The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly ...The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly affected by the foliation angles.Direct shear tests were conducted on cubic slate samples with foliation angles of 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The effect of foliation angles on failure patterns,acoustic emission(AE)characteristics,and shear strength parameters was analyzed.Based on AE characteristics,the slate failure process could be divided into four stages:quiet period,step-like increasing period,dramatic increasing period,and remission period.A new empirical expression of cohesion for layered rock was proposed,which was compared with linear and sinusoidal cohesion expressions based on the results made by this paper and previous experiments.The comparative analysis demonstrated that the new expression has better prediction ability than other expressions.The proposed empirical equation was used for direct shear simulations with the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM),and it was found to align well with the experimental results.Considering both computational efficiency and accuracy,it was recommended to use a shear rate of 0.01 m/s for FDEM to carry out direct shear simulations.To balance the relationship between the number of elements and the simulation results in the direct shear simulations,the recommended element size is 1 mm.展开更多
Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed ...Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed in crystalline rocks in two forms： natural and stress-induced; the amount of stressinducedmicrocracking increases with depth and in-situ stress. Laboratory results indicate that thephysical properties of rocks such as strength, deformability, P-wave velocity and permeability areinfluenced by increase in microcrack intensity. In this study, the finite-discrete element method （FDEM）is used to model microcrack heterogeneity by introducing into a model sample sets of microcracks usingthe proposed micro discrete fracture network （mDFN） approach. The characteristics of the microcracksrequired to create mDFN models are obtained through image analyses of thin sections of Lac du Bonnetgranite adopted from published literature. A suite of two-dimensional laboratory tests including uniaxial,triaxial compression and Brazilian tests is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory data.The FDEM-mDFN models indicate that micro-heterogeneity has a profound influence on both the mechanicalbehavior and resultant fracture pattern. An increase in the microcrack intensity leads to areduction in the strength of the sample and changes the character of the rock strength envelope. Spallingand axial splitting dominate the failure mode at low confinement while shear failure is the dominantfailure mode at high confinement. Numerical results from simulated compression tests show thatmicrocracking reduces the cohesive component of strength alone, and the frictional strength componentremains unaffected. Results from simulated Brazilian tests show that the tensile strength is influenced bythe presence of microcracks, with a reduction in tensile strength as microcrack intensity increases. Theimportance of microcrack heterogeneity in reproducing a bi-linear or S-shape failure envelope and itseffects on the mechanisms leading to spalling damage near an underground opening are also discussed.展开更多
Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage deve...Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage development around underground excavations represents a key issue in several rock engineeringapplications, including tunnelling, mining, drilling, hydroelectric power generation, and the deepgeological disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a hybrid finitediscreteelement method （FDEM） code to simulate the fracturing mechanisms associated with theexcavation of underground openings in brittle rock formations. A brief review of the current state-of-theartmodelling approaches is initially provided, including the description of selecting continuum- anddiscontinuum-based techniques. Then, the influence of a number of factors, including mechanical and insitu stress anisotropy, as well as excavation geometry, on the simulated damage is analysed for threedifferent geomechanical scenarios. Firstly, the fracture nucleation and growth process under isotropicrock mass conditions is simulated for a circular shaft. Secondly, the influence of mechanical anisotropy onthe development of an excavation damaged zone （EDZ） around a tunnel excavated in a layered rockformation is considered. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between two large caverns of an undergroundhydroelectric power station are investigated, with particular emphasis on the rock mass responsesensitivity to the pillar width and excavation sequence. Overall, the numerical results indicate that FDEMsimulations can provide unique geomechanical insights in cases where an explicit consideration offracture and fragmentation processes is of paramount importance. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
This study presents the first step of a research project that aims at using a three-dimensional （3D） hybridfinite-discrete element method （FDEM） to investigate the development of an excavation damaged zone（EDZ） ...This study presents the first step of a research project that aims at using a three-dimensional （3D） hybridfinite-discrete element method （FDEM） to investigate the development of an excavation damaged zone（EDZ） around tunnels in a clay shale formation known as Opalinus Clay. The 3D FDEM was first calibratedagainst standard laboratory experiments, including Brazilian disc test and uniaxial compression test. Theeffect of increasing confining pressure on the mechanical response and fracture propagation of the rockwas quantified under triaxial compression tests. Polyaxial （or true triaxial） simulations highlighted theeffect of the intermediate principal stress （s2） on fracture directions in the model： as the intermediateprincipal stress increased, fractures tended to align in the direction parallel to the plane defined by themajor and intermediate principal stresses. The peak strength was also shown to vary with changing s2. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
岩石热破裂研究在地热开采、核废料处置、石油开采中具有重要的工程应用价值和理论价值。基于FDEM（finite discrete element method）方法,用建立的FDEM-TM（finite discrete element method with thermo-mechanical coupling）方法对...岩石热破裂研究在地热开采、核废料处置、石油开采中具有重要的工程应用价值和理论价值。基于FDEM（finite discrete element method）方法,用建立的FDEM-TM（finite discrete element method with thermo-mechanical coupling）方法对一个圆筒试样在两种不同温度边界条件下的热破裂进行了分析。研究表明,当内边界温度保持不变,外边界温度不断增大时（Tr0〈TR0）,起裂前,圆盘内侧处于受压状态,而圆盘外侧处于拉伸状态;当拉应力超过材料的抗拉强度时,从圆盘外边界起裂,从外向内扩展,形成发散裂纹。当外边界温度保持不变，内边界温度不断增大时（Tr0〉TR0），起裂前，圆盘内侧处于受压状态，而圆盘外侧处于拉伸状态；当拉应力超过材料的抗拉强度时，从圆盘外边界起裂，从外向内扩展，形成从外向内扩展的径向裂纹。模拟结果和已有文献结果保持较好的一致性，验证了FDEM-TM方法模拟岩石热破裂的有效性。展开更多
准确分析隧道挖破坏区的范围对合理确定支护参数有着重要的指导作用和工程意义,主要围绕连续介质分析方法和以有限元-离散元耦合方法(finite element-discrete element coupling method,简称FDEM)为代表的连续-非连续方法开展了隧道围...准确分析隧道挖破坏区的范围对合理确定支护参数有着重要的指导作用和工程意义,主要围绕连续介质分析方法和以有限元-离散元耦合方法(finite element-discrete element coupling method,简称FDEM)为代表的连续-非连续方法开展了隧道围岩破坏区判识方法研究。研究了连续介质分析方法与FDEM识别围岩破坏的判别标准;将岩体划分为弹性的岩石单元和弹塑性的界面单元,基于等效连续模型的思想,推导了界面单元力学参数与岩石单元及岩体单元力学参数的关系表达式,首次建立这两种方法参数取值的联系,解决了连续-非连续方法取值难的问题;对比了两种方法模拟不同岩性、断面铁路隧道开挖过程中围岩破坏区范围。基于规范中各级围岩的力学参数取值范围,给出了各级围岩下以FDEM中罚参数和断裂能等围岩主要破坏参数的取值范围;FLAC3D为代表的连续介质方法和FDEM两种方法对不同岩性、断面铁路隧道开挖过程模拟结果表明,连续介质方法得出的塑性区和以塑性极限应变得出的破坏区域和连续-非连续方法得出的裂纹扩展区和破坏区在分布范围、形态及破坏形式上基本一致,验证了提出的FDEM围岩破坏参数取值方法是合理可行的。展开更多
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41941018,U21A20153,42177140).
文摘The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly affected by the foliation angles.Direct shear tests were conducted on cubic slate samples with foliation angles of 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The effect of foliation angles on failure patterns,acoustic emission(AE)characteristics,and shear strength parameters was analyzed.Based on AE characteristics,the slate failure process could be divided into four stages:quiet period,step-like increasing period,dramatic increasing period,and remission period.A new empirical expression of cohesion for layered rock was proposed,which was compared with linear and sinusoidal cohesion expressions based on the results made by this paper and previous experiments.The comparative analysis demonstrated that the new expression has better prediction ability than other expressions.The proposed empirical equation was used for direct shear simulations with the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM),and it was found to align well with the experimental results.Considering both computational efficiency and accuracy,it was recommended to use a shear rate of 0.01 m/s for FDEM to carry out direct shear simulations.To balance the relationship between the number of elements and the simulation results in the direct shear simulations,the recommended element size is 1 mm.
文摘Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed in crystalline rocks in two forms： natural and stress-induced; the amount of stressinducedmicrocracking increases with depth and in-situ stress. Laboratory results indicate that thephysical properties of rocks such as strength, deformability, P-wave velocity and permeability areinfluenced by increase in microcrack intensity. In this study, the finite-discrete element method （FDEM）is used to model microcrack heterogeneity by introducing into a model sample sets of microcracks usingthe proposed micro discrete fracture network （mDFN） approach. The characteristics of the microcracksrequired to create mDFN models are obtained through image analyses of thin sections of Lac du Bonnetgranite adopted from published literature. A suite of two-dimensional laboratory tests including uniaxial,triaxial compression and Brazilian tests is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory data.The FDEM-mDFN models indicate that micro-heterogeneity has a profound influence on both the mechanicalbehavior and resultant fracture pattern. An increase in the microcrack intensity leads to areduction in the strength of the sample and changes the character of the rock strength envelope. Spallingand axial splitting dominate the failure mode at low confinement while shear failure is the dominantfailure mode at high confinement. Numerical results from simulated compression tests show thatmicrocracking reduces the cohesive component of strength alone, and the frictional strength componentremains unaffected. Results from simulated Brazilian tests show that the tensile strength is influenced bythe presence of microcracks, with a reduction in tensile strength as microcrack intensity increases. Theimportance of microcrack heterogeneity in reproducing a bi-linear or S-shape failure envelope and itseffects on the mechanisms leading to spalling damage near an underground opening are also discussed.
基金supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada in the form of discovery grant No. 341275the Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA)
文摘Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage development around underground excavations represents a key issue in several rock engineeringapplications, including tunnelling, mining, drilling, hydroelectric power generation, and the deepgeological disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a hybrid finitediscreteelement method （FDEM） code to simulate the fracturing mechanisms associated with theexcavation of underground openings in brittle rock formations. A brief review of the current state-of-theartmodelling approaches is initially provided, including the description of selecting continuum- anddiscontinuum-based techniques. Then, the influence of a number of factors, including mechanical and insitu stress anisotropy, as well as excavation geometry, on the simulated damage is analysed for threedifferent geomechanical scenarios. Firstly, the fracture nucleation and growth process under isotropicrock mass conditions is simulated for a circular shaft. Secondly, the influence of mechanical anisotropy onthe development of an excavation damaged zone （EDZ） around a tunnel excavated in a layered rockformation is considered. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between two large caverns of an undergroundhydroelectric power station are investigated, with particular emphasis on the rock mass responsesensitivity to the pillar width and excavation sequence. Overall, the numerical results indicate that FDEMsimulations can provide unique geomechanical insights in cases where an explicit consideration offracture and fragmentation processes is of paramount importance. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘This study presents the first step of a research project that aims at using a three-dimensional （3D） hybridfinite-discrete element method （FDEM） to investigate the development of an excavation damaged zone（EDZ） around tunnels in a clay shale formation known as Opalinus Clay. The 3D FDEM was first calibratedagainst standard laboratory experiments, including Brazilian disc test and uniaxial compression test. Theeffect of increasing confining pressure on the mechanical response and fracture propagation of the rockwas quantified under triaxial compression tests. Polyaxial （or true triaxial） simulations highlighted theeffect of the intermediate principal stress （s2） on fracture directions in the model： as the intermediateprincipal stress increased, fractures tended to align in the direction parallel to the plane defined by themajor and intermediate principal stresses. The peak strength was also shown to vary with changing s2. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘岩石热破裂研究在地热开采、核废料处置、石油开采中具有重要的工程应用价值和理论价值。基于FDEM（finite discrete element method）方法,用建立的FDEM-TM（finite discrete element method with thermo-mechanical coupling）方法对一个圆筒试样在两种不同温度边界条件下的热破裂进行了分析。研究表明,当内边界温度保持不变,外边界温度不断增大时（Tr0〈TR0）,起裂前,圆盘内侧处于受压状态,而圆盘外侧处于拉伸状态;当拉应力超过材料的抗拉强度时,从圆盘外边界起裂,从外向内扩展,形成发散裂纹。当外边界温度保持不变，内边界温度不断增大时（Tr0〉TR0），起裂前，圆盘内侧处于受压状态，而圆盘外侧处于拉伸状态；当拉应力超过材料的抗拉强度时，从圆盘外边界起裂，从外向内扩展，形成从外向内扩展的径向裂纹。模拟结果和已有文献结果保持较好的一致性，验证了FDEM-TM方法模拟岩石热破裂的有效性。
文摘准确分析隧道挖破坏区的范围对合理确定支护参数有着重要的指导作用和工程意义,主要围绕连续介质分析方法和以有限元-离散元耦合方法(finite element-discrete element coupling method,简称FDEM)为代表的连续-非连续方法开展了隧道围岩破坏区判识方法研究。研究了连续介质分析方法与FDEM识别围岩破坏的判别标准;将岩体划分为弹性的岩石单元和弹塑性的界面单元,基于等效连续模型的思想,推导了界面单元力学参数与岩石单元及岩体单元力学参数的关系表达式,首次建立这两种方法参数取值的联系,解决了连续-非连续方法取值难的问题;对比了两种方法模拟不同岩性、断面铁路隧道开挖过程中围岩破坏区范围。基于规范中各级围岩的力学参数取值范围,给出了各级围岩下以FDEM中罚参数和断裂能等围岩主要破坏参数的取值范围;FLAC3D为代表的连续介质方法和FDEM两种方法对不同岩性、断面铁路隧道开挖过程模拟结果表明,连续介质方法得出的塑性区和以塑性极限应变得出的破坏区域和连续-非连续方法得出的裂纹扩展区和破坏区在分布范围、形态及破坏形式上基本一致,验证了提出的FDEM围岩破坏参数取值方法是合理可行的。
