QTL Mapping of Yield and Yield Components for Elite Hybrid Derived-RILs in Upland Cotton

A population of 180 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） was developed by single seed descended from the cross of high yield Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） varieties Zhongmiansuo12 （ZMSI2） and 8891, the two parents of Xiangzamian2 （XZM2）. A genetic linkage map consisting of 132 loci and covering 865.20 cM was constructed using the RIL population chiefly with SSR markers. Yield and yield components were investigated for RILs in three environments in China. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the relationship between yield and its components and to map QTL for yield and yield components in cotton. QTL were tagged with data sets from single environment （separate analysis） and a set of data from means of the three environments （joint analysis）. A total of 34 QTL for yield and yield components were independently detected in three environments, whereas fifteen QTL were found in joint analysis. Notably, a stable lint percentage QTL qLP-A10-1 was detected both in joint analysis and in two environments of separate analysis, which might be of special value for marker-assisted selection. The QTL detected in the present study provide new information on improving yield and yield components. Results of path analysis showed that bolls/plant had the largest contribution to lint yield, which is consistent with the mid-parent heterosis value in F1. Accordingly, in cotton breeding, bolls/plant can be considered first and other yield components measured as a whole to implement variety enhancement and hybrid selection of cotton.

变流量生产的压力恢复曲线分析方法

本文比较了变流量压力恢复分析的几种方法,并用油田的一口实例井加以说明.

Relationship between Grain Yield and Yield Components of Various Rice Cultivars

[Objective] The relationship between grain yield and yield components was investigated in .different rice cultivars at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm2, to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high-yield rice. [Method] The yield performance of various super rice and non-super rice cultivars that were cultivated in large area in Sichuan Chengdu was studied under high-yielding cultivation conditions from 2006 to 2008. [Result] The rice yield was closely correlated with the productive panicle number, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight. The four yield components showed different influences on the yield of different rice culti- vars. By adopting the high yielding cultivation technology （that the seedlings were planted in a triangle shape） at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm~, we found that the rice yield of super rice cultivars was closely correlated with productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight, negatively correlated with grain number per panicle, and significantly negatively correlated with seed setting rate; the grain yield of non- super rice cultivars was negatively correlated with grain number per panicle and seed setting rate, and significantly negatively correlated with the productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight. [Conclusion] The results revealed the relationship between grain yield and yield components in different rice cultivars, which provided references for developing reasonable cultivation measures and thus to improve the yield of super rice in large acreage.

Measurement and comparison of glycyrrhizic acid contents in root of licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)from different cultivating areas

The samples of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) from 14 different cultivated areas were determined by the method of high Performance Capillary Electrophoresis (HPCE) for the contents of glycyrrihizic acid (GA) in root. The results showed that the licorice plants come from various cultivated areas of China has different contents of GA. The GA content of licorice from Zhaodong in Heilongjiang Province is the highest, followed by those from E抰uoke, Chifeng, and Hangjin Banner in Inner Mongolia. Some suggestions for establishing the production base of licorice were put forward based on the study.

Screening and Evaluation of Different Purple Sweet Potato Varieties Specially Used for Processing

Objective] This study almed to screen high-quality and high-yield purpIe sweet potato varieties special y used for processing which were suitabIe for pIanting in Liancheng County. [Method] By using a randomized bIock design, with ‘Longyan 7-3’ as a controI, five purpIe sweet potato varieties were introduced in the autumn of 2012 for comparaton test to evaluate agronomic tralts, economic characters, nu-tritional quality, and processing quantity of dried sweet potato products and fried chips. [Result] ‘Weixiang No.1’ exhibited the highest yield of 41.9 t/hm2, which was improved by 25.8% compared with ‘Longyan 7-3’; fresh tuber yield of ‘Jishu No. 18’ reached 31.6 t/hm2, which was simiIar to that of ‘Longyan 7-3’; dried sweet potato products of ‘Jishu No.18’ and ‘Weixiang No.1’ not onIy had simiIar process stabiIity, taste and coIor to ‘Longyan 7-3’, but also exhibited exceI ent morphoIogy, coIor, transparency, taste and texture, which indicated that these two purpIe sweet potato varieties were suitabIe for processing dried sweet potato products; fried sweet potato chips of ‘Jishu No.18’ and ‘Weixiang No.1’ had moderate oiI content, high expansion degree and simiIar quality to ‘Longyan 7-3’, which indicated that these two purpIe sweet potato varieties were suitabIe for processing fried sweet potato chips; ‘Fushu No.9’, ‘Quanzi No.1’ and ‘Ninzi No.1’ exhibited beautifuI shape, high nutritional quality and good eating quality, which were suitabIe for fresh eating or processing sweet potato powder. [Conclusion] This study provided a scientific ba-sis for Iarge-scale popuIarization and appIication of new purpIe sweet potato vari-eties special y used for processing.

Wheat Grain Yield and Yield Stability in a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment on the Loess Plateau

To provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management, a 20-year fertility experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China to investigate the effects of long-term application of chemical fertilizers on wheat grain yield and yield stability on the Loess Plateau using regression and stability analysis. The experiment consisted of 17 fertilizer treatments, containing the combinations of different N and P levels, with three replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea, and P was applied as calcium superphosphate. Fertilizer rates had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Phosphorus, combined with N, increased yield significantly （P 〈 0.01）. In the unfertilized control and the N or P sole application treatments, wheat yield had a declining trend although it was not statistically significant. Stability analysis combined with the trend analysis indicated that integrated use of fertilizer N and P was better than their sole application in increasing and sustaining the productivity of rainfed winter wheat.

A Quantification of the Effects of Erosion on the Productivity of Purple Soils

Research on the effects of soil erosion on soil productivity has attracted increasing attention.Purple soil is one of the main soil types in China and plays an important role in the national economy.However,the relationship between erosion and the productivity of purple soils has not been well studied.The purpose of this research was to determine if soil depth,which is dependent on the rate of erosion,has an influence on crop yield and growth.Plot and pot experiments at different soil depths were performed.Results indicate that soils from different parental materials had different growth features and crop yields due to the differential fertility of the derived soils.The yield reduction rate increases exponentially with the depth of eroded soil(level of erosion).The yield reduction rate per unit eroded soil horizon(10 cm) is approximately 10.5% for maize and wheat.

Compensatory growth in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus×O. niloticus) reared in seawater, following restricted feeding

Hybrid tilapia weighing 7.71 g were reared in seawater at 24.0-29.0℃ for 8 weeks. The controls were fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment, whereas treatment groups were fed at 0.5%, 1.5% or 3.0% body weight per day for 4 weeks, and then to satiation for the remainder of the experiment. During the first 4-week period, there was a curvilinear relationship between growth rate and ration size. Fish fed 0.5% and 1.5% rations displayed compensatory growth response of 2 weeks duration during realimentation. The weight-adjusted growth rate of fish fed at 3% ration was not significantly different from that of the controls by the end of the experiment, when none of the treatment groups had caught up in body weight with the controls. Hyperphagia was observed for the first 2 weeks of realimenatation in fish previously fed at 3% ration, but persisted for the whole realimentation period in groups previously fed at 0.5% and 1.5% rations. None of the feed restricted groups showed improved digestibility, feed efficiency, or protein and energy retention efficiency.

Flow-Based Iodometric Extraction Method by the Hollow Fiber Membrane for the Determination of Selenium Sulfide Levels in Cosmeceutical Products

A flow-based iodometric extraction method for the determination of selenium sulfide was developed and applied to cosmeceutical products. Iodine which was generated from the reduction of selenium（IV） ions by iodide ion was on-line extracted using a polypropylene HFM （hollow fiber membrane） liquid extraction technique. The HFM extraction unit was constructed and used to support an organic solvent （hexane） and separate between the organic phase and aqueous phase. The resulting purple extract was carried to a fiber optic spectrophotometric detector for the measurement at 521 nm. Parameters which affected the extraction efficiency, sensitivity and sample throughput such as iodide （selenium molar ratio, extraction time and washing time between the cycles） were investigated and optimized. A linear dynamic range of 80-373 mg.Lt selenium solution was obtained with an extraction time of 60 sec. The total analysis time including washing was about 180 sec which provided a sample throughput of approximately 20 samples＇hr1 and excluded the sample pre-treatment. The recoveries for the determination of selenium in the forms of selenium dioxide and selenium sulfide were in the range of 103%-104% with 1%-3% RSD （relative standard deviation）. The relative errors of this method which was applied for determination of selenium sulfide levels in an anti-dandruff shampoo and a cosmeceutical bead sample were both less than 2.5%.

Methane adsorption-induced coal swelling measured with an optical method

In order to quantify the effect of matrix shrinkage on reservoir permeability during coalbed methane production, coal samples from Huozhou, Changzhi and Jincheng areas in Shanxi province （classified as high-volatile bituminous coal, low-volatile bituminous coal and anthracite, respectively） were collected, and adsorption-induced coal swelling in methane were determined by an optical method at 40 ℃ and pressure up to 12 MPa. All three coals showed similar behavior-that swelling increased as a function of pressure up to about 10 MPa but thereafter no further increase in swelling was observed. Swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane is greater than that parallel to the bedding plane, and the differences are about 7.77-8.33%. The maximum volumetric swelling ranges from 2.73% to 3.21 %-increasing with increasing coal rank. The swelling data can be described by a modified DR model. In addition, swelling increases with the amount of adsorption. However, the increase shows a relatively slower stage followed by a relatively faster stage instead of a linear increase. Based on the assumption that sorption-induced swelling/shrinkage of coal in methane is reversible, the permeability increases induced by coal shrinkage during methane desorption was analyzed, and the results indicate that the permeability change is larger for higher rank coal in the same unit of pressure depletion.

Impact of the Integrated Management Systems on the Achievement of Stable Quality and Safety of Biscuit Products

The implementation of Integrated Management System （IMS） of the quality management and safety is aiming to provide production of biscuit products corresponding to particular specification and client＇s requirements. This paper explores the possibilities of achieving stable sensory and microbiological parameters of the biscuits, through the implementation of IMS. An analysis was carried out of the factors affecting the achievement of stable quality. The achievement of the stability of the parameters of 150 different lots of biscuits has been measured before, during and after the implementation of IMS in the manufacturing company The performed water activity analysis and sensory analysis confirmed that despite the dynamic changes in the internal and external environments as well as the significant changes in the requirements of the standards and the legislation, the implemented IMS has allowed the maintenance of the stable quality and safety of the biscuit products.

Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata through Mutation Induction

Influence of a mutation to improve the undesirable traits （shattering, red caryopsis etc.） of wild rice O. longistaminata while preserving its useful genes by radiation 20 Kr gamma rays from 60Co was studied. The mutants issued this irradiation were crossed with the interspecific variety SIK385-b-42-28-28 （O. glaberrima x O. sativa）. Irradiation followed by crossing with interspecific variety generated a large genetic variability, in the subsequent generations, in plant height, maturity, non-shattering grain, kernel colour, spikelets fertility, panicle length, and grain size. This has resulted in identification of promising mutants which possess all the traits of cultivated rice O. sativa （white kernel, non-shattering grain, secondary branchies etc.）. During 2012 rainy season, nineteen selected mutants from M5 and M7 generations were evaluated for yield potential in replicated trials at Longorola station.

A dynamic optimization model of an integrated coal supply chain system and its application

Various nodes,logistics,capital flows,and information flows are required to make systematic decisions concerning the operation of an integrated coal supply system. We describe a quantitative analysis of such a system. A dynamic optimization model of the supply chain is developed. It has achieved optimal system profit under conditions guaranteeing a certain level of customer satisfaction. Applying this model to coal production of the Xuzhou coal mines allows recommendations for a more systematic use of washing and processing,transportation and sale resources for commercial coal production to be made. The results show that this model,which is scientific and effective,has an important value for making reasonable decisions related to complex coal enterprises.

Methods of Testing Seed and Seedling Physiological Traits for the Improvement of Rapeseed Yield Stability

The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It allows one to eliminate the plant materials （initial breeding materials and cultivars） which do not tolerate extreme temperatures and temperature changes during germination, have low water use efficiency and is intolerant to abiotic stressors all right at the seed level. It was confirmed that these genotypes also have poor t^eld emergence and initial root growth implications for further vegetation periods, mainly for over wintering and spring regeneration which has significant influence on the yield. The method also represents the tool for screening genetic resources with the resistance to the abiotic stressors and this technology process is also acceptable for other crops. The results confirm the importance of the seed and root characteristics for crop production. The deteriorating quality of soil in recent years, increasing variability of weather and long periods of drought directly support the need to intensify activities in this research. Obtained results also show the influence of seed quality characteristics on roots and above ground parts of the plant. A relationship exists also vice versa.

Simultaneous Selection for Yield and Stability in Sugarcane Using Parametric Statistics

Sugarcane advanced variety trials are planted across several locations and harvested for several crop-years to determine genotype by environment interaction and yield stability. Previous studies describe methods for simultaneous screening for yield and stability but did not use parametric statistical tests for comparing genotypes. The objective of this study was to describe a parametric statistical method for simultaneous screening of sugarcane genotypes for yield and stability. Data from 26 crops were collected from trials established at five locations and harvested in the plant, first, second, third and fourth ratoon crops. The mixed procedure of SAS was used for data analysis. The intercept and slope were used to represent yield and stability, respectively. There were significant （P 〈 0.05） differences in yield and stability among the genotypes. Test genotypes were classified into groups of genotypes that produced high yield, or high stability or both. The method provides fast statistical tests for simultaneous screening for yield and stability. The method was also used to compare two genotypes, an application for variety choice at time of release.

Microbial Assessment of Used Drilling Mud and Mix Cement Fluid for Production Well

Drilling fluids and mud additives are generally acknowledged as potential sources of contamination in deep drilling programs, as they may contain high concentration of nutrients for subsurface microorganisms. Microorganisms introduced into drilling process cause a number of problems that can lead to significant costs for the industry. Numerous studies have shown that biogenic sulfide production in oil and natural gas fields have led to a number of problems, including reservoir plugging, reservoir souring, reduced product quality, and corrosion of metal-containing equipment. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial contamination of water drilling mud and cement Mix fluid at two Saudi Aramco well SA-10 ＆ SA-12 and to adequately perform microbial assessment for the well both wells. Microbiological analyses were conducted to evaluate the level of contamination by TB （total bacterial） and SRB （sulfate reducing bacteria） using and q-PCR （quantitative poly chain reaction） technique. Microbial results for SA-10 indicated that total bacteria were 2.21 × 103/mL for mix fluid sample and 1.22 × 105/mL for drilling water sample. In addition, microbial results for total SRB were 1.65 × 102/mL and 1.34 × 102 mL, respectively. Moreover, microbial results for SA-12 indicated 5.89 × 105/mL of total bacteria and 98/mL of SRB in the sample.

Short-term deformation behavior model of endangered earthen heritage slope after conservation in Jiaohe Ruins

Cliff deformation behavior after conservation is of great significance for evaluating the conservation effect and discovering the dynamical law of soil. Modeling on deformation behavior is beneficial to the quantitative evaluation of interactions between soil mass and structures as well as the forecast. Based on cliff conservation engineering of Jiaohe Ruins （the largest raw soil heritage site in the world）, data of horizontal deformation of the upper cliff were obtained by using Nanrui-made NDW-50 displacement device （precision： 0.01 mm, frequency： 15 min^-l）. Regression analysis indicates that deformation behavior models include exponential growth, linear growth and parabolic growth types, while daily deformation presents more intense periodicity （24 h）. The deformation is less than 1.5 mm during monitoring period, which has no impact on the stability of cliff. Deformation behavior provides the mutual duress and interaction between soil and engineering intervention. In addition, deformation mode attaches tensely to the damage pattern of the cliff. The conclusions are of importance to the stability evaluation of the carrier along Silk Road.

Breeding and Selection of Some Lines of Bread Wheat for Salt Tolerance

The aim of this experimental work is to select wheat progenies tolerant high levels of salinity. Studies were conducted to determine the realized response in salt tolerance of some selected progeny （F3） through one cycle of screening and selection and the extent of variability for salt tolerance among selected progeny （F3） of wheat. All the selected progeny （F3） derived from （F2） populations after exposure are to high salinity level, were tested for salt tolerance during all growth stages in sand cultures salinized with 0, 100, 175 mM NaCI as compared with the unselected progeny （F2）. Results showed that the selected progeny （F3） were in all cases except one, superior in yield at maturity and in most cases significantly so, both at 100 and 175 mM NaCl, to the yield of the unselected progeny （F2） controls. In this study, some selected progeny exhibited more than twice the seed yield compared with that obtained from unselected progeny at 175 mM NaCl, and their seed yield was also significantly higher than that at 0 mM NaCl. Results also indicated that the highest value percentage of realized response in salt tolerance was in （F3AS1） and （F3AS2） at 175 mM NaCI. It is important to bear in mind that the significant improvement in selected progeny was achieved just in a single cycle of selection. There is then a strong possibility that further increases in tolerance may be obtained through further cycles of selection till reaching F6 or F7 where would show genetics stability.

Modelling Causes of Temporal Genotype-By-Environment Interaction in Oil Palm Bunch Yield in Nigeria

The objectives of this research were to understand pattern of temporal （year to year） stability in oil palm genotypes and then identify weather variable（s） associated with temporal stability. Stability analysis was performed using the GGE biplot method. The best genotype in one year was not same always in the other year due to changes in the weather conditions over the years. Test environment evaluation revealed that the year 2000 （Y00） was the best representative of the overall environments and most powerful to discriminate genotypes with superior mean yield and temporal stability. The relationship of the climatic factors on the basis of their joint contribution to the development of specific trait varied from the pattern observed when their roles on the same traits were individually assessed. Maximum relative humidity, sunshine and rainfall could help explain the yield fluctuation due to their contribution to the overall yield variation. However, genotypes GI0 and G2 which exhibited high mean performance and stability for BN would be beneficial to the oil palm growers in ensuring steady cash flow from regular bunch yield production.

Quantitative analysis on the contribution of industrial structure change to sustainable development: a case study of Fujian Province

Development and sustainability are the core connotation of sustainable development. Sustainability of economic development and the provision capability of resources and environment are two aspects of sustainable development. The former ones are the foundation of the latter ones. Industrial structure has a close relationship with sustainable development. The optimization of industrial structure is the important base for the sustainable development of modern economy and also the important ways of the sustainable utilization of resources and environment. The intensive growth effect of industrial structure change has the meaning of sustainable development. This paper reviews and explains the theory on the contribution of industrial structure change to sustainable development, builds the calculation model through introducing the coeff icient of industrial structure change, makes an empirical study on the contribution of industrial structure change to sustainable development in Fujian, and puts forward ways and policies of optimizing industrial structure both among industries and inside the industry in the process of industrial structure change.