“大历史”中的“小世界”——论“三言二拍”的宋史书写与文学想象

“三言二拍”关注宋朝的“大历史”,如熙宁变法、靖康之变等大事件和宋高宗、王安石、贾似道等大人物;但小说家叙述的重点却非“大历史”的波澜壮阔,而是“大历史”中的“小世界”,以此展现历史剧变下人物的艰难处境和人生体验,或是历史人物的逸闻趣事和适意生活,“小世界”未必契合正史叙述,却不违历史逻辑,并在“情理”维度丰富了“大历史”。“三言二拍”借“小世界”展开的宋史书写既有对市民趣味的迎合,也有文人趣味的表达,折射出明人对宋史的多元认知和历史观,尤其小说家对“靖康之变”的诸多关注,折射着明人的危机认识与社会焦虑以及对宋代的文化认同。

三言二拍选本研究

三言二拍作为古代拟话本小说的代表作,在明末至清代出现了14种选本,其中以《今古奇观》最为著名。这些选本可以分为三个时期,即:明末清初时期、康乾时期和晚清时期。本文主要探讨三言二拍选本出现的历史原因以及选本所呈现的总体特征。

浅谈《三言》与《宝文堂书目》的同源性

《宝文堂书目》作为明代的私人藏书目录,其著录的宋人小说一般被认为是留存到明代的宋代话本。"三言"也吸收了宋代话本的精华,各家小说史均有论述。《宝文堂书目》作为宋元明话本、拟话本传藏的一个重要载体,与"三言"有很多类似之处。"三言"在吸收元明新作的同时,也吸收了很多宋话本小说,这其中《宝文堂书目》功不可没。

论三言二拍嬗变作品所体现的时事化创作倾向

作为古代白话小说的优秀代表作 ,三言二拍在明末以后被大量改编 ,共有 86篇拟话本在后世被改编 ,出现 12 6篇改编作品 ,主要集中在明末清初。本文从忠奸斗争、白莲教运动和民族矛盾三个方面总结三言二拍嬗变过程中所体现的时事化创作倾向 ,并结合社会现实、创作主体以及实学思潮的影响 。

“三言”与《型世言》女性命运主题比较

冯梦龙与陆人龙在自己的小说中都塑造了众多的女性人物,并对她们持一种赞美和褒扬的态度。但是这两位作家的小说却体现了相当不同的人生理念。在他们笔下,女子或作为不幸命运的承载者,或作为坚忍节烈的人格楷模,表现了相当悬殊的美学内涵。

“三言二拍”英译史料辨析和底本辨明

"三言二拍"代表中国古典白话小说的最高成就,18世纪以来被相继翻译成各国文字在海外传播。对"三言二拍"英译史料进行细致梳理和文本细读,发现"三言二拍"英译所依据的原文底本复杂,甚至存在以讹传讹现象。早期主要以《今古奇观》为底本,而中后期有些是依据其相关前世蓝本和后世选本,虽然故事情节类似,但相去甚远,不能归于"三言二拍"英译范畴。澄清这些误传,对于"三言二拍"翻译史研究和英译研究具有重要意义。

“三言二拍”中僧尼形象分析

僧尼形象是"三言二拍"众多人物形象中的重要的组成部分,僧尼形象大致可以分为三类:正僧尼、邪僧尼和高僧。这些僧尼形象体现了晚明的社会思潮、因果观念和女性观念的多层意义。

《庄子》的语言自觉与其神秘论道之理解

《庄子》所论之道神秘超验,容易引起读者经验上的质疑;但《庄子》文本又有其特殊性,也即作者对自身言说所可能引发的质疑已表明出充分的自觉,并因此在表达策略上作出了自觉的回应与处理。这一语言自觉要求读者不可轻易摒弃或臆解《庄子》的神秘论述,而应紧扣文本,积极利用作者给出的阅读提示,做出合乎作者期待的理解。考察庄子对自身语言使用的自觉,可以发现,他运用了“三言”、情节转变设计以及理性辨析这三种语言策略来贯彻其避开论争、破除执见并提升读者素质的意图,以求实现对读者经验质疑的化解。这些“作者自觉”在正面揭示道论内涵上作用有限,相反,它提醒读者应该保留道论的某种“神秘性”;不过,它极大地促进了读者的自我反省与理性突破,为进一步的静修锻炼和道论理解提供了准备。

Method based on fuzzy linguistic scale and FIOWGA operator for decision-making problems

In this paper, we present a fuzzy linguistic scale, which is characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers on [1/9, 9], for the comparison between two alternatives, and introduce a possibility degree formula for comparing triangular fuzzy numbers. We utilize the fuzzy linguistic scale to construct a linguistic preference matrix, and propose a fuzzy induced ordered weighted geometric averaging (FIOWGA) operator to aggregate linguistic preference information. A method based on the fuzzy linguistic scale and FIOWGA operator for decision-making problems is presented. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness.

Discourse Markers of “Saying”:A Comparative Study

The present study compares the discourse markers(DMs) of “saying” in Mandarin Chinese ke yi shuo(lit.“can say”) and ying gai shuo(lit.“should say”) with their equivalents in English,by drawing the parallel corpora from The Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping(Volume III)(henceforth The Works),so as to uncover the pragmatic motivation for the variation in translating the DMs of“saying.” The analysis is conducted within a theoretical framework of speech act theory,by grouping the DMs according to their personal pronouns.Moreover,by comparing the uses of personal pronouns in English and Chinese,the current study confirms that The Works keeps the consistency between the two languages as well as with the characteristics and styles of Deng Xiaoping’s locution.It also finds that modalized DMs of “saying”(e.g.,“I should say”),as a parenthesis,lose their status as matrix clauses and help reduce the tone of affirmation.

English Teachers’ Beliefs About Multilingual Awareness in L3 Learning and Their Teaching Practice in Chinese EFL Context

Teachers’ beliefs toward multilingual awareness in target language learning play a significant role in shaping learners’ attitudes to language awareness, affect learners’ linguistic behavior and teachers’ teaching practice. Therefore, the present study was aimed to explore English teachers’ beliefs about Inner Mongolian university students’ multilingual awareness in L3 learning and their teaching practice in Chinese EFL context. One hundred English teachers from six universities in Inner Mongolia, China, participated in this investigation. The data was collected through a questionnaire and teacher interviews. The results indicate that English teachers hold positive attitudes to multilingual awareness in general;however, there are belief differences between Mongolian and Han teachers;there exist discrepancies between English teachers’ beliefs about multilingual awareness and their teaching practice, and social-cultural environment, family language policy,teacher identity, learning experience, teaching materials, and, more importantly, teachers’ lack of awareness of fostering learners’ multilingual awareness lead to the discrepancies. The present research highlights the necessity of raising teacher awareness of cultivating multilingual awareness in future teacher development and emphasizes the significance of exploring the potential cognitive advantages of multilingualism in promoting L3 learning and developing English learners’ multilingual competence in the EFL context in China.

Three-way group decision making with linguistic evaluations

Based on linguistic evaluations, a linguistic threeway decision method is proposed. First, the alternatives are rated in linguistic forms and divided into acceptance, rejection and uncertainty regions. Secondly, the linguistic three-way group decision steps are provided. Specifically, the experts determine the lower bound and upper bound of the uncertainty region, respectively. When the evaluation is superior to the upper bound, the corresponding alternative is put into the acceptance region directly. Similarly, when the evaluation is inferior to the lower bound, the corresponding alternative is put into the rejection region directly, and the remaining alternatives are put into the uncertain region. Moreover, the objects in the uncertainty region are especially discussed. The linguistic terms are transformed into fuzzy numbers and then aggregated. Finally, a recommendation example is provided to illustrate the practicality and validity of the proposed method.

Three-Dimensional World of Similes in English Fictional Writing

The paper offers a three-dimensional linguosemiotic study of similes, which implies integral analysis of their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. Such an approach to the study of similes is quite new as they have been hitherto considered either from a literary viewpoint as one of the stylistic expressive means of language or in the philosophy of language in correlation with metaphor. The three-dimensional linguosemiotic methodology of research has enabled us： （1） to reveal the cognitive, psychological, and metaphorical essence of similes and work out the invariant conceptual model which remains unchanged throughout their structural-semantic variation in the text; （2） to single out pragmatic features of similes, the set of which defines their linguistic status as a language-in-use construct, i.e., textual phenomenon; （3） to study the denotational-cognitive aspect of similes pointing out the parameters according to which similes have been differentiated into semantic types and subtypes and （4） to generalize the syntactical aspect of similes and define the set of their structural modifications in the text conditioned both by the intralinguistic regularities and by pragmatic factors. Therefore, we have worked out an interdisciplinary theory of similes implying the synergy of the data of linguistic, literary, cognitive, and psychological studies

The Trinity Triangle and the Homonymy of the Word ＂Is＂ in Natural Language

There are philosophers and logicians who do think that the Trinity-triangle makes up an evident formal-logic inconsistency demonstrating convincingly that Christian faith is illogical and hence irrational one. The present paper submits a systematic counter-argumentation against such thinking. According to the submitted counter-arguments, there is no formal-logic inconsistency in the Holy-Trinity-triangle： There is only a logic-linguistic illusion of such inconsistency which illusion is naturally produced by the ambiguity of the word ＂is＂ in natural language. The author has invented an effective remedy for that illusion, namely, a precise formulation of the generalized and thus modernized Guillotine of Hume by means of an artificial language of two-valued algebraic system of formal ethics of moral rigor. Systematical using the mathematized formulation of the generalized Hume＇s Guillotine cuts down the mentioned linguistic illusion of logical inconsistency. Thus, the paper essentially interconnects discrete mathematical representations of formal iogic of thinking and formal ethics of acting. In relation to contemporary symbolic logic, the author submits not a technical result solving some important particular problem concerning some specific system of symbolic logic but a significantly new result of conceptual work concerning logic in general and its interconnection with mathematical ethics. The old idea of logic as a moral science is transformed into a novel idea of symbolic logic as a brunch of mathematical ethics. In particular, two-valued algebra of classical formal logic is considered as a particular case of two-valued algebra of formal ethics of moral rigor. The submitted conception of logic is instantiated by applying it to the knotty logic-problem of Holy-Trinity-triangle.

TREATMENT OF 284 CASES OF INFANTILE APHASIS CHIEFLY WITH "SHESANZHEN

In the present paper, the therapeutic effect of acupuncture of "Shesanzhen" (three acupoints of the tongue)combined with acupoint injection and oral administration of Chinese patent drug ["Zhen Ren Yizhi Bao"(真人益智宝)] in the treatment of 284 cases of infantile aphasis was observed. After one course of treatment (4 months), 93 cases (32.75%) were cured, 76 (26.76%) experienced marked improvement, 102 (35.92%) had improvement, with an effective rate of 95.43%.

Terminology Translations of Austin’s Speech Act Tripartite Model in China

Judging from the references, Chinese scholars have dozens of terminology translations on the British analytic philosopher Austin’s locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. There is no unified translation for it, and scholars did not cause enough attention to this. Thus teachers use the terms in the classroom inconsistently, resulting in doctoral students, graduates and undergraduates writing dissertations in confusion and chaos. This paper reviews and trims 25 frequently -used terminology translations of Speech Act Tripartite Model since 1955. Furthermore, some suggestions on Chinese terminology translations of it are put forward as well.

The Parable of the Three Rings

Which is the true religion？ In the Middle Ages, the parable of the three rings, in all its versions, is a subtle answer to this question, which uses a persuasive allegory. The allegory of the three rings refers to a previous allegory, represented by three gems, one real and two fakes. The religion of the philosophers was born from the hidden meaning of the same allegory： universalism, brotherhood of men as children of the one and only God, the transcendence of a single God that cannot be reduced to any particular representation, and love for one＇s neighbors. The three sons who receive the inheritance of the ring, given by their father, are all loved by him and all three receive a gem that could be the real one. The similarity of the position of the three sons is equivalent to the moral element shared by the three religions： All those who believe in God and his justice put into practice the fundamental teachings of the philosophers. The meaning of the allegory is evident： None of the three sons can claim with certainty the possession of the real ring, but precisely because of this their faith can remain clear, removed from the temptation of pursuing someone because of that person＇s religion.

《京本通俗小説》係僞書的語言學證據

《京本通俗小説》是不是一部僞書?80多年來學術界爭論激烈,訖無定論。爭論雙方都舉出了很多證據,但是從語言學角度加以論證者很少。語言具有時代性,可以爲解決疑案提供關鍵性證據。本文首先對研究史做了簡要的梳理,認爲《京本》是僞書;然後通過分析《京本》獨有的異文提出新證。這種異文共有81條,大致可以分成三類:一類是《京本》改錯的(56條),一類是改對的(5條),還有一類是可以兩通的(20條)。這些異文涉及一批詞語在宋元明清時期的時代差異,爲《京本》是一部僞書的結論提供了新的證據。《京本》所收的7篇作品就是從三桂堂本《警世通言》(6篇)和衍慶堂本《醒世恆言》(1篇)中抄出來的,只是略加改動而已。這部僞書給文學史和漢語史、俗字史的研究以及辭書編纂等平添了許多無謂的紛亂,應該正本清源,徹底把它摒棄了。

An Investigation of Teacher and Learner Beliefs About English Teaching and Learning for Mongolian University Students

It has been widely agreed that the approaches teachers apply to language teaching, the attitudes students have, their motivation and target language proficiency are directly influenced or determined by their beliefs about language teaching and language learning respectively. This paper reports on a study which explored Mongolian teacher, Han teacher and Mongolian learner beliefs about the English teaching and learning of Inner Mongolian university students, with particular focus on the students＇ second language ability, the languages for classroom instruction and materials development. The results of the study indicate that there are belief differences among teachers and students; in particular, the beliefs of the Han teachers differ from those of Mongolian students. This study concludes that in order to improve Mongolian students＇ English teaching and learning, it is of vital importance to fill the belief discrepancy between teachers and students with regard to L3 acquisition, which is regarded as one of the crucial factors influencing the teaching and learning of English for Mongolian students in multilingual contexts in Inner Mongolia, China.

Lie Triple Derivations on von Neumann Algebras

Let A be a von Neumann algebra with no central abelian projections. It is proved that if an additive map δ :A → A satisfies δ([[a, b], c]) = [[δ(a), b], c] + [[a, δ(b)], c] +[[a, b], δ(c)] for any a, b, c∈ A with ab = 0(resp. ab = P, where P is a fixed nontrivial projection in A), then there exist an additive derivation d from A into itself and an additive map f :A → ZA vanishing at every second commutator [[a, b], c] with ab = 0(resp.ab = P) such that δ(a) = d(a) + f(a) for any a∈ A.