UASB＋CMBR＋活性炭吸附工艺处理油气田废水试验研究

采用UASB＋CMBR＋活性炭吸附工艺对油气田废水进行了实验室小试研究。结果表明，经UASB＋CMBR工艺处理后，TSS的截留率在99％以上，COD、TOC、油类的去除率范围分别为：74％~94％、85．6％~96．9％、98％～99．9％，出水油类低于10mg／L。采用活性炭对该工艺出水进行达标实验研究，结果表明，活性炭对系统出水COD的去除效率为78．9％，COD去除效果非常显著，COD从379．4mg／L骤降到79．9mgm，表明UASB＋CMBR＋活性炭吸附工艺对此类废水有较好的去除效果。

CMBR技术处理焦化废水的实践

采用外置式膜生物反应器（CMBR）技术处理拜城县众泰煤焦化有限公司焦化废水,该工艺采用最新的管式膜技术,强化处理能力,能充分发挥生化反应器特点,使生化池处理效率提高30%~50%。实现了水的循环利用和零排放,取得了显著的环境效益。可以在不蒸氨的情况下使出水中的氨氮达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）的一级标准,取代蒸氨系统。

CMBR工艺处理高浓度含油废水可行性研究

采用基于陶瓷平板微滤膜所开发的CMBR工艺对高浓度含油废水进行了可行性处理实验研究。实验中,进水COD从300 mg/L逐步提升至7 500 mg/L,进水油类质量浓度从0 mg/L逐步提升至1 606.5 mg/L,COD有机负荷从0.1 g/(L·d)逐步升至2.03 g/(L·d)。结果表明,控制COD有机负荷在1.5 g/(L·d)时,COD去除率97.4%,油类去除率99.8%,CMBR工艺运行稳定,出水完全能达到GB 8978-1996中一级排放标准所要求值。

Open Question: Could a Causal Discontinuity Explain Fluctuations in the CMBR Radiation Spectrum?

Could a causal discontinuity lead to an explanation of fluctuations in the CMBR radiation spectrum? Is this argument valid if there is some third choice of set structure (for instance do self-referential sets fall into one category or another)? The answer to this question may lie in (entangled) vortex structure of space time, along the lines of structure similar to that generate in the laboratory by Ruutu. Self-referential sets may be part of the generated vortex structure, and we will endeavor to find if this can be experimentally investigated. If the causal set argument and its violation via this procedure holds, we have the view that what we see a space time “drum” effect with the causal discontinuity forming the head of a “drum” for a region of about 1010 bits of “information” before our present universe up to the instant of the big bang itself for a time region less than t~10-44 seconds in duration, with a region of increasing bits of “information” going up to 10120 due to vortex filament condensed matter style forming through a symmetry breaking phase transition. We address the issue of what this has to do with Bicep 2, the question of scalar-tensor gravity versus general relativity, how to avoid the detection of dust generated Gravity wave signals as what ruined the Bicep 2 experiment and some issues information flow and causal structure has for our CMBR data as seen in an overall summary of these issues in Appendix X, of this document. Appendix XI mentions how to differentiate between scalar-tensor gravity, and general relativity whereas Appendix XII, discusses how to avoid the Bicep 2 mistake again. While Appendix VIII gives us a simple data for a graviton power burst which we find instructive. We stress again, the importance of obtaining clean data sets so as to help us in the eventual detection of gravitational waves which we regard as decisively important and which we think by 2025 or so which will be an important test to discriminate in a full experimental sense the choice of general relativity and other gravity theories, for the evolution of cosmology. Finally, Appendix VII brings up a model for production for gravitons, which is extremely simple. Based upon a formula given in a reference, by Weinberg, in 1971, we chose it due to its illustrative convenience and ties in with Bosonic particles.

The Origin of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.

陶瓷膜-生物反应器中微生物载体的应用研究

在陶瓷膜 -生物反应器处理生活污水中引入微生物固定化技术 ,选用两种载体来固定培养微生物 ,比较了不同载体、不同孔径下的膜通量和出水水质等指标 .在操作压差 0 .1MPa,流速 2 .8m/s时 ,膜通量为 1 1 0～ 1 5 0L/(m2 ·h) ,进出水COD的去除率在 90 %以上 .

S-Z效应的宇宙学研究

综述了S-Z效应的一些基本问题,包括S-Z效应的基本理论和观测技术,在宇宙学方面的应用和最新结果,以及将来的研究前景.

陶瓷膜生物反应器出水水质及回用范围

以管式陶瓷膜生物反应器处理生活污水 ,对出水水质进行分析并讨论了回用水范围。结果表明 COD的去除率高达 99.5 % ,氨氮和悬浮性固体的去除率达到 99.9%和 1 0 0 % 。

复合淹没式MBR深度处理生活污水的试验研究

针对水资源的严重缺乏,在传统膜生物反应器的基础上开发了一种新型城市污水处理回用工艺——复合淹没式膜生物反应器,并利用该工艺来处理生活污水的二级出水,介绍了试验的装置及方法,对其试验结果进行了分析,指出该工艺对浊度,NH4+-N,COD的去除均达到中水回用标准。

The Proof That There Are No Invariabilities of Lorentz Transformations in the Interaction Theories of Micro-Particle Physics

It is proved in this paper that there are at least five situations in the interaction theories of microparticle physics that the Lorentz transformations have no invariabilities. 1) In the formula to calculate transition probabilities in particle physics, the so-called invariability factor of phase space d3p/E is not invariable actually under the Lorentz transformations. Only in one-dimensional motion with uy = uz = 0, it is invariable. 2) The propagation function of spinor field in quantum theory of field has no invariability of Lorentz Transformation actually. What appears in the transformation is the sum of Lorentz factors aμνaλμ ≠ δνλ when ν, λ = 1, 4, rather than aμνaλμ = δνλ. But in the current calculation, we take aμνaλμ = δνλ. The confusion of subscript’s position leads to wrong result. 3) Though the motion equations of quantum fields and the interaction Hamiltonian are unchanged under the Lorentz transformation, the motion equation of perturbation which is used to calculate the transition probability in the interaction representation has no invariability. 4) The interactions between bound state’s particles have no Lorentz invariability. In fact, the principle of relativity has no approximation if it holds. 5) The calculation methods of high order perturbations normalization processes in quantum theory of fields violate the invariability of Lorentz transformation. The conclusions above are effective for strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions and so on. Therefore, the principle of relativity does not hold in the micro-particle’s interactions. On the other hand, the invariability principle of light’s speed is still effective. So the formulas of special relativity still hold, but we should consider them with absolute significances.

Imprints on CMB Angular Power Spectrum Modes from Cosmological Reionization

The accurate understanding of the ionization history of the Universe plays a fundamental role in modern cosmology. It includes a phase of cosmological reionization after the standard recombination epoch, possibly associated to the early stages of structure and star formation. While the simple “τ-parametrization” of the reionization process and, in particular, of its imprints on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy likely represents a sufficiently accurate modelling for the interpretation of current CMB data, a great attention has been recently posed on the accurate computation of the reionization signatures in the CMB for a large variety of astrophysical scenarios and physical processes. The amplitude and shape of the B-mode Angular Power Spectrum (APS) depends, in particular, on the tensortoscalar ratio, r, related to the energy scale of inflation, and on the reionization history, thus an accurate modeling of the reionization process will have implications for the precise determination of r or to set more precise constraints on it through the joint analysis of E and B-mode polarization data available in the next future and from a mission of next generation. In this work we review some classes of astrophysical and phenomenological reionization histories, beyond the simpleτ-parametrization, a present a careful characterization of the imprints introduced in all the CMB APS modes. We have implemented a modified version of CAMB, the Cosmological Boltzmann code for computing the CMB anisotropy APS, to introduce the predicted hydrogen and helium ionization fractions. We compared the results obtained for these models for all the non-vanishing (in the assumed scenarios) modes of the CMB APS. Considering also the limitation from potential residuals of astrophysical foregrounds, we discussed the capability of next data to disentangle between different reionization scenarios in a wide range of tensor-to-scalar ratios.

Calculation of the Universal Gravitational Constant, of the Hubble Constant, and of the Average CMB Temperature

Dirac made the hypothesis that all large, dimensionless numbers that could be constructed from the important natural units of cosmology and atomic theory were connected [1] [2]. Although Dirac did not succeed in exactly matching all these numbers, he suspected that there was a way to unify all of them. Dirac’s hypothesis leads to the N constant which unifies most of physics’ parameters. It represents the maximum number of photons with a wavelength equal to the universe circumference. Using a new cosmological model, we found the β constant which represents the ratio between the expansion speed of matter in the universe and the speed of light. With these constants, we can now calculate accurately several physics parameters, including the universal gravitational constant G, the Hubble constant H0, and the average temperature T of the cosmological microwave background (CMB). Our equations show that G, H0 and T are not really constant over space and time.

Galaxies “Boiling off” Electrons Due to the Photo-Electric Effect Leading to a New Model of the IGM and a Possible Mechanism for “Dark Matter”

The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) is commonly thought to be occupied by approximately one atom of Hydrogen per cubic metre of space either as neutral Hydrogen or partially/fully ionised. This cannot be true as galaxies will “boil off” electrons from their outer surfaces by the photo-electric effect and so the IGM must be filled with electrons. UV and X-ray photons, as they leave the galaxy, can remove an electron from a Hydrogen atom at the surface of the galaxy, give it sufficient energy to escape the gravitational pull of the galaxy and go on to fill the IGM. A typical galaxy emits approximately 5×1047 X-ray photons each second. All of which pass through the outer surface of the galaxy and have sufficient energy to eject an electron and send it off to the IGM. Adding to these photons in the UV and gamma, we can see that galaxies are ejecting large amounts of electrons each second that go on to fill the IGM. Data from FRB 121102 give the value for the electron number density in the IGM as ne ≈ 0.5 m-3. Under certain conditions, an electron gas will crystallise into a Wigner-Seitz crystal. Here the electrical potential energy of repulsion between the electrons dominates their kinetic energy and the electrons form on a BCC lattice structure. The electrons oscillate, performing SHM about their lattice positions. With ne ≈ 0.5 m-3 the electrons in the IGM satisfy the energy criteria for crystallisation to occur when interacting with other electrons within a sphere far less in radius than the corresponding Debye sphere. Thus, the conditions are met for the electrons to form an “electron glass.” Since the electrons in their BCC formation are spatially coherent, light will travel through the crystals in a straight line and thus objections to “Tired Light” theories are now removed since images will neither be destroyed nor “blurred.” Charges are not created but separated, if the electrons are removed from the galaxy and sent to fill the IGM;the remaining protons are left behind. These are “thermal” and will not have sufficient energy to escape but will be held gravitationally to that galaxy. Could these too form a spherical Wigner-Seitz sphere around that galaxy? Since the structure would be transparent, light would pass through in straight lines and thus we would not see it. They would however, interact gravitationally with the galaxy and have an effect on the rotation curves of single galaxies and on the motion of galactic clusters. Just as we cannot see the clear water in a fish tank when we look at the fish, the transparent, crystalline sphere of protons around galaxies would be “dark”.

Free Electrons Compton Scattering Can Produce an Illusion of Expanding Universe

The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observations show that the Universe is expanding exponentially. Free electron Compton scattering (FEC) can produce the illusion of exponentially expanding Universe: FEC causes photons to redshift exponentially, and the photon beam exponentially expands along the propagation direction. Is this a coincidence? The redshift factor of the FEC is z = (1+z);the beam length stretch factor (time dilation of the supernova curve) of the FEC is z = (1+z);the expansion factor of the beam volume of the FEC is z = (1+z)3, and the FEC effect does not blur the image of distant galaxies. The reason for rejecting the “tired light” does not hold in FEC.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Mathematical Model of Quantum Gravity or Quantum Cosmology

We review here the recent success in modeling our expanding universe according to the rules of flat space cosmology. Given only a few basic and reasonable assumptions and a single observational input, our model derives a variety of results which correlate with astronomical observations, including best estimates of the size, total mass, temperature, age and expansion rate of our observable universe. Considering the apparent success of our model, we attempt to explain why we think it works so well, including the fact that it incorporates elements of both general relativity and quantum mechanics. We offer this approach as a possible avenue towards understanding cosmology at the quantum level (“quantum gravity”).

How a Realistic Linear <i>R_h= ct </i>Model of Cosmology Could Present the Illusion of Late Cosmic Acceleration

Realistic FLRW cosmic coasting models which contain matter now appear to be a reasonable alternative in explaining the accumulated Supernova Cosmology Project data since 1998. In sharp contrast to the unrealistic original classic Milne universe, which was entirely devoid of matter, these modified Milne-type models containing matter, often referred to as realistic linear Rh = ct models, have rapidly become the primary competition with standard cosmology. This paper compares the expected relative luminosity distances and relative angular diameter distances for given magnitudes of redshift within these two competing models. A simple ratio formula is derived, which explains how expected luminosity distances and angular diameter distances for given magnitudes of redshift within a realistic Milne-type cosmic expansion could create the illusion (for standard model proponents) of cosmic acceleration where none exists.

The Basics of Flat Space Cosmology

We present a new model of cosmology which appears to show great promise. Our flat space cosmology model, using only four basic and reasonable assumptions, derives highly accurate Hubble parameter H0, Hubble radius R0 and total mass M0 values for our observable universe. Our model derives a current Hubble parameter of , in excellent agreement with the newly reported (lower limit) results of the 2015 Planck Survey. Remarkably, all of these derivations can be made with only these basic assumptions and the current CMB radiation temperature . The thermodynamic equations we have generated follow Hawking’s black hole temperature formula. We have also derived a variety of other useful cosmological formulae. These include angular velocity and other rotational formulae. A particularly useful hyperbolic equation, , has been derived, which appears to be an excellent fit for the Planck scale as well as the current observable universe scale. Using the flat space Minkowski relativistic formula for Doppler effect, and a formula for staging our cosmological model according to its average mass-energy density at every Hubble time (universal age) in its expansion, a persuasive argument can be made that the observable phenomena attributed to dark energy are actually manifestations of Doppler and gravitational redshift. Finally, a theory of cosmic inflation becomes completely unnecessary because our flat space cosmology model is always at critical density.

Frequency Decay through Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption and Re-Emission by Inter-Galactic Dark Matter as an Alternate Explanation for the Hubble Constant

There is an alternate cause for the decay rate defined by Edwin Hubble’s Cosmological Constant Theory. It can be proposed because inward motion is observed in the local Galaxies||Star groups around the Milky Way. The recession velocity of Galaxies farther out of is reasoned entirely from the increasing redshift in the frequency. The smaller the image of observed Galaxy/Cluster objects, the greater the downward shift in frequency of all Electro-Magnetic signals [EM]. An alternate cause for that downward shift could be through the absorption and re-emission through matter, leading to the absorption of some fraction of the energy quanta. There is nowhere in our Local Universe that is both absolutely devoid of matter and the continual formation of objects of all scales. If redshift was because of space expansion, it would increase the distance that signal had to travel. So a signal from GN-z11 stellar structure at 13.4 billion light years [LY] would take 13.4 billion years to travel. Assuming 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang would mean GN-z11 object travelled 13.4 billion LY in 400 million years. A current value for the Hubble constant is: H0=(67.8 ± 0.77) km s -1 Mpc -1 a frequency is shift of 67.8/c over a single Mpc. An alternate expression would be a shift factor 2.261560E-5 over a distance of 3.08567E22 m or a redshift of 7.32923E-28 over a metre because of passage through a medium. Dark matter is a currently accepted phenomenon. It is proposed that properties include redshift’s all normal matters that are put upon EM||Boson signals at the fraction stated above. The signal reduction|| frequency distortion happens at a quantum level for each occurrence, and so is not detectable until passage through millions of LY of Dark Matter. Support for this alternate supposition is reasoned from the fact that the M31 Galaxy and the NGC 300 Galaxy are at distances inconsistent with their Hubble recession velocity.

胶原蛋白肠衣生产废水处理及回用工程

为应对废水排放量增加及降低废水处理成本,梧州神冠蛋白肠衣有限公司采用三级处理系统建设了处理量为500 m3/d的废水处理及回用工程。运行结果表明,三级处理系统出水COD为22 mg/L,氨氮为1.7 mg/L,远远优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920—2002)标准,出水可直接用于厂区绿化用水等目的。

Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor(CMBR)integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification.The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitratecontaining influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution;the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution.Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source.The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria.Relative to the single dose of external ethanol,the twodose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO_(3)^(-)-N and ethanol(as measured by total organic carbon)of the effluent.The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m^(-2)·h^(-1)for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study.The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.