和功能基因优势等位基因型分析发现,云粳37号遗传了双亲的多个优势等位基因,如香味基因Badh2、抗稻瘟病基因Pi35、调控低直链淀粉含量基因Wx^(y37)、耐冷基因CTB4a、抗旱基因OsPP15和抗白叶枯病基因Xa26等,是目前云南省影响较大的粳稻品种。

Eating Habits of High School Students in the District of Bamako in the Context of Nutritional Transition

Introduction: Eating habits are consolidated in early childhood and continue throughout life. Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth linked to puberty affected by the nutritional transition. This study aimed to evaluate the eating habits of high school students in the district of Bamako. Methodology: The cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from June 15 to July 4, 2023. The sample size was calculated with the StatCalc program of the Epi 7.2 software. Data was collected using a questionnaire on KoboCollect. Analyses were performed using SPSS 26 software. Results: A total of 2400 high school students were surveyed. The average age of high school students was 16.9 years ± 1.4. The median age was 17, with extremes of 14 and 19. Of the high school students, 53.3% were boys. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.14. About 89.4% of high school students had a Smartphone. Among high school students, 51.1% did not engage in physical activity outside of high school. Rice was the cereal most consumed by high school students (99.2%). Consumption of fish and seafood was very low (25.5%). Soft drinks were consumed on average 4.2 days/week. In addition, 60.8% of high school students consumed energy drinks. Certain eating behaviors were found in this study, such as nibbling (38.5%), eating in front of screens (79.0%), and skipping meals (46.1%). Conclusion: The most consumed cereal by high school students was rice. The consumption of ultra-processed products and sedentary leisure are habits to be monitored in the context of the prevention of food-related non-communicable diseases among high school students in the district of Bamako.

饮食习惯与肥胖患儿性早熟的相关性分析

目的探讨饮食习惯与肥胖患儿性早熟的相关性分析。方法选取苏州市吴中人民医院2019年3月至2022年3月期间收治的72例性早熟肥胖患儿作为观察组,另选取同期体检的健康肥胖儿童71例作为常规组。采用实时-逆转录荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测两组外周血miR-125b水平,分析患儿饮食习惯。通过比较两组肥胖儿童的外周血miR-125b、饮食习惯,采用Logistic回归分析法分析外周血miR-125b、饮食习惯与肥胖患儿性早熟的关系。结果观察组外周血miR-125b表达水平高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组饮食没规律、荤多素少、高添加剂食品占比均高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组女性患儿、不良饮食习惯占比高于常规组,且经多因素分析显示外周血miR-125b表达水平、女性、不良饮食习惯是肥胖患儿性早熟的独立危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肥胖患儿性早熟外周血miR-125b表达水平高于健康肥胖儿童,不良饮食习惯高于健康肥胖儿童,外周血miR-125b表达水平偏高、不良饮食习惯偏低均为肥胖患儿性早熟的影响因素。

速泡鲜腐竹加工工艺研究

在传统腐竹加工工艺的基础上,采用冷冻工艺制备速泡鲜腐竹。研究鼓风干燥预处理方式下冷冻时间、冷冻温度对速泡鲜腐竹复水率、泡发时间、感官品质的影响。分析不同加工工艺下腐竹的质构、色泽、泡发时间和复水率,以及炒制、油炸和煮制食用方式下产品的品质特点。结果表明,速泡鲜腐竹的最佳工艺为鼓风干燥温度40℃、干燥时间20 min、冷冻时间8 h、冷冻温度-20℃,该条件下制备的速泡鲜腐竹的水分含量为42.55%,泡发时间为3 min,复水率为58.87%。与市售干腐竹相比,速泡鲜腐竹的泡发时间缩短了90倍,油炸时的吸油率降低48.51%,速泡鲜腐竹无需浸泡,可以直接炒制、油炸和煮制,极大提高了食用的便捷性。

马铃薯新品种天薯19号选育报告

为解决甘肃省乃至西北地区马铃薯专用品种缺乏的问题,天水市农业科学研究所以晋薯11号为母本、天薯9号为父本杂交,利用常规杂交育种技术选育出了晚熟鲜食菜用型马铃薯新品种天薯19号。该品种在2019—2020年进行的国家马铃薯西北晚熟组区域试验中,2 a 18点(次)平均折合产量为32490.0 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇薯6号增产3.0%。该品种生育期119 d左右,薯块卵圆形、黄皮黄肉、芽眼少而浅。薯块品质优良,鲜薯块茎含干物质204 g/kg、淀粉166 g/kg、维生素C 547 mg/kg、粗蛋白22.1 g/kg、还原糖3.5 g/kg。适宜在甘肃中东部、宁夏中南部、青海东部及生态类似区种植。

学龄前儿童饮食行为影响因素分析

目的探索学龄前儿童饮食行为的影响因素。方法采取分层整群抽样方法,抽取无锡市8所区县幼儿园共2160名儿童,采用自填式问卷对儿童一般情况、饮食行为、人口学特征、母亲孕期情况进行调查,对学龄前儿童饮食行为的影响因素进行分析。结果人口学特征、母亲孕期情况、儿童一般情况分别解释饮食行为总分、过饱响应、进食缓慢、挑食、食物响应、食物喜好、渴望饮料、情绪性饮食减少、情绪性过度饮食的变异程度为:11.0%(R^(2)=0.110)、9.7%(R^(2)=0.097)、15.9%(R^(2)=0.159)、3.9%(R^(2)=0.039)、7.0%(R^(2)=0.070)、29.6%(R^(2)=0.296)、33.3%(R^(2)=0.333)、7.0%(R^(2)=0.070)、4.6%(R^(2)=0.046),P值均<0.01;年龄对饮食行为总分的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01);年龄(P<0.05)、儿童体质指数Z指数(BMIZ)(P<0.01)、儿童平均每日荧屏时间(P<0.01)对过饱响应的影响具有统计学意义;年龄(P<0.05)、孕期睡眠情况(P<0.05)、儿童BMIZ(P<0.01)对进食缓慢的影响具有统计学意义;儿童BMIZ对挑食的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01);性别(P<0.05)、年龄(P<0.01)、BMIZ(P<0.01)、儿童平均每日荧屏时间(P<0.05)对食物响应的影响具有统计学意义;孕期睡眠情况(P<0.01)、儿童BMIZ(P<0.01)对食物喜好的影响具有统计学意义;性别、孕期睡眠情况对渴望饮料的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01);年龄、孕期睡眠情况对情绪性饮食减少的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05);一般因素对情绪性过度饮食的影响差异无统计学意义。结论年龄、性别、儿童BMIZ、儿童平均每日荧屏时间、孕期睡眠情况对儿童饮食行为有影响。

长白山阔叶红松林传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究

昆虫捕食种子是种子死亡的一个主要原因,会影响植物种群更新和群落物种组成。传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究较为稀少,且大多为针对个别优势种的短期研究,限制了对于群落水平上传播前种子捕食的理解。本研究分析长白山阔叶红松林25 hm~2样地中2020—2021年的种子雨,研究种子昆虫捕食率及其影响因素。所分析的5种乔木种子均遭到昆虫捕食,昆虫捕食率在物种和采集批次间差异较大(0~33.33%),年均昆虫捕食率为8.76%~14.39%。肉质果种子的昆虫捕食率显著低于干果(df=1,χ~2=20.76,P<0.001),种子产量的年际变异系数与昆虫捕食率呈显著负相关(df=1,χ~2=13.01,P<0.001),重量越轻的种子的昆虫捕食率越高(df=1,χ~2=10.54,P=0.001)。本研究表明,传播前种子昆虫捕食在长白山阔叶红松林群落中普遍存在,并且揭示了影响因素、讨论了潜在的影响机制。本研究有助于增进对于传播前种子昆虫捕食及其生态和演化意义的理解。

呼吸内科护士实施病人安全进食行为调查分析

目的:调查呼吸内科护士实施病人安全进食行为现状,为临床开展相关培训提供参考依据。方法:采用自行设计的问卷对全国综合性三级甲等医院的300名呼吸内科护士进行调查,分析护士对病人安全进食行为状况及其影响因素。结果:呼吸内科护士对病人安全进食行为得分为[66.00(58.00,73.75)]分。单因素分析显示,呼吸内科护士是否接受过吞咽障碍相关培训对病人实施安全进食行为有影响。结论:呼吸内科护士需加强对病人进食前筛查与评估,从而前瞻性地发现和降低吞咽障碍的风险。医院应对护士积极开展吞咽障碍相关知识教学培训,提高护士的安全进食意识和识别病人发生吞咽障碍的能力。

糯玉米食味品质评价模型的建立

为评价不同糯玉米品种食味品质的差异,筛选出具有优异食味品质的糯玉米种质。本研究以不同来源的19个鲜食糯玉米品种为试验材料,测定19个鲜食糯玉米品种的果皮性状、籽粒含水量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉黏度RVA特征值和淀粉含量等17个食味品质性状,利用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析,建立糯玉米食味品质综合评价模型,筛选食味品质优异的糯玉米品种。结果显示,19个玉米品种的峰值黏度、终值黏度、消减值和回复值等淀粉黏度RVE特征值指标具有较大变异系数并显著相关,且在主成分1中占有较高载荷,可较好地反映糯玉米食味品质差异;统计19个玉米品种的综合评分值发现,‘YN811’、‘291’和‘京糯832’的主成分综合评分值和食味品尝得分值均较高。综上,峰值黏度、终值黏度、消减值和回复值等淀粉黏度RVE特征值为鉴定糯玉米食味品质的关键评价指标,‘YN811’、‘291’和‘京糯832’是具有较佳食味品质的优质糯玉米品种。

基于稻谷原粮品质的米饭和米粉食用品质快速判别

稻谷的陈化度对其食用品质有直接影响,稻谷加工时对陈化度要求因其最终食用方式而异。为确定适宜米饭和米粉加工用的稻谷关联性指标和阈值区间,建立快速判别米饭和米粉食用品质的方法,将稻谷加速陈化储藏,对不同陈化程度稻谷的原粮指标及其加工成大米和米粉的食用品质指标进行测定,采用主成分分析、聚类分析和逐步回归法对测得的数据进行处理与分析,最后将关联性指标结合酸碱指示剂法中溶液的亮度值(L)、红度值(a)和黄度值(b),通过图像处理软件还原颜色,制作基于稻谷原粮品质的米饭和米粉食用品质快速判别比色卡。结果表明:米饭综合评分(Y)与脂肪酸含量(X)的回归方程为Y=7.729-0.236X,可通过米饭综合评分将其品质分为优、中、差3个水平,其综合评分范围分别为Y≥2.361、-1.039≤Y<2.361和Y<-1.039,对应脂肪酸含量为X≤23 mg/100 g、23 mg/100 g<X≤37 mg/100 g和X>37 mg/100 g;米粉综合评分与脂肪酸含量的回归方程为Y=-17.030+1.021X-0.015X2,可通过米粉的综合评分将其品质分为优、中、差3个水平,其综合评分范围分别为Y≥0.244、-1.589≤Y<0.244和Y<-1.589,对应的脂肪酸含量为31 mg/100 g≤X≤37 mg/100 g、37 mg/100 g<X≤45 mg/100 g和X>45 mg/100 g。基于脂肪酸含量的比色卡可直接判断稻谷适宜的食用方式,为稻谷原粮的加工提供依据和指导。

即食脆肠中主要残留菌的鉴定及联合调控

[目的]探究脆肠中的主要残留细菌,并进行有效控制。[方法]利用16S rDNA技术鉴定脆肠中的主要残留菌,通过高温筛选出耐热性强的优势腐败菌进行复合抗菌试验。[结果]原辅料、脆肠成品、腐败样品等5组样品中共分离出47株残留菌,隶属8个属,分别为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、莫拉菌属(Moraxella)、嗜盐碱芽孢杆菌属(Alkalihalobacillus)、库特氏菌属(Kurthia)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)及漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)。脆肠进行拌料时用的配料酱带有芽孢杆菌,易引入二次污染。经高温灭菌仍残留部分优势腐败菌,与腐败脆肠的主要残留菌同为芽孢杆菌属,其中芽孢杆菌属C7-1和C8-3的耐热性最强;通过添加0.2 g/kgε-聚赖氨酸和0.5 g/kg的柠檬酸能有效抑制两种芽孢杆菌的生长。[结论]即食脆肠产品添加0.2 g/kgε-聚赖氨酸和0.5 g/kg的柠檬酸并结合110℃高温杀菌10 min,(36±2)℃保藏30 d未出现腐败胀袋现象。

近距平行跑道机场绕行滑行道使用策略研究

为了给近距平行跑道机场制定和优化航空器场面运行策略提供理论依据,提升跑道运行安全水平和效率、减少机场运行场面冲突、降低安全隐患。分析并建立基于进、离港航班平均地面滑行时间最小为目标的绕滑(end-around taxiway,EAT)运行决策模型,并以某机场两条近距平行跑道绕滑运行为例,采用数值计算和AirTOp运行仿真软件两种方式验证了该模型的可行性。算例结果表明:由该模型确定的绕滑使用策略,可以同时降低机场进、离港航班的延误水平,提高地面滑行效率。通过对该机场航班运行数据的进一步研究发现,起飞跑道交通密度与绕滑使用率之间存在较为明显的正相关关系,进而提出针对该机场在高峰小时运行架次和起降比变化情况下的绕滑运行策略。

即食调味罗非鱼块制备工艺研究

[目的]以新鲜罗非鱼为原料制备即食罗非鱼块产品。[方法]通过单因素及正交试验以成品感官品质为评价指标对即食调味罗非鱼块的腌制去腥、调味处理、高温烘制等加工工艺进行研究。[结果]最佳工艺为:食盐4%、白酒3%、姜12%、蒜12%、葱12%腌制30分钟,食盐3%、花椒粉3%、辣椒粉6%调味30分钟,在65℃条件下烘制2h取出冷却后放冰箱冷藏24小时,65℃下复烘1h,最后刷油在160℃条件下烘烤10min。[结论]按此工艺生产的即食调味罗非鱼鱼块具有咸淡适中、肉质软硬恰当、味道鲜香麻辣的口感。

大数据视域下公众网络“吃瓜”的行为逻辑与引导

在当前缺乏有效管理及事故屡治不绝情况下,充分利用大数据技术手段来推动公众积极参与公共事件,并高效融入到相关公共事务治理的做法已逐渐成为一致共识。对“鼠头鸭脖”等典型食品安全事件展开情境化探索,分析网络“吃瓜”生成机理,归纳公众网络“吃瓜”中存在的行为偏离、话语权失衡、数字行动权的制度缺失等行为缺憾情况,系统梳理大数据网络环境中公众参与的行为特征,据此探讨“倍增”效应和“盲区”效应等对大数据环境下公众参与行为引导的困境,可为开创全社会参与公共事务治理的良性互动新格局进行有益的探索。

“人”的悲剧:细读《祝福》

鲁迅《祝福》有三层叙述结构,由外到内,从外显到内核,表现了具有普遍性意义的“人”的悲剧,分别是:祥林嫂的命运、鲁镇人的态度、叙述者“我”的消融。其中,鲁镇是中国旧社会的文化缩影;祥林嫂是想努力活成“人”样的、一般性意义的“人”;“我”是毫无觉察地消融于“吃人”环境里的“人”。祥林嫂与“我”构成了对比反衬关系,深刻揭示了“人”的悲剧这一中心主题。

幼儿膳食营养存在的问题与对策研究

3~6岁的幼儿正当生长发育的重要时期,每天需要从膳食中获取必要的营养物质,才能满足其身体发育需要。均衡的膳食营养是保障幼儿健康的核心因素之一,幼儿膳食长期营养不良会导致其缺乏某些必要营养和热量供应,不但影响幼儿的正常身体发育,还会引起许多幼儿疾病。合理的膳食营养是保证幼儿身体健康的基本前提,因此,需要科学地安排幼儿每日所需膳食营养的摄入。本文阐述现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养的重要性,分析现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养存在的问题,并提出改善我国幼儿膳食营养的应对策略。