海上自主水面船舶(MASS)的未来发展思考

为便于解决智能船舶发展过程中存在的问题,对各国在海上自主水面船舶(MASS)领域的发展及实践案例进行梳理,对海上安全委员会(MSC)第98次会议以来有关MASS议题的进展情况进行介绍,并对MASS Code的制定进展进行解读。在此基础上,结合700 TEU自主集装箱运输船展望MASS的研制和功能定义。研究成果可为MASS技术后续发展提供一定参考。

Muscle Mass Is Associated with Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults

Background and Aims: The study aims to explore the association between body composition and depression in adolescents and young adults. Methods: A random cluster sampling method was used to select 41 age-matched indi-viduals (aged 11 - 30) as a non-depressive control group. The Department of Psychology at the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Na-tionalities recruited 27 depressive patients within the same age range. Bioelec-trical impedance analysis measured body composition, while SCL-90, SAS, and SDS were employed for depression diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between body composition and de-pression scores. Results: The Depression Group exhibited higher levels of fat mass (p Conclusion: Depression is associated with age, gender, and muscle mass in adolescents and young people. Proper exercise and a healthy diet can increase muscle mass, thereby reducing fat mass and, as a result, reducing the prevalence of depression.

Psychological Consequences of a Mass Attack Following Multiple Gunshots and Explosions among Victims in a State in Southwest Nigeria

Introduction: On the 5th of June 2022, an incident of a mass attack following multiple gunshots and explosions occurred in a community in Ondo State Nigeria. This study aims to assess the mental health status of victims of the mass attack to guide further interventions among them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among victims of a mass attack in Owo community, Ondo State. A total of 209 affected victims were interviewed on socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms of anxiety (AD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), threat experienced, and mental health support received. A 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and 9-item Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) scale were used to assess the mental health status of the victims. A point was assigned to respondents who reported the symptoms of GAD, with a maximum score of 7 attained. For GAD, scores were categorized as follows: 1 - 2 as mild, 2 - 3 as minimal, 4 - 5 as moderate and 6 - 7 as severe. The PTSD symptoms were rated using a 5-point Likert scale response, and assigned the following points;4 = extremely, 3 = quite a bit, 2 = moderate, 1 = a little bit and 0 = not at all. From a maximum score of 36, participants with scores 18 and above were categorized as those with provisional PTSD. The independent samples t-test and correlational analysis were used to determine the association between PTSD score and other independent variables, with an alpha level of significance set at 0.05. Results: Generally, 38 (18.2%) of the respondents had severe AD. About half (89;42.6%) were categorized as those with provisional PTSD. The mean level of both AD (3.40 ± 2.26) and PTSD (16.51 ± 7.63) score is higher among those who were married compared to those not married (anxiety disorder;2.52 ± 2.20, P = 0.005 and PTSD;13.20 ± 8.86, P = 0.004). Respondents who have been counseled by a healthcare worker had a higher mean level (15.89 ± 7.58) of provisional PTSD compared to those not counseled by a healthcare worker (13.56 ± 9.22, P = 0.046). The level of PTSD score increased with a higher age group (r = 0.21, P = 0.003). Conclusions: The results show that the mass attack had psychological consequences among a high proportion of the victims, particularly, those married and in the older age groups. This suggests the need for continuous supportive counseling targeting these affected groups, and considering other factors moderating the effectiveness of counseling among them in future interventions.

Heat and Mass Transfer on Non-Newtonian Peristaltic Flow in a Channel in Presence of Magnetic Field: Analytical and Numerical Analysis

A study has been arranged to investigate the flow of non-Newtonian fluid in a vertical asymmetrical channel using peristalsis. The porous medium allows the electrically conductive fluid to flow in the channel, while a uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow direction. The analysis takes into account the combined influence of heat and mass transfer, including the effects of Soret and Dufour. The flow’s non-Newtonian behavior is characterized using a Casson rheological model. The fluid flow equations are examined within a wave frame of reference that has a wave velocity. The analytic solution is examined using long wavelengths and a small Reynolds number assumption. The stream function, temperature, concentration and heat transfer coefficient expressions are derived. The bvp4c function from MATLAB has been used to numerically solve the transformed equations. The flow characteristics have been analyzed using graphs to demonstrate the impacts of different parameters.

MASS及WFTSS在腹腔镜胆囊切除患者ERAS中的比较研究

目的对改良的Aldrete评分系统(modified Aldrete scoring system,MASS)及White快速通道评分系统(White’s fast-track scoring system,WFTSS)在术后快速康复(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)方面做出评价,比较七氟醚与丙泊酚维持麻醉对ERAS的影响。方法选取2021年1月至2023年10月于宁波大学附属第一医院接受腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的患者160例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为七氟醚组和丙泊酚组,每组80例。七氟醚组采用七氟醚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉,丙泊酚组给予丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。通过WFTSS和MASS对患者进行ERAS评估。记录麻醉恢复时间、符合ERAS的患者例数、不符合ERAS的相关因素与围手术期并发症。结果与MASS比较,WFTSS对ERAS的出手术室评估更加有效(P=0.031)。拔管时间方面,七氟醚组明显慢于丙泊酚组(P=0.030);在符合ERAS方面,丙泊酚组患者例数明显多于七氟醚组(P=0.026),入复苏室的患者例数明显少于七氟醚组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.025)。结论WFTSS可作为ERAS的出室标准之一。与七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉比较,丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉能更快达到ERAS手术室内的拔管要求,且不良反应更小。

Decision Support System for Assessment & Selection of Optimum Mass Transit Option

Many cities in the world are aspiring to have a world-class, sustainable public transport system. However, the cost of building new mass transport systems, especially metro projects, is so high it can lead to the postponement of such projects. New mass transit modes such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Trackless Tram (TT) and suspended systems are continuously emerging. Some of the new emerging modes can deliver high capacity that can be equivalent to Light Rail Transit and Metro Systems but with significantly less cost. This research is meant to develop a comprehensive approach for comparing & assessing several aspects of different mass transit modes. Different research tools, including in-depth literature review, content, and case study analysis, multicriteria assessment, benchmarking and efficiency analysis, are used to reach conclusions for optimum mass transit options from different perspectives.

Direct Derivation of the Neutrino Mass

In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the author is applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from space considered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, and induces a deformation coat in its surrounding. The principles of the interaction of particles with space and through space between themselves are considered in detail. The approach states that real quarks possess only an integer charge (±e) and when moving they periodically change to the monopole state (⇄g) and hence, canonical particles are dynamic dyons. A neutrino emerges as a squeezed quark when it is in a monopole state, or in other words, the quark monopole state (a bubble in the tessellattice) is transferred to the appropriate lepton monopole state (a speck in the tessellattice). The self-mass (a “rest” mass) for each neutrino flavour is calculated. The calculated value of the self-mass for the electron anti-neutrino is 1.22873978 × 10-36 kg = 0.68927247 eV/c2. The concept of neutrino oscillations is revised, and another postulation is proposed, namely, that the transition from lighter to heavier flavors is due to the inelastic scattering of neutrinos on oncoming scatterers. As a result, the neutrino captures the mass defect, becomes heavier, and therefore the transitions Ve⟶Vμ and Vμ⟶Vτ occur;thus, the number of light neutrinos decreases in the neutrino flux studied.

Obtaining 2D Soil Geotechnical Profiles from Cokriging Interpolation of Sample Data and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)—Applications in Mass Movements Studies

Brazil annually faces significant challenges with mass movements, particularly in areas with poorly constructed housing, inadequate engineering, and lacking sanitation infrastructure. Campos do Jordão, in São Paulo state, is a city currently grappling with these issues. This paper details a study conducted within a pilot area in Campos do Jordão, where geophysical surveys and geotechnical borehole data were integrated. The geophysical surveys provided 2D profiles, and samples were collected to analyse soil moisture and plasticity. These datasets were combined using a Cokriging-based model to produce an accurate representation of the subsurface conditions. The enhanced modelling of subsurface variability facilitates a deeper understanding of soil behavior, which can be used to improve landslide risk assessments. This approach is innovative, particularly within the international context where similar studies often do not address the complexities associated with urban planning deficits such as those observed in some areas of Brazil. These conditions, including the lack of proper sanitation and irregular housing, significantly influence the geological stability of the region, adding layers of complexity to subsurface assessments. Adapting geotechnical evaluation methods to local challenges offers the potential to increase the efficacy and relevance of geological risk management in regions with similar socio-economic and urban characteristics.

Diagnostic Dilemma of Intracardiac Mass: Tumor versus Thrombus-Case Series and Systematic Review

Background: The differential diagnosis for intracavitary cardiac masses is limited, typically including vegetations, tumors, or thrombi. Cardiac thrombi can often mimic cardiac tumors on imaging, creating a diagnostic challenge. Primary cardiac tumors are rare and usually benign, whereas most cardiac tumors result from metastases, commonly originating from malignancies in the breast, lung, or melanoma. Aim: This report highlights the importance of distinguishing various cardiac masses based on clinical presentations, clinical courses, and radiological features. Case Presentation: We describe two cases of cardiac masses with unique and diverse clinical features. Each case posed significant diagnostic challenges due to their distinct presentations and clinical progressions. Conclusion: These cases underscore the importance of considering both benign and metastatic origins in the differential diagnosis of intracavitary cardiac masses. Accurate differentiation between thrombi and tumors is crucial for appropriate management and treatment.

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome: A Link with Vitamin D, Body Mass Index and Hyperlipidemia

Introduction: Carbai tunnel syndrome [CTS] is compression of the median nerve at the wrist , this causes tingling in the hands, pain, numbness, tingling in the fingers particularly the thumb, index and middle fingers, loss of sensation in the hands and fingers, also weakness in the hands. The aim of the present study was to study a possible association which could be found between electrophysiological data in CTS, BMI, hyperlipidemia, and vitamin D [Vit D] levels. Methods: We used a sample of 40 females of the same age group, who were divided into Group 1 as a control consists of 18 healthy females and Group II consisted of 22 age matched females with clinical and electrophysiological evidence of CTS. We measured atherogenic index [AI] as a marker of hyperlipidemia, body mass index [BMI], Vit D status and electrophysiological tests of CTS. Results: Subjects with CTS had deficient Vit D status, they had significantly high atherogenic index (AI), and significant high BMI all compared to control Group I. Median sensory conduction velocity was significantly correlated negatively with BMI and atherogenic index, and positively correlated significantly with Vit D status. But median sensory and motor action potential latency were significantly correlated positively with BMI and atherogenic index, and negatively correlated significantly with Vit D status The analysis revealed BMI, atherogenic index and Vit D status as predictors of median nerve sensory and motor action potential latency and sensory nerve conduction velocity in CTS. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that obesity and hyperlipidemia are potent CTS risk factors and declared the direct association between Vit D status and CTS occurrence. Our study supports the notion of the compensatory neuroprotective role of Vit D which could have a direct impact on the nerves integrity as it has an anti-inflammatory property which acts in relieving nervous insults and stress. .

Standard Model Fermion Masses and Charges from Holographic Analysis

The Standard Model of particle physics involves twelve fundamental fermions, treated as point particles, in four charge states. However, the Standard Model does not explain why only three fermions are in each charge state or account for neutrino mass. This holographic analysis treats charged Standard Model fermions as spheres with mass 0.187 g/cm2 times their surface area, using the proportionality constant in the holographic relation between mass of the observable universe and event horizon radius. The analysis requires three Standard Model fermions per charge state and relates up quark and down quark masses to electron mass. Holographic analysis specifies electron mass, to six significant figures, in terms of fundamental constants α,ℏ,G,Λ and Ω Λ . Treating neutrinos as spheres and equating electron neutrino energy density with cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment.

The Energy Origin of Mass

The concept of mass manifests in diverse forms, dimensions and configurations, and yet among all these manifestations, a unified origin is usually yearned for. This study aims to propose models that attribute the emergence of mass from fundamental quantities of physics, notably energy, space, and time. To this end, an operator is introduced, wherein these fundamental concepts serve as inputs, yielding functions that characterise mass. These functions are grounded in the domain of complex numbers, augmented by the incorporation of probabilistic elements, facilitating a nuanced depiction of mass modulation. Through investigation, it becomes apparent that a corollary energy field arises surrounding mass, facilitating its interactions within its surroundings. Ultimately, the comprehensive model of mass, inclusive of its associated field, gives rise to interactions with other masses, thereby engendering the genesis of larger and denser manifestations of mass, a phenomenon expounded within this framework.

Unraveling the Quantum Web: The Vortex Theory of Mass and Matter Formation

Mass plays a role in many physical phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles, the formation and behavior of stars and galaxies, and gravitational interactions between objects. The density of vacuum, 9.5 × 10−27 kg/m3, is a crucial parameter in the theory of cosmic inflation and is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe in its early stages. This vacuum energy interacts with matter and manifests itself as mass, which can be described as flow and vortex formation using the laws of hydrodynamics. The vortex model of elementary particles, in conjunction with the laws of hydrodynamics, provides an elegant explanation for the origin of mass and the relationship between mass and energy, with profound implications for the behavior of objects at high velocities and strong gravitational fields. The vacuum behaves as a compressible superfluid, thus elementary particles can be described as vortices of the vacuum. The equations of hydrodynamics for vortices can be applied to describe the nature and value of the mass of particles. The implications of understanding the nature of mass are vast and profound. From elucidating the fundamental properties of particles to informing the design of advanced materials and technologies, this knowledge is indispensable. It drives advancements across numerous fields, transforming both our theoretical understanding and practical capabilities. Continued research into the nature of mass promises to unlock further insights, fostering innovation and expanding the frontiers of science and technology.

Unified Description of the Three Stable Particles in Self-Action Allows Determination of Their Relative Masses

The Dirac equation γμ(δμ-eAμ)Ψ=mc2Ψ describes the bound states of the electron under the action of external potentials, Aμ. We assumed that the fundamental form of the Dirac equation γμ(δμ-Sμ)Ψ=0 should describe the stable particles (the electron, the proton and the dark-matter-particle (dmp)) bound to themselves under the action of their own potentials Sμ. The new equation reveals that self energy is consequence of self action, it also reveals that the spin angular momentum is consequence of the dynamic structure of the stable particles. The quantitative results are the determination of their relative masses as well as the determination of the electromagnetic coupling constant.

Supervised Learning Method: Critical Analysis and Updating of Cubing Rate Formulas for Determining Bark Masses of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) in Cameroon

The stem barks of Prunus africana are used in the treatment of the benign prostate. Cameroon is one of the important exporters of the barks. Despite the important measures adopted in Cameroon for sustaining its harvesting, some many chalenges still remain. The objective of this work is to refine the forest management parameters in relation to P. africana in the regions of Adamaoua and the South-West by developing a volume rate which makes it possible to estimate the production for a new stem. The work took place in two phases: in the South-West in 2010 and in Adamaoua in 2011. Data collection used the semi-direct method, while the cubing equation was deduced by the multiple linear regression method. Two models for volume estimation and three models for mass prediction were developed. The predictive parameters retained are diameter, height of the bole and thickness of the bark. Results show that the average mass of the dry bark for a given P. africana tree species is 27.55 ± 14.44 kg and this varies according to the site. The strong adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) observed illustrates the reliability of the proposed models. These models provide a reliable tool that can be adopted as a standard in Cameroon for P. africana.

Mass Increase with Strong and Gravitational Potentials, and Mass Defect with Electromagnetic Potential

The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.

Bearing Capacity Analysis of Spread Footing on Massif in the “Corniche Ouest” of the Dakar Peninsula (Senegal, West Africa)

This study presents various approaches to calculating the bearing capacity of spread footings applied to the rock mass of the western corniche at the tip of the Dakar peninsula. The bearing capacity was estimated using empirical, analytical and numerical approaches based on the parameters of the rock mass and the foundation. Laboratory tests were carried out on basanite, as well as on the other facies detected. The results of these studies give a range of allowable bearing capacity values varying between 1.92 and 11.39 MPa for the empirical methods and from 7.13 to 25.50 MPa for the analytical methods. A wide dispersion of results was observed according to the different approaches. This dispersion of results is explained by the use of different rock parameters depending on the method used. The allowable bearing capacity results obtained with varying approaches of calculation remain admissible to support the loads. On the other hand, the foundation calculations show acceptable settlement of the order of a millimeter for all the layers, especially in the thin clay layers resting on the bedrock at shallow depths, where the rigidity of the rock reduces settlement.

Research on the Upper Limit of Accuracy for Predicting Theoretical Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In recent years, numerous theoretical tandem mass spectrometry prediction methods have been proposed, yet a systematic study and evaluation of their theoretical accuracy limits have not been conducted. If the accuracy of current methods approaches this limit, further exploration of new prediction techniques may become redundant. Conversely, a need for more precise prediction methods or models may be indicated. In this study, we have experimentally analyzed the limits of accuracy at different numbers of ions and parameters using repeated spectral pairs and integrating various similarity metrics. Results show significant achievements in accuracy for backbone ion methods with room for improvement. In contrast, full-spectrum prediction methods exhibit greater potential relative to the theoretical accuracy limit. Additionally, findings highlight the significant impact of normalized collision energy and instrument type on prediction accuracy, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in future theoretical tandem mass spectrometry predictions.

MASS概念辨析及其四级模式关系研究

通过对MASS相关概念的来源、内涵和隶属关系开展释义和区分,论述MASS译为“智能航行船”的合理性,同时通过分析国际海事组织(IMO)划定的MASS四级模式,明确了四个等级之间不是技术迭代关系,并提出Degree 4完全自主模式的细分层级,对帮助业界明确语义并厘清MASS四级模式之间的关系具有积极作用。

基于IMO分级的MASS岸基操控人员法律地位探析

随着AI技术的发展,人工智能与传统设备的结合已深刻改变了人类的生产生活。MASS(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships)全称为海上自主水面船舶,其作为人工智能的产物,代表着未来船舶的发展趋势,也推动MASS岸基操控人员这一新兴海事主体的产生。“自动化”并不意味着在MASS的操作过程中完全消除人员因素的干扰,在IMO所定义的MASS发展四阶段中,人在循环中的角色是不断变化的,其职能、责任、法律地位均有所不同,关于岸基操控人员法律地位的认定,具有基础性和高度优先性。L1级别MASS无需岸基操控人员;L2级别MASS岸基操控人员可视作L3级别岸基操控人员的实习或见习期;L3级别岸基操控人员可视为船长或“外部船长”;L4级别MASS系统的优先程度高于人,岸基操控人员仅具有“监督”与作出“降级”决定的职责,不排除其成为新兴海事主体的可能性。