海洋热浪是发生在海洋上的极端高温事件,对海洋环境和生态系统具有破坏性影响。文章采用1960—2020年第五代欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料(European centre for medium-range weather forecasts reanalysis v5,ERA5)和英国气象局哈德...海洋热浪是发生在海洋上的极端高温事件,对海洋环境和生态系统具有破坏性影响。文章采用1960—2020年第五代欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料(European centre for medium-range weather forecasts reanalysis v5,ERA5)和英国气象局哈德来中心全球海冰和海洋表面温度资料集(Hadley centre global sea ie and sea surface temperature,HadISST)以及地球系统模式(community Earth system model,CESM1)北大西洋理想试验数据等,通过相关、合成分析等多种统计方法,研究了厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪年际关系的变化特征,并进一步探讨了二者关系发生年代际变化的可能成因。研究结果表明:1)ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪月数的年际关系具有明显的年代际变化特征,北大西洋多年代际振荡(Atantic multidecadal oscillation,AMO)是二者年际关系发生年代际变化的主要成因。当AMO处于正位相时,ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪存在显著的正相关关系,而当AMO处于负位相时,上述二者相关关系不再显著;2)AMO主要通过调控ENSO事件的强度进而影响西北太平洋大气环流的异常响应,从而进一步影响ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪之间的关系。当AMO处于负(正)位相时,相对较强(弱)的ENSO事件通过强(弱)风–蒸发–海温正反馈过程,使得ENSO事件次年初夏西北太平洋地区产生位置相对偏东(西)、强度相对偏强(弱)的异常反气旋/气旋。异常反气旋/气旋的位置和强度导致初夏西太平洋海洋热浪的分布在AMO正、负位相存在显著差异。展开更多
模式分辨率对气候模式的模拟效果具有重要影响。然而,当前模式开发对于垂直分辨率的重视不够。以ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)遥相关为例,利用CESM(Community Earth System Model)模式,探究不同模式垂直分辨率设置下模式模拟的ENSO对平流层...模式分辨率对气候模式的模拟效果具有重要影响。然而,当前模式开发对于垂直分辨率的重视不够。以ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)遥相关为例,利用CESM(Community Earth System Model)模式,探究不同模式垂直分辨率设置下模式模拟的ENSO对平流层、对流层影响的差异,评估模式垂直分辨率在气候模拟中的重要性。结果表明,提高垂直分辨率可以显著改进模式对ENSO遥相关的模拟能力。以ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)第五代再分析数据集(ERA5)为参照,ENSO对纬向平均温度的影响在北半球中高纬地区冬季呈现出“负正负”的三极子模态。CESM默认的垂直分辨率设置(L66)不能模拟出这一模态,而提高模式垂直分辨率(L103)后则可以较好地模拟出这个模态。对于水平分布而言,L66模拟的ENSO在对流层的信号与再分析资料相比明显偏强,L103则可以显著改善。同时,L103对ENSO影响平流层的模拟效果也比L66有所改善。进一步分析发现,L103模拟的行星波从对流层向平流层的传播更强,更接近再分析资料。提高垂直分辨率可以改善模式对大气波活动以及平流层-对流层动力耦合的模拟,重视模式的研发。展开更多
A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropica...A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropical Pacific during 1901-2010.The simulating results show that sea surface salinity(SSS)variation in the region exhibits notable and coherent interdecadal variability signal,which is closely associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO).As salinity increases or reduces,the SSS modulations on ENSO amplitude during its warm/cold events vary asymmetrically with positive/negative IPO phases.Physically,salinity interdecadal variability can enhance or reduce ENSO-related conditions in upper-ocean stratification,contributing noticeably to ENSO variability.Salinity anomalies associated with the mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness can modulate ENSO amplitude during positive and negative IPO phases,resulting in the asymmetry of sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly in the tropical Pacific.During positive IPO phases,SSS interdecadal variability contributes positively to El Niño amplitude but negatively to La Niña amplitude by enhancing or reducing SSS interannual variability,and vice versa during negative IPO phases.Quantitatively,the results indicate that the modulation of the ENSO amplitude by the SSS interdecadal variability is 15%-28%during negative IPO phases and 30%-20%during positive IPO phases,respectively.Evidently,the SSS interdecadal variability associated with IPO and its modulation on ENSO amplitude in the tropical Pacific are among factors essentially contributing ENSO diversity.展开更多
The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relat...The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.展开更多
文摘海洋热浪是发生在海洋上的极端高温事件,对海洋环境和生态系统具有破坏性影响。文章采用1960—2020年第五代欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料(European centre for medium-range weather forecasts reanalysis v5,ERA5)和英国气象局哈德来中心全球海冰和海洋表面温度资料集(Hadley centre global sea ie and sea surface temperature,HadISST)以及地球系统模式(community Earth system model,CESM1)北大西洋理想试验数据等,通过相关、合成分析等多种统计方法,研究了厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪年际关系的变化特征,并进一步探讨了二者关系发生年代际变化的可能成因。研究结果表明:1)ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪月数的年际关系具有明显的年代际变化特征,北大西洋多年代际振荡(Atantic multidecadal oscillation,AMO)是二者年际关系发生年代际变化的主要成因。当AMO处于正位相时,ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪存在显著的正相关关系,而当AMO处于负位相时,上述二者相关关系不再显著;2)AMO主要通过调控ENSO事件的强度进而影响西北太平洋大气环流的异常响应,从而进一步影响ENSO与次年初夏西太平洋海洋热浪之间的关系。当AMO处于负(正)位相时,相对较强(弱)的ENSO事件通过强(弱)风–蒸发–海温正反馈过程,使得ENSO事件次年初夏西北太平洋地区产生位置相对偏东(西)、强度相对偏强(弱)的异常反气旋/气旋。异常反气旋/气旋的位置和强度导致初夏西太平洋海洋热浪的分布在AMO正、负位相存在显著差异。
文摘模式分辨率对气候模式的模拟效果具有重要影响。然而,当前模式开发对于垂直分辨率的重视不够。以ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)遥相关为例,利用CESM(Community Earth System Model)模式,探究不同模式垂直分辨率设置下模式模拟的ENSO对平流层、对流层影响的差异,评估模式垂直分辨率在气候模拟中的重要性。结果表明,提高垂直分辨率可以显著改进模式对ENSO遥相关的模拟能力。以ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)第五代再分析数据集(ERA5)为参照,ENSO对纬向平均温度的影响在北半球中高纬地区冬季呈现出“负正负”的三极子模态。CESM默认的垂直分辨率设置(L66)不能模拟出这一模态,而提高模式垂直分辨率(L103)后则可以较好地模拟出这个模态。对于水平分布而言,L66模拟的ENSO在对流层的信号与再分析资料相比明显偏强,L103则可以显著改善。同时,L103对ENSO影响平流层的模拟效果也比L66有所改善。进一步分析发现,L103模拟的行星波从对流层向平流层的传播更强,更接近再分析资料。提高垂直分辨率可以改善模式对大气波活动以及平流层-对流层动力耦合的模拟,重视模式的研发。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030410)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ 202202403)supported by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST。
文摘A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model(OGCM)was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)amplitude in the tropical Pacific during 1901-2010.The simulating results show that sea surface salinity(SSS)variation in the region exhibits notable and coherent interdecadal variability signal,which is closely associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO).As salinity increases or reduces,the SSS modulations on ENSO amplitude during its warm/cold events vary asymmetrically with positive/negative IPO phases.Physically,salinity interdecadal variability can enhance or reduce ENSO-related conditions in upper-ocean stratification,contributing noticeably to ENSO variability.Salinity anomalies associated with the mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness can modulate ENSO amplitude during positive and negative IPO phases,resulting in the asymmetry of sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly in the tropical Pacific.During positive IPO phases,SSS interdecadal variability contributes positively to El Niño amplitude but negatively to La Niña amplitude by enhancing or reducing SSS interannual variability,and vice versa during negative IPO phases.Quantitatively,the results indicate that the modulation of the ENSO amplitude by the SSS interdecadal variability is 15%-28%during negative IPO phases and 30%-20%during positive IPO phases,respectively.Evidently,the SSS interdecadal variability associated with IPO and its modulation on ENSO amplitude in the tropical Pacific are among factors essentially contributing ENSO diversity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41976027)。
文摘The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.