广东菊科一新归化属——伏金腰箭属

报道广东菊科一新归化属——伏金腰箭属Calyptocarpus Less.。该属的伏金腰箭C. vialis Less.原产于美国南部、墨西哥和古巴,在我国台湾、云南和广西以及印度尼西亚爪哇岛、大洋洲、印度、非洲等地区已归化。最近在广州市车陂涌发现该种大量的归化居群,且生长旺盛并排斥其他原生草本植物,具有明显的入侵性,应引起相关部门重视。伏金腰箭茎匍匐,舌状花瘦果边缘无翅,与管状花瘦果同型,托片先端锐尖,易与金腰箭Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.区别。凭证标本保存于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。

湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物多样性特征

【目的】研究湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物资源现状,为该区植物资源保护和利用提供科学依据。【方法】通过野外调查、标本采集鉴定和文献查阅等方法,对德夯地质公园菊科(Asteraceae)植物物种多样性、地理区系、生活习性、功能性状等方面进行统计分析。【结果】(1)德夯地质公园现有菊科植物59属118种,划分为14个族,其中以菊苣族(Cichorieae)、紫菀族(Astereae)、千里光族(Senecioneae)和春黄菊族(Anthemideae)为主;该区菊科植物以单种属最多(41属),寡种属次之(16属),多种属最少(2属);含3个德夯特有种,分别为吉首蒲儿根(Sinosenecio jishouensis)、吉首紫菀(Aster jishouensis)和紫背紫菀(Aster atropurpurea)。(2)区系地理成分较为复杂,属的分布区类型有12种,以温带分布区类型居多;种的分布区类型有14种,以中国特有分布和东亚分布及变型为主。(3)生活习性以多年生草本为主,共73种,占总种数的61.86%,其次为1~2年生草本,含42种,占总种数的35.59%。(4)菊科植物的营养性状以中小型叶、单叶、互生、纸质、不裂、锯齿、双面无毛为主;繁殖性状以雌雄同株、顶生的伞房花序、瘦果、风力传播为主;花期主要集中在6—10月,果期集中在7—10月。【结论】湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物种类丰富,区系地理成分复杂,特有现象明显,功能性状多样,应予以关注和保护。

依安县菊科野生药用植物资源调查与分析

为探明依安县菊科药用植物资源现状,依据全国第四次中药资源普查工作方案,通过野外样方调查、标本采集和相关文献查阅,分析依安县境内菊科野生药用植物相关情况。结果表明,依安县菊科药用植物资源有34属52种,主要为多年生草本植物;蒿属植物种类最丰富,地理分布以温带性质为主;入药部位与功效多样,重点调查药用植物有8种,其总蕴藏量为29053.37 kg。依安县菊科野生药用植物资源丰富,建议合理保护与开发,实现中药材资源可持续发展。

大围山国家森林公园菊科植物多样性调查及药用功能分析

为了加强对湖南大围山国家森林公园菊科植物种类与药用价值的了解,促进菊科植物保护与开发利用,采用样方法、访谈调查、路线调查等方法,对园区内菊科植物进行调查与分析。结果表明:园区有菊科植物18属37种,占中国菊科植物属、种的7.72%和1.23%,其中,紫菀属菊科植物种占园区菊科种的13.51%,蒿属和白酒草属的种分别占10.81%和8.11%;药用菊科物种按入药部位分为全草类、根及根茎类、叶类、花类和茎木类,其中,苍耳、艾、魁蒿、翅果菊等全草类占药用种的75%;按药用功效分为清热解毒、活血化瘀、解毒消炎、润肺止咳和理气化痰类等,其中,清热解毒类占药用种的50%。

鹤岗市东山区菊科药用植物资源调查研究

按照全国第四次中药普查技术方案要求,采用资源普查、野外现地调查和选取样方调查等方法,对鹤岗市东山区菊科植物中具有药用价值的植物种类、资源特性进行调查分析。调查分析结果表明,鹤岗市东山区菊科植物具有药用价值的共有49种,隶属于33个属,植物种类较多的属是蒿属和风毛菊属,单种属的组成最多,包含26属。为菊科药用植物资源的开发、利用提供可靠的数据支持。

入侵植物一年蓬基因组DNA提取方法优化

一年蓬为菊科飞蓬属植物,是分布较广、危害较重的一种外来入侵杂草。为优选该植物基因组DNA的提取方法,本研究采取四因素三水平正交试验设计,对一年蓬基因组DNA的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)提取方法进行优化,并与常规的植物基因组试剂盒法进行对比。结果表明,一年蓬基因组DNA较优的提取方法为改良CTAB法,即一年蓬的干燥叶片经CTAB-free去除多糖,并加入β-巯基乙醇防止酚氧化,用氯仿∶异戊醇(24∶1)抽提3次。改良CTAB法提取的一年蓬基因组DNA质量较高,微量分光光度计检测的A_(260)/A_(280)数值接近1.8~2.0,且凝胶电泳DNA条带清晰,无明显拖带。该方法为该植物的遗传多样性和入侵机制等研究提供参考。

Cytological study on the genus Syncalathium (Asteraceae-Lactuceae),an endemic taxon to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayas

Cytological characters of four species in Syncalathium （Asteraceae： Lactuceae）, a small genus with six identified species endemic to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayan region, are surveyed in this report. Three species （Syncalathiumpilosum, Syncalathium chrysocephalum, and Syncalathium disciforme） are examined for the first time. Combined with our previous counts, five species have been cytologically investigated from the genus and the results indicated that all species are diploid with the basic somatic chromosome number of x=8. The karyotype asymmetry of Syncalathium souliei is 2A, distinct from the other four species of 1A, and the remaining species are divided into two subgroups with different karyotypes, consistent with their morphological features. The significance of the cytological evolution of Syncalathium is briefly discussed.

Caffeoyl Derivatives: Major Antioxidant Compounds of Some Wild Herbs of the <i>Asteraceae</i>Family

The polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of the aerial parts of 18 medicinal or food plants of the As- teraceae family were studied. Five main caffeoyl derivatives were determined individually by HPLC and compared with levels determined by colorimetry for total dihydroxycinnamic derivatives and total phenolics. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of these constituents to the antioxidant activity of the herbs determined by DPPH radical scavenging tests. Significant correlations were found between total phenolic (R2 = 0.8904), total dihydroxycinnamic derivative (R2 = 0.8529) and total caffeoyl derivative (R2 = 0.7172) concentrations and the DPPH-scavenging ability of all herbs. The antioxidant activity of the main constituents, including chicoric acid (EC50 = 8.24 μmol/l) or 3,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid (EC50 = 7.62 μmol/l), was very high compared to vitamin C (EC50 = 15.66 μmol/l). Thus, for each species, antioxidant activity mainly involves the major caffeoyl derivatives. The contribution to antioxidant activity were assessed as 48.92% for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in Tanacetum parthenium (30.08 g/kg), and 68.96% for chicoric acid in Taraxacum officinale (34.08 g/kg). The main caffeoyl derivatives among polyphenols can be considered as the major antioxidant compounds of the studied Asteraceae herbs.

Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of some wild Saudi Arabian asteraceae plants

Objective:To study the antioxidant properties of crude extract of different Asteraceae plants.Methods:The antioxidant properties of six extracts were evaluated using different antioxidant tests,including free radical scavenging,reducing power,metal chelation,superoxide anion radical scavenging,total antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities.Results:Picris cyanocarpa(P.cyanocarpa)and Anthemis deserti(A.deserti)had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger while Achillia fragrantissima(A.fragrantissima)and Artemissia monosperma(A.monosperma)were the most efficient as ion chelator(100%at 100,200 and 400μg/mL)A.fragrantissima and Rhanlarium appoposum(R.appoposum.)showed 100%inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 200 and 400μg/mL,while butylatedhydroxy toluene and ascorinc acid showed 100and 95%inhibition percentage at 400μg/mL,respectively.Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl toluene and ascorbic acid.Conclusions:In most tests P.cyanocarpa and A.deserti had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） associa- tion with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia （AI-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila）. AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis （65%） from AI-Ghat, Anthemis cotula （52%） from Buraydah and C. bonariensis （53%） from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi （41%） from AI-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata （25%） from Buraydah, Acanthospermum his- pidum （34%） from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens （22%） and V. schimperi （22%） from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112-207 in AI-Ghat, 113-133 in Buraydah, 87-148 in Thumamah and 107-158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of dif- ferent plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were ob- served among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological func- tioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.

Plastome sequencing of Myripnois dioica and comparison within Asteraceae

Myripnois is a monotypic shrub genus in the daisy family constricted to northern China.Although wild populations of Myripnois dioica are relatively rare,this plant may potentially be cultured as a fine ornamental.In the present study,we sequenced the complete plastome of M.dioica,generating the first plastome sequences of the subfamily Pertyoideae.The plastome of M.dioica has a typical quadripartite circular structure.A large^20-kb and a small^3-kb inversion were detected in the large single copy(LSC)region and shared by other Asteraceae species.Plastome phylogenomic analyses based on 78 Asteraceae species and three outgroups revealed four groups,corresponding to four Asteraceae subfamilies:Asteroideae,Cichorioideae,Pertyoideae and Carduoideae.Among these four subfamilies,Pertyoideae is sister to Asteroideae+Cichorioideae;Carduoideae is the most basal clade.In addition,we characterized 13 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)that may be useful in future studies on population genetics.

Karyotypes of nineteen species of Asteraceae in the Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions

The Hengduan Mountains region is a biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we report the karyotypes of 19 species(21 populations) of Asteraceae from this region, 14 of which are reported for the first time. We also examined polyploidy in Asteraceae plants and summarized karyotype data in the literature for 69 congeneric taxa. In these genera, there were five different ploidy levels in the region, though the most dominant was diploid(73.08%). There is no direct evidence that ploidy level and karyotype asymmetry are associated with the distribution of recorded Asteraceae species from the Hengduan Mountains. This suggests that polyploidy(26.92%) may not play an important role in the evolutionary history of these plants, even though, among these genera, the ratio of paleopolyploidy was high(46.15%).

Spittlebugs in the genus Sphenorhina (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) associated with weedy composite host plants (Asteraceae) that may represent unusual cases of nitrogen fixation

Three species of the spittlebug genus Sphenorhina （Hemiptera： Cercopidae） have been observed in association with Crassocephalum crepidioides and Chromolaena ordorata, weedy tropical species in the family Asteraceae that have been implicated as nitrogen-fixing plants. The spittlebugs may be serving as indirect indicators of nitrogen fixation in some species of Asteraceae, a group in which nitrogen fixation has not been well established.

Mojiangia oreophila(Crepidinae,Cichorieae,Asteraceae),a new species and genus from Mojiang County,SW Yunnan,China,and putative successor of the maternal Faberia ancestor

A single small population of chasmophytic plants is described as Mojiangia oreophila,a monotypic genus in the subtribe Crepidinae,characterised by a unique combination of morphological features,in particular densely long-papillose homomorphic achenes with five main ribs each accompanied by two secondary ribs,coarse brownish pappus bristles,moderately many-flowered capitula,a small involucre with numerous outer phyllaries,perennial rosette herb growth and brown-woolly caudex and leaf axils.Molecular phylogenetic analysis detected that in the nrlTS phylogeny M.oreophila forms a clade of its own in the Crepidinae;in the plastid DNA phylogeny it is nested in the clade formed by the hybrid-ogenous genus Faberia,the maternal ancestor of which comes from the Crepidinae and the paternal ancestor from the Lactucinae,where Faberia is placed in nrlTS phylogenies.M.oreophila shares several morphological features with Faberia and also shares the expected chromosome number of 2n=16 with its hitherto unknown maternal ancestor.M.oreophila may therefore be a successor of the maternal ancestor of Faberia.Alternatively,cytonuclear discordance is to be assumed in Mojiangia,caused by chloroplast capture as a result of hybridisation and introgression with Faberia.

Allelopathic Effects of Extracts from Three Asteraceae Plants on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Four Plants

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of the extracts of Asteraceae plants on plant seeds and seedlings.[Methods]The effects of the extracts of three Asteraceae plants(Erigeron annuus,Bidens pilosa and Inula japonica)on the seed germination and seedling growth of four plants(Setaria viridis,Erigeron canadensis,Chenopodium album and Lactuca sativa)were studied by the Petri dish filter paper method and bioassay method.[Results]Different concentrations(10,20,40,100,200 mg/ml)of the extracts of E.annuus,B.pilosa and I.japonica had different allelopathic effects on the seed germination of the same recipient plant,and with the increase of the concentrations of the extracts,the inhibitory effects were more significant.The extract of B.pilosa had the strongest inhibitory effect.The extracts at the low concentration(10 mg/ml)had no significant effects on the germination rates and germination energy of the four kinds of plant seeds.In terms of root growth and biomass,the extracts of E.annuus and I.japonica showed the effect of low promotion and high inhibition.Under the treatment with high concentrations(100,200 mg/ml)of the extracts from the three Asteraceae plants,the germination of plant seeds,plant root length,stem height and biomass were inhibited.With the concentrations of the extracts of the three Compositae plants increasing,the chlorophyll contents of the four plants showed a downward trend,and the activity of SOD,POD,CAT and other antioxidant protective enzymes showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.[Conclusions]These three species of Asteraceae plants had certain allelopathic inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of the four kinds of plant seeds,including S.viridis,E.canadensis,C.album and L.sativa,and they have potential in the development of botanical herbicides or plant protection.

Phylogeny and putative hybridization in the subtribe Paranepheliinae （Liabeae, Asteraceae）, implications for classification, biogeography, and Andean orogeny

The nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast trnL-trnF (trnLF) intergenic region were se-quenced for 45 accessions of Paranephelius and six accessions of Pseudonoseris, the two genera of the subtribe Paranepheliinae (Liabeae, Asteraceae) distributed in the alpine regions of the Andes. This data set was used to estimate relationships between these genera and within each genus to aid in evaluating morphological variation and classification. Our results with both ITS and trnLF markers support the monophyly of subtribe Paranephelii-nae, and place Pseudonoseris discolor as the first diverged taxon sister to the clade containing Paranephelius. Pseudonoseris szyszylowiczii exhibited intraspecific divergence supporting intergeneric hybridization between Pseudonoseris and Paranephelius. Within Paranephelius, genetic divergence is low and not adequate to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships at the species level, but two genetically and morphologically recognizable groups were revealed by the ITS data. Several accessions possessing multiple ITS sequences represent putative hybrids between the two groups. These putative hybrids have caused some taxonomic confusion and difficulties in establishing species boundaries in Paranephelius. The divergence time estimates based on ITS sequences indi-cated that the stem of subtribe Paranepheliinae dates to 13 million years ago, but the diversification of the crown clade of the extant members began in the early Pleistocene or late Pliocene, perhaps associated with the uplift of the Andes and the climatic changes of global cooling.

Effects of Ingested Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C.(Asteraceae)Extract in the Liver of Prochilodus lineatus Fish

Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “alecrim-do-campo”, is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. The extract of its leaves is used for liver problems, stomach disorders and others. The objective of the present study was to perform a histochemical analysis of curimbata fish livers to evaluate the potential effects and risks of the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia. Thirty-two animals were divided into two experimental groups in duplicate: Control group (regular food) and B. dracunculifolia Treated group (food added with B. dracunculifolia). The fishes were collected on the 14th and 21st days after the treatment period of 21 days. The histological alterations were evaluated using the semiquantitative methods Mean Value of Alterations (MVA), Histopathological Alteration Index (HAI) and Image J&reg;. HAI and MAV showed that the extract caused slight but statistically significant damages, widely distributed throughout the organ. The results showed significant hepatic alterations caused by the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia extract.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Potential Antioxidant of Bidens segetum Mart. ex Colla (Asteraceae) in Melanocyte and Melanoma Cells

Bidens segetum Martius ex Colla known as the “pic&atilde;o do mato”, is an herbaceous plant that occurs in the Cerrado biome of some Brazilian states. Among the species of Bidens, we highlight B. pilosa known as “pic&atilde;o preto”, of which several activities are reported as antioxidant and antibacterial. Ethanolic extract from Bidens segetum (EEBs) showed an-tioxidant potential when analyzed by free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphareospermum fungi. PFFR3.3 subfraction from EEBs has 81.5% of 5-O caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and potential antioxidant (DPPH). However, PFFR3.3 did not decrease superoxide anion in metastatic melanoma cells by dihydroeth-idium assay (DHE). PP4 subfraction is a mixture of polyacetylenes that has antifungal (Cladosporium) and antioxidant activity, since reduced superoxide anion amount in melanoma cells after 5 min of treatment. However, no dose-response and time-response curve were observed, not even with the authentic standard (5-CQA). Complementary chemical studies will be performed to confirm the polyacetylenes and 5-CQA structures present in the EEBs from B. segetum and new methodologies should be performed to confirm the antioxidant activity of these com-pounds and the effects on melanocytes and melanomas.

山芫荽——江西省菊科山芫荽属一新记录

报道了采自江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的江西省菊科山芫荽属一新记录种——山芫荽,并提供了该物种的详细形态描述、新记录凭证标本和彩色图版。

13种芳香植物挥发性萜类化合物比较研究

结合气相色谱-质谱连用(GC-MS)技术,使用正己烷萃取法对唇形科、菊科、芸香科和伞形科中选取的13种芳香植物的萜类组分进行定性和定量分析;利用统计学比较不同科中挥发性萜类的组成多样性以及成分差异。结果表明:13种植物材料中共有56种挥发性萜类化合物,其中唇形科最多(40种),菊科其次(35种),伞形科和芸香科含量较少。唇形科中鉴定到挥发性萜类的含量最高,其中倍半萜类组分显著低于单萜类组分;菊科中检测到的倍半萜氧化物含量相对较高,1-石竹烯是唇形科和菊科芳香植物所共有的成分;芳香植物所含的挥发性萜类化合物成分不同,种类也因物种而异。唇形科芳香植物最适宜作为提取挥发性萜类的材料,菊科芳香植物适宜作为倍半萜氧化物成分的提取材料。本研究可为相异植物材料活性组分的有效使用和科学开发及植物萜类的深入研究提供参考。