Effect of Cultivar, Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) Productivity

A 2-year field study was conducted in northern Greece to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on productivity of three Greek chickpea varieties (“Amorgos” “Serifos”, “Andros”). Chickpea, grown under irrigation regime (30 + 30 mm of water) and fertilized with 50 kg·N·ha-1 before planting and with 40 kg·N·ha-1 at blossom growth stage, produced more total dry biomass and seed yield as compared with that grown under non-irrigated conditions and fertilized with 50 kg·N·ha-1 before planting only. In particular, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization at blossom growth stage increased total dry weight of chickpea by 18.3% and 18.5%, respectively, as compared with that of non-irrigated and fertilized with N before planting. The corresponding increase of seed yield was 30.5% and 20%, respectively. The total dry biomass of “Amorgos” was 10% and 13% greater than that of “Serifos” and “Andros”, while its respective seed yield increase was 5% and 16%. Finally, the quantum yield of photosystem II of chickpea was not affected by irrigation or fertilization. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilization at blossom growth stage combined with irrigation increased seed yield of all chickpea varieties, whereas the same treatments did not have any effect on plant quantum yield of photosystem II.

Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan

A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.

Rhizogenesis of Two Species Fabaceae: <i>Cicer arietinum</i>L. and <i>Pisum sativum</i>L.

Our work of comparative study on the biomorphological, rhizogenic level of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Pea (Pisum sativum), includes successively the following results: The in-vitro culture done, showed strains, which can reach 6.5 mm in the medium Nutrient agar (NA) for Cicer arietinum 6 mm of strain were recorded in the PDA culture medium for Pisum sativum. The best strain is obtained in temperature of 20&#8451;(ambient). According to the results of the rhizogenesis, we notice that the nutrient agar (NA) medium responds better that the PDA medium for Cicer arietinum. Meanwhile, the medium PDA brings a better reaction (response) compared with the nutrient agar medium concerning Pisum sativum.

Gene Expression Profiling during Wilting in Chickpea Caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>F. sp. <i>Ciceri</i>

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), one of the most important fungal pathogen of chickpea, is a constant threat to this crop plant. In the present study gene expression analysis of chickpea roots during Foc infection was performed using various approaches. cDNAs derived from total mRNA during infection process of susceptible (JG62)and resistant (Digvijay) cultivars, were amplified using random oligonucleotides. Sequence characterization of differentially expressed transcripts revealed their homology with many plant genes essential for various metabolic functions including defense. Further, expression patterns of specific candidate gene transcripts were analyzed in the Foc inoculated and uninoculated resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars, on day 6 of infection. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of defense related genes was performed using gene specific oligonucleotides in resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars. The expression of fungal pathogenesis related genes and their race specific response was determined throughout the course of chickpea-Foc interaction. Temporal expression and race specific response of plant defense related and fungal virulence genes were studied in the resistant and susceptible cultivars of chickpea inoculated with three races of Foc highlighting the host-pathogen interactions. Few genes, involved in chickpea defense against Fusarium wilt which were not reported previously were unveiled in this study.

A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) that exerts an antimicrobial effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chickpea and is regarded as a constant threat in tropical and subtropical countries. In order to correlate Fusarium wilt resistance/susceptibility in Cicer arietinum to the presence or absence of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in the crude extract, trypsin inhibitory assay (TIA) and in vitro activity of TI against Foc were studied. In the present study, a 20 kDa trypsin inhibitor was purified from Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar (viz. JG 2001-12) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and chromatographies with Sephadex G-100 and Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose-52) ion-exchange column. Results of pathogenecity assay were found to be in correlation to the trypsin inhibitor assay where the Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar showed high trypsin inhibitory activity (99%) in the presence of trypsin enzyme using both natural and synthetic substrates. Preliminary studies using crude extracts of JG 2001-12 showed a decrease in radial growth of Foc. A 45%-82% reduction in conidium germination at 20 μg&middotmL-1?Cicer arietinum trypsin inhibitor (CaTI) concentration was observed, thereby, indicating the use of CaTI in suppression of pathogen and in its deployment through transgenic plants for the management of Fusarium wilt.

Variation in Thermal time model Parameters Between Two Contrasting Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>) cultivars

A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different constant temperatures on germination and early seedling establishment and to study the variation among parameters of thermal time model parameters for two contrasting chickpea cultivars . Seeds were subjected to six constant temperatures from 10 o C to 35 o C . A complete randomized design was used with four replication. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among treatments for all characters studied. The final germination percentage significantly increased with increasing temperature up to 25 ° C, and thereafter there was a sharp decrease in final germination at 30 ° and 35 ° C. Desi type cultivar (small seeded) “Jabel Marra” significantly exhibited higher final germination percentage and lower germination rate compared with the kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θ T(50) ) of the thermal time was significantly differ between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (shendi) recorded significantly higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed a significant differences between the two cultivars in all thermal time model parameters. The small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared to the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.

EMS诱变对鹰嘴紫云英种子萌发及幼苗表型特征的影响

【目的】筛选适宜鹰嘴紫云英的EMS诱变条件。【方法】以鹰嘴紫云英品种甘绿2号种子为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行不同时间(2、4、6、8 h)的诱变处理,探究EMS对鹰嘴紫云英种子萌发特征及表型变化的影响。【结果】低浓度和短时间EMS处理促进鹰嘴紫云英种子的萌发,随EMS浓度升高和诱变时间的增加,对鹰嘴紫云英种子萌发产生抑制作用。种子浸出液电导率随诱变条件的加深呈上升趋势,在2~6 h时,萌发期发芽率、发芽势、幼苗苗长和根长均随处理时间和诱变浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在8 h处理下,随EMS浓度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,EMS浓度在0.8%时,种子发芽率和发芽势均达到最低,较对照分别降低了54.45%和56.67%;经形态学筛选,发现有鹰嘴紫云英幼苗表现出幼苗矮小、停滞生长、叶片黄化、宽叶、窄叶、叶片发紫、诸多病斑等特殊变异性状。【结论】0.8%EMS处理6 h可作为最佳诱变组合;幼苗的生长随诱变时间和浓度增加而明显受到抑制,且表型变异类型也逐步增多。

鹰嘴豆气候品质认证方法与模型

种植区气候环境是决定鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum L.)产量和品质的重要因素,开展鹰嘴豆气候品质认证,有利于掌握鹰嘴豆品质气候条件的时空分布、合理开发利用气候资源、进一步提高产品产量和质量。鹰嘴豆的生长过程可分为播种期、出苗期、分枝期、开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期、成熟期7个生育期,主要气候影响因素包括气温、水分、光照等,可以采用对比分析法和指标判别法开展鹰嘴豆气候品质认证。鹰嘴豆气候品质认证模型由鹰嘴豆气候适宜性区划指标评分、当年鹰嘴豆品质关键生育期指标评分和鹰嘴豆生产管理条件指标评分3部分构成,涉及10℃以上积温、≥35℃高温日数、湿润指数、生育期平均气温、生育期降水量、生育期≥5℃积温、苗期冻害、分枝期至开花期阴雨、开花期至鼓粒期干旱、产地环境条件、标准化生产技术规范、质量安全规范规范、品质抽查等14个具体指标,结合指标权重计算后得到综合评定。

鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

以100份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对15个主要农艺性状的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,参试材料存在广泛的遗传多样性。其中,多样性指数最高的是株高,其次是百粒重;性状变异系数最大的是单株荚数,其次是单株粒重;基于各种质间形态标记的遗传差异,将100份鹰嘴豆种质聚类并划分为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为选育丰产中粒型和株高适中的品种,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育矮秆耐密及特异粒色(型)品种,第Ⅲ类群丰产性较差可作为选育子粒球型、光滑的品种,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化收获的品种。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达73.91%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源农艺性状,为鹰嘴豆的有效利用提供一定的科学依据。

鹰咀豆根系分泌物的分离鉴定及典型分泌物苯甲醛的化感效应

运用CH2Cl2提取水培35d鹰咀豆的根系分泌物,并通过气相色谱和质谱联用技术(GC MS)进行分离鉴定,对典型分泌物苯甲醛的生物学效应通过发芽试验进行了测试。结果表明,鹰咀豆的根分泌物主要包括有机酸、酚、烃类、酯、酮类、醇、酰胺、苯、醛和噻唑等;苯甲醛是一种他感作用强于自毒作用的化感物质,对2种幼苗组成的复合系统的负效应小于对单作系统的负效应。

鹰嘴豆种子胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分离纯化与鉴定

为了寻找具有药物作用的天然胰蛋白酶抑制物,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、离子交换层析(DEAE-纤维素52)及Sephadex G-100凝胶层析等方法,从鹰嘴豆种子中分离出一种鹰嘴豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(CPTI).研究表明:CPTI对胰蛋白酶有较强的抑制作用,抑制率达80%,而对胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制作用较弱,抑制率为32%,对胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶及枯草杆菌蛋白酶均无抑制作用;用SDS-PAGE测得CPTI近似分子质量为25.7 kD;CPTI具有较高的热稳定性,在100℃下加热60min,对胰蛋白酶活性仍保持78%抑制率;Lineveaer-Burk作图得知该抑制剂属竞争性抑制类型.动力学测定显示,来自鹰嘴豆中的CPTI对胰蛋白酶的抑制作用常数(Ki)为3.99×10-7 mol/L.

富钒鹰嘴豆芽对糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的影响

目的:研究富钒鹰嘴豆芽降糖作用及可能机制。方法:以链脲佐菌素诱导形成糖尿病大鼠模型,饲喂不同浓度的富钒鹰嘴豆芽4周,观察大鼠血糖和血脂等的变化。结果:与正常对照组比较,糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖升高了4倍,血浆胰岛素降低了57.63%、糖化血红蛋白(GHb)升高了42.28%,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和血浆脂质水平明显升高。而分别饲喂不同浓度富钒鹰嘴豆芽4周后,糖尿病大鼠的上述指标都得到改善,其中以中等剂量(100μg/ml)富钒鹰嘴豆芽治疗组的效果最明显:血糖水平降低了58.60%(P<0.05);血浆胰岛素水平明显增高(P<0.05)且接近正常;GHb降低了32.81%,血浆低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇明显下降(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶分别降低了39.98%和41.37%。而葡萄糖耐量得到显著改善,2h的血糖值降低了38.46%。结论:富钒鹰嘴豆芽能阻止糖尿病大鼠高血糖的进展和血浆脂质水平的改变;这种钒的有机复合物形式达到了减毒增效的目的,具有较佳的应用前景。

紫外分光光度法测定鹰嘴豆和豆芽中异黄酮含量的研究

目的建立一种检测鹰嘴豆异黄酮含量的快速分析方法，并检测鹰嘴豆和豆芽中异黄酮的含量。方法采用紫外分光光度法，检测波长为260．9nm，测定鹰嘴豆及其豆芽中异黄酮的含量测定。结果鹰嘴豆芽素A在2—30μg／ml范围内吸光度与浓度呈良好的线性关系，以黄酮总含量测定结果重复性RSD=1．95％，加样回收率为100．18％。结论为鹰嘴豆提取物及制品提供一种简单、可靠、有效的测定方法。

鹰嘴紫云英甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体培养及植株再生

本研究建立了鹰嘴紫云英(AstragaluscicerL.)甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体再生植株的实验体系。以茎切段诱导的松软愈伤组织为材料,通过酶法游离出大量有活力的原生质体。原生质体经培养持续细胞分裂形成了愈伤组织,并分化出再生苗。比较了不同培养基、培养密度对原生质体形成细胞分裂和再生的影响。结果表明,原生质体以2×105个/ml的植板密度,在附加2.0mg/L2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、0.2mg/L6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、200mg/L水解酪蛋白、2%蔗糖和0.3mol/L甘露醇DPD培养基中培养后,其分裂频率达38.3%。原生质体培养形成的愈伤组织仍具有对甲硫氨酸的抗性。转移到附加10mg/LKT、0.5mg/LNAA的MS分化培养基上,获得大量的再生苗。

GC-MS应用于鹰嘴豆中弱极性化学成分的研究(英文)

应用气相色谱-质谱分析技术,首次对鹰嘴豆中弱极性成分进行研究。从鹰嘴豆弱极性萃取部位中鉴定了22个化合物,以脂肪酸为主要成分。脂肪酸含量(质量分数)高达81.25%,其中9-十八烯酸和8,11-十八碳二烯酸的含量分别占总量的28.00%和38.60%。

果园种草对土壤及果树的影响

在老龄果园套种优良牧草鸭等（Dactylisglomerata）和鹰嘴紫云英（Astragaluscicer）。经3年试验，研究结果表明，果园套种鸭茅和鹰嘴紫云荚，具有蓄水保墒，提高土壤肥力，促进果树生长发育，增加果实产量，改善果实品质等明显效应。尤其鸭茅具有耐前性强，覆盖度大，生物学量高，再生性强等优点，且易于栽培，可在老龄果园中大面积推广。

鹰嘴豆化学成分研究

目的:研究鹰嘴豆的化学成分,从中寻找具有生物活性的天然化合物。方法:采用不同体积分数的乙醇对鹰嘴豆干燥种子及鹰嘴豆发芽种子进行提取,经硅胶、大孔树脂D101、葡聚糖Sephadex LH-20色谱手段分离纯化,通过NMR,MS等波谱分析手段鉴定化合物结构。结果:分离到9个化合物,分别鉴定为3-羟基-齐墩果-12-烯(1),鹰嘴豆芽素A-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2),脑苷(3),1-乙基-α-L-半乳糖苷(4),尿苷(5),腺苷(6),色氨酸(7),鹰嘴豆芽素A(8),芒柄花素(9)。结论:1,3,4,6,7均为首次从鹰嘴豆属植物中分离到。

Nitro苜蓿和鹰嘴紫云英根瘤菌的分离与鉴定

采用划线和稀释分离相结合的方法对美国Ｎｉｔｒｏ苜蓿（ＭｅｄｉｃａｇｏＳＰ．）和鹰嘴紫云英（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓＣｉｃｅｒＬ．）根瘤的分离物进行纯化，并对分离的菌株进行了鉴定及理化测试．研究结果表明，这两种根瘤菌株生长速度快，结瘤率高，且具有较强的耐盐性，其耐受浓度分别达到０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和０．７ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ．从鹰嘴紫云英的根瘤中分离的根瘤菌株在ＢＴＢ培养基中培养产酸，在石蕊牛奶培养基中培养产碱．

沙打旺与鹰咀紫云英种间杂交不亲和性研究

沙打旺抗逆性强 ,而鹰咀紫云英品质较好 ,是黄芪属中优良性状互补的草种。针对二者种间杂交不亲和性现象 ,从不同方面研究杂交不亲和的原因。结果表明 ,亲本花粉活力和育性均非杂交不亲和的主要原因 ,其主要障碍在于 ,父本花粉不能伸入母本柱头 ,表现出不亲和异常现象 ,如花粉管萌发后盘绕在柱头表面 ,花粉管尖端膨大等。即使父本花粉管进入母本柱头 ,因生长缓慢 ,沉积胼胝质 ,在花柱中受抑制而停止生长。沙打旺和鹰咀紫云英杂交不亲和的表达部位与亲本自交不亲和的表达部位相似。在此基础上提出克服二者杂交不亲和的措施 ,为沙打旺和鹰咀紫云英杂交育种提供理论基础和依据。

鹰嘴豆提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢的影响

目的观察鹰嘴豆提取物(CAWE)对2型糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢的影响。方法采用高糖高脂饲料喂养4周后腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)45 mg/kg的方法,建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。造模成功后灌胃低、中、高3个剂量组的鹰嘴豆提取物,观察空腹血糖(FPG)、血清胰岛素(FINS)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平的变化,计算肝指数、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI),观察肝脏、肾脏的组织病理学改变。结果与模型组相比,鹰嘴豆提取物能降低2型糖尿病大鼠的肝指数、血糖、TG、TC、LDL-C,增加ISI,能改善肝脏、肾脏病理损害。结论鹰嘴豆提取物具有降低血糖、调节血脂的作用。