Integrated high-performance and accurate shaping technology of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys: A comprehensive review

The practical engineering applications of powder metallurgy (PM) Ti alloys produced through cold compaction and pressure-less sintering are impeded by poor sintering densification, embrittlement caused by excessive O impurities, and severe sintering deforma-tion resulting from the use of heterogeneous powder mixtures. This review presents a summary of our previous work on addressing the above challenges. Initially, we proposed a novel strategy using reaction-induced liquid phases to enhance sintering densification. Near- complete density (relative density exceeding 99%) was achieved by applying the above strategy and newly developed sintering aids. By focusing on the O-induced embrittlement issue, we determined the onset dissolution temperature of oxide films in the Ti matrix. On the basis of this finding, we established a design criterion for effective O scavengers that require reaction with oxide films before their dissol-ution. Consequently, a ductile PM Ti alloy was successfully obtained by introducing 0.3wt% NdB6 as the O scavenger. Lastly, a powder- coating strategy was adopted to address the sintering deformation issue. The ultrafine size and shell-like distribution characteristics of coating particles ensured rapid dissolution and homogeneity in the Ti matrix, thereby facilitating linear shrinkage during sintering. As a result, geometrically complex Ti alloy parts with high dimensional accuracy were fabricated by using the coated powder. Our fundament-al findings and related technical achievements enabled the development of an integrated production technology for the high-performance and accurate shaping of low-cost PM Ti alloys. Additionally, the primary engineering applications and progress in the industrialization practice of our developed technology are introduced in this review.

rGO/CdS@HAP复合微球的光催化活性增强机理

为提升CdS基复合材料的光催化活性和稳定性,运用水热法在CdS@HAP(羟基磷灰石)微球表面包覆rGO(还原氧化石墨烯)并制备rGO/CdS@HAP光催化材料,利用XRD(X射线衍射)、SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、UV-vis(紫外-可见吸收光谱)等手段分析材料的晶体结构和理化性质,结合MB(亚甲基蓝)的光催化降解实验探讨rGO/CdS@HAP的光催化活性增强机理。结果表明:rGO/CdS@HAP具有中空微球结构,直径4—5μm,rGO以薄纱状均匀包裹在CdS@HAP表面;rGO/CdS@HAP具有优异的可见光吸收能力,在可见光辐射120 min后对MB的去除率高达94%,在光催化循环实验中表现出优异的光催化活性和稳定性。机理分析证实,由CdS和HAP构建的Ⅰ型异质结带隙较窄,有助于提升复合材料对可见光的吸收和利用,rGO在CdS@HAP表面的包覆提升载流子分离效率的同时为光生空穴提供高速的传输路径,有效抑制CdS的光腐蚀,从而实现rGO/CdS@HAP光催化活性和稳定性的显著增强。

ZnS@CdS/HAP复合微球的SILAR法制备及光催化性能

以酵母模板法制备的中空羟基磷灰石(HAP)微球为基底,通过连续离子层吸附反应法(SILAR)制备ZnS@CdS/HAP复合微球,利用XRD、SEM、UV-vis等表征手段分析材料的晶体结构、微观形貌和光吸收能力等,同时结合亚甲基蓝的光催化降解实验探讨复合微球的光催化机理.结果表明:利用SILAR法成功实现了ZnS@CdS/HAP复合微球的制备,ZnS@CdS/HAP复合微球的直径约为3~5μm且分散性良好,在可见光区有良好的吸收性能,具有优异的光催化活性,在催化剂添加量1g/L、pH=7、温度为25℃的条件下,对50mL浓度为10mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液可见光催化100min时去除率高达93%.机理分析证实,ZnS@CdS/HAP光催化可能存在的Z型电荷迁移机制在有效抑制光生载流子复合的同时有效抑制光生腐蚀的发生,提升了ZnS@CdS/HAP复合微球的光催化活性和稳定性.

Effect of laser characteristics on the weld shape and properties of penetration laser weld of BT20 titanium alloy

The laser beam welding of BT20 titanium alloy was conducted to investigate the weld shape, microstructures and properties. The full penetration weld characteristics produced by CO_2 laser and by YAG laser were compared. The results show that the full penetration weld of YAG laser welding closes to “X” shape, and weld of CO_2 laser welding is “nail-head” shape. Those result from special heating mode of laser deep penetration welding. The tension strength of CO_2 laser and YAG laser joints equal to that of the base metal, but the former has better ductility. All welds consist mainly of the acicular α phase and a few β phase in microstructure. The dendritic crystal of CO_2 laser weld is a little finer than YAG laser weld. According the research CO_2 laser is better than YAG laser for welding of BT20 titanium alloy.

Shape controlling and property optimization of TA32 titanium alloy thin-walled part prepared by hot forming

The hot flow behaviors,microstructure evolution and fractographs were studied to optimize the hot forming process of the TA32 titanium alloy thin-walled part.A set of microstructure-based constitutive equations were developed based on the experimental data,which described the relationships among the hot flow stresses and the evolution of phase volume fraction,dislocation density,grain size and damage.The constitutive model was imported into ABAQUS 6.14 to simulate the hot forming process for a typical thin-walled part.The effective strain,dislocation density and damage distribution as well as forming defects of formed parts under different process parameters were predicted.A qualified part without wrinkling and fracture defects was produced at a loading speed of 5 mm/s at 800℃ by the modified blank shape,where the maximum damage value was only 18.3%.The accuracy of constitutive model and finite element(FE)simulation was verified by the microhardness tests,which indicates that the FE model based on physical internal-state variables can well optimize the hot forming process of TA32 titanium alloy complex parts.

Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of high -performance powder metallurgy TA15 titanium alloy by hot rolling

Hot deformation of sintered billets by powder metallurgy(PM)is an effective preparation technique for titanium alloys,which is more significant for high-alloying alloys.In this study,Ti–6.5Al–2Zr–Mo–V(TA15)titanium alloy plates were prepared by cold press-ing sintering combined with high-temperature hot rolling.The microstructure and mechanical properties under different process paramet-ers were investigated.Optical microscope,electron backscatter diffraction,and others were applied to characterize the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties strengthening mechanism.The results showed that the chemical compositions were uniformly dif-fused without segregation during sintering,and the closing of the matrix craters was accelerated by increasing the sintering temperature.The block was hot rolled at 1200℃ with an 80%reduction under only two passes without annealing.The strength and elongation of the plate at 20–25℃ after solution and aging were 1247 MPa and 14.0%,respectively,which were increased by 24.5%and 40.0%,respect-ively,compared with the as-sintered alloy at 1300℃.The microstructure was significantly refined by continuous dynamic recrystalliza-tion,which was completed by the rotation and dislocation absorption of the substructure surrounded by low-angle grain boundaries.After hot rolling combined with heat treatment,the strength and plasticity of PM-TA15 were significantly improved,which resulted from the dense,uniform,and fine recrystallization structure and the synergistic effect of multiple slip systems.

Ag-doped CNT/HAP nanohybrids in a PLLA bone scaffold show significant antibacterial activity

Bacterial infection is a major problem following bone implant surgery.Moreover,poly-l-lactic acid/carbon nanotube/hydroxyapatite(PLLA/CNT/HAP)bone scaffolds possess enhanced mechanical properties and show good bioactiv-ityregardingbonedefectregeneration.Inthisstudy,wesynthesizedsilver(Ag)-dopedCNT/HAP(CNT/Ag-HAP)nanohybrids via the partial replacing of calcium ions(Ca2+)in the HAP lattice with silver ions(Ag+)using an ion doping technique under hydrothermal conditions.Specifically,the doping process was induced using the special lattice structure of HAP and the abundant surface oxygenic functional groups of CNT,and involved the partial replacement of Ca2+in the HAP lattice by doped Ag+as well as the in situ synthesis of Ag-HAP nanoparticles on CNT in a hydrothermal environment.The result-ing CNT/Ag-HAP nanohybrids were then introduced into a PLLA matrix via laser-based powder bed fusion(PBF-LB)to fabricate PLLA/CNT/Ag-HAP scaffolds that showed sustained antibacterial activity.We then found that Ag+,which pos-sesses broad-spectrum antibacterial activity,endowed PLLA/CNT/Ag-HAP scaffolds with this activity,with an antibacterial effectiveness of 92.65%.This antibacterial effect is due to the powerful effect of Ag+against bacterial structure and genetic material,as well as the physical destruction of bacterial structures due to the sharp edge structure of CNT.In addition,the scaffold possessed enhanced mechanical properties,showing tensile and compressive strengths of 8.49 MPa and 19.72 MPa,respectively.Finally,the scaffold also exhibited good bioactivity and cytocompatibility,including the ability to form apatite layers and to promote the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells(MG63 cells).

Strong metal–support interaction boosts the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution capability of Ru nanoparticles supported on titanium nitride

Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.

Comparison of electrochemical behaviors of Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys in NaNO_(3) solution

The Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe(β-CEZ)alloy is considered as a potential structural material in the aviation industry due to its outstanding strength and corrosion resistance.Electrochemical machining(ECM)is an efficient and low-cost technology for manufacturing theβ-CEZ alloy.In ECM,the machining parameter selection and tool design are based on the electrochemical dissolution behavior of the materials.In this study,the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of theβ-CEZ and Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)alloys in NaNO3solution are discussed.The open circuit potential(OCP),Tafel polarization,potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and current efficiency curves of theβ-CEZ and TC4 alloys are analyzed.The results show that,compared to the TC4 alloy,the passivation film structure is denser and the charge transfer resistance in the dissolution process is greater for theβ-CEZ alloy.Moreover,the dissolved surface morphology of the two titanium-based alloys under different current densities are analyzed.Under low current densities,theβ-CEZ alloy surface comprises dissolution pits and dissolved products,while the TC4 alloy surface comprises a porous honeycomb structure.Under high current densities,the surface waviness of both the alloys improves and the TC4 alloy surface is flatter and smoother than theβ-CEZ alloy surface.Finally,the electrochemical dissolution models ofβ-CEZ and TC4 alloys are proposed.

Recent innovations in laser additive manufacturing of titanium alloys

Titanium(Ti)alloys are widely used in high-tech fields like aerospace and biomedical engineering.Laser additive manufacturing(LAM),as an innovative technology,is the key driver for the development of Ti alloys.Despite the significant advancements in LAM of Ti alloys,there remain challenges that need further research and development efforts.To recap the potential of LAM high-performance Ti alloy,this article systematically reviews LAM Ti alloys with up-to-date information on process,materials,and properties.Several feasible solutions to advance LAM Ti alloys are reviewed,including intelligent process parameters optimization,LAM process innovation with auxiliary fields and novel Ti alloys customization for LAM.The auxiliary energy fields(e.g.thermal,acoustic,mechanical deformation and magnetic fields)can affect the melt pool dynamics and solidification behaviour during LAM of Ti alloys,altering microstructures and mechanical performances.Different kinds of novel Ti alloys customized for LAM,like peritecticα-Ti,eutectoid(α+β)-Ti,hybrid(α+β)-Ti,isomorphousβ-Ti and eutecticβ-Ti alloys are reviewed in detail.Furthermore,machine learning in accelerating the LAM process optimization and new materials development is also outlooked.This review summarizes the material properties and performance envelops and benchmarks the research achievements in LAM of Ti alloys.In addition,the perspectives and further trends in LAM of Ti alloys are also highlighted.

复合材料HAP@nZVI对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能与机理

使用液相还原法制备羟基磷灰石与纳米零价铁(HAP@nZVI)复合材料,采用实验室静态批试验探讨其对模拟Mn(Ⅱ)污染地下水的处理效果及机理。表征结果显示,HAP@nZVI复合材料表面分布不均匀、松散多孔,nZVI不均匀分布在HAP表面及空隙中。静态批试验结果表明,在溶液pH=5、复合材料用量0.36 g·L^(-1)、反应时间t=180 min条件下最有利于HAP@nZVI复合材料对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附,在该试验条件范围内,Mn(Ⅱ)最大吸附量达到31.4 mg·g^(-1),准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线模型可以较好地描述HAP@nZVI复合材料对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附过程,吸附过程属于单层吸附且主要为化学吸附。反应后复合材料整体结构没有发生较大改变,-OH、Fe-O、P-O基团均参与了反应。XPS表征可以进一步证实HAP@nZVI对锰的吸附机理,O 1s和P_(2)p的结合能发生位移表明有表面络合作用发生;铁的溶出以及Fe^(0)消逝表明存在氧化还原反应;Ca_(2)p轨道的峰强降低说明存在离子交换。最后,将HAP@nZVI复合材料与已报道的吸附剂对锰离子的吸附性能进行对比,结果表明本研究制备的材料吸附性能良好。

Ballistic performance of titanium-based layered composites made using blended elemental powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti-6Al-4V(Ti64)alloy,reinforced with 10,20,and 40(vol%)of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy(BEPM)and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing(HIP).The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance.The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates.The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate.Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP,which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites.It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies,BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually.

Effect of Titanium on the Martensitic Transformation Temperature of Cu-14Al-4Ni Shape Memory Alloy Rapidly Solidified

The present research aimed to analyze the influence that different contents of titanium(x=0.5,0.6 and 0.7 wt.%)have on the martensitic transformation temperature of a Cu-14Al-4Ni(wt.%)SMA(shape memory alloy).The Cu-14Al-4Ni-xTi samples were casted in an arc-melting furnace and rapidly solidified.All samples underwent heat treatment in a tubular furnace at a temperature of 1,100°C for 30 min and water quenched at 25°C.Subsequently,samples were analyzed by SEM(scanning electron microscopy)with EDS(energy dispersive spectroscopy),XRD(X-ray diffraction)and DSC(differential scanning calorimeter).SEM images and XRD patterns showed that the presence of titanium modified the alloy’s microstructure,induced the formation of three titanium rich phases called“X”phase(CuNi2Ti,Cu3Ti and AlCu2Ti)and reduced the presence of the brittle phaseγ2(Cu9Al4)for samples with 0.6 and 0.7 wt.%Ti.The titanium added to the copper based SMA also functioned as a refiner,reducing GS(grain size)up to approximately 80%with the increase of Ti content.DSC results exhibited low enthalpy levels,hysteresis,as well as low start martensitic transformation temperatures.

Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Growth and Biomass Accumulation in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

The use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) is gaining interest in agriculture because of their impact on many aspects of plant growth. The present study examines the effects of nTiO2 (5 nm and 10 nm) applied to seeds and the seedlings as a foliar application on various aspects of growth characteristics and biomass accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa, cv. Grand Rapids). Application of 10 nm nTiO2 to seeds through imbibition resulted in a significant reduction in shoot biomass accumulation while 5 nm nTiO2 did not affect the biomass accumulation in lettuce. The application of 10 nm nTiO2 reduced the fresh shoot biomass accumulation by about 18% compared to the control plants. Other growth characteristics such as shoot dry biomass, root fresh and dry biomass, plant height, and leaf area were not affected by the application of both 5 nm and 10 nm nTiO2. In addition, foliar application of these nanoparticles to the lettuce seedlings did not have a significant effect on most of the growth parameters examined, and the increasing concentration ranging from 5 nm/L to 400 mg/L did not produce a consistent response in lettuce. Thus, nTiO2 application to lettuce seeds had a notable negative impact on shoot growth while foliar application did not have a significant effect on many plant growth characteristics. However, foliar applications produced some symptoms of toxicity to the foliage in the form of necrotic or chlorotic patches on the leaves, which were more pronounced with increasing concentrations of both 5 nm and 10 nm nTiO2. However, these symptoms were apparent at a concentration as low as 50 mg/L of nTiO2. Thus, foliar application of nTiO2 may not have a significant impact on many of the growth characteristics in lettuce, but it can result in foliar toxicity.

A review on advances of high-throughput experimental technology for titanium alloys

Ti alloys,as leading lightweight and high-strength metallic materials,exhibit significant application potential in aerospace,marine engineering,biomedical,and other industries.However,the lack of fundamental understanding of the microstructure−property relationship results in prolonged research and development(R&D)cycles,hindering the optimization of the performance of Ti alloys.Recently,the advent of high-throughput experimental(HTE)technology has shown promise in facilitating the efficient and demand-driven development of next-generation Ti alloys.This work reviews the latest advancements in HTE technology for Ti alloys.The high-throughput preparation(HTP)techniques commonly used in the fabrication of Ti alloys are addressed,including diffusion multiple,additive manufacturing(AM),vapor deposition and others.The current applications of high-throughput characterization(HTC)techniques in Ti alloys are shown.Finally,the research achievements in HTE technology for Ti alloys are summarized and the challenges faced in their industrial application are discussed.

Growth kinetics of titanium carbide coating by molten salt synthesis process on graphite sheet surface

The synthesis of carbide coatings on graphite substrates using molten salt synthesis(MSS),has garnered significant interest due to its cost-effective nature.This study investigates the reaction process and growth kinetics involved in MSS,shedding light on key aspects of the process.The involvement of Ti powder through liquid-phase mass transfer is revealed,where the diffusion distance and quantity of Ti powder play a crucial role in determining the reaction rate by influencing the C content gradient on both sides of the carbide.Furthermore,the growth kinetics of the carbide coating are predominantly governed by the diffusion behavior of C within the carbide layer,rather than the chemical reaction rate.To analyze the kinetics,the thickness of the carbide layer is measured with respect to heat treatment time and temperature,unveiling a parabolic relationship within the temperature range of 700-1300℃.The estimated activation energy for the reaction is determined to be 179283 J·mol^(-1).These findings offer valuable insights into the synthesis of carbide coatings via MSS,facilitating their optimization and enhancing our understanding of their growth mechanisms and properties for various applications.

Tribological Behaviors of Electroless Nickel-Boron Coating on Titanium Alloy Surface

Titanium alloys are excellent structural materials in engineering fields,but their poor tribological properties limit their further applications.Electroless plating is an effective method to enhance the tribological performance of alloys,but it is difficult to efficiently apply to titanium alloys,due to titanium alloy’s strong chemical activity.In this work,the electroless Nickel-Boron(Ni-B)coating was successfully deposited on the surface of titanium alloy(Ti-6AL-4V)via a new pre-treatment process.Then,linearly reciprocating sliding wear tests were performed to evaluate the tribological behaviors of titanium alloy and its electroless Ni-B coatings.It was found that the Ni-B coatings can decrease the wear rate of the titanium alloy from 19.89×10^(−3)mm^(3)to 0.41×10^(−3)mm^(3),which attributes to the much higher hardness of Ni-B coatings.After heat treatment,the hardness of Ni-B coating further increases corresponding to coating crystallization and hard phase formation.However,heat treatment does not improve the tribological performance of Ni-B coating,due to the fact that higher brittleness and more severe oxidative wear exacerbate the damage of heat-treated coatings.Furthermore,the Ni-B coatings heat-treated both in air and nitrogen almost present the same tribological performance.The finding of this work on electroless coating would further extend the practical applications of titanium alloys in the engineering fields.

Effect of titanium on the sticking of pellets based on hydrogen metallurgy shaft furnace:Behavior analysis and mechanism evolution

Direct reduction based on hydrogen metallurgical gas-based shaft furnace is a promising technology for the efficient and low-carbon smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite.However,in this process,the sticking of pellets occurs due to the aggregation of metal-lic iron between the contact surfaces of adjacent pellets and has a serious negative effect on the continuous operation.This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the effect of TiO2 on the sticking behavior of pellets during direct reduction under different conditions.Results showed that the sticking index(SI)decreased linearly with the increasing TiO2 addition.This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in unreduced FeTiO3 during reduction,leading to a decrease in the number and strength of metallic iron interconnections at the sticking interface.When the TiO2 addition amount was raised from 0 to 15wt%at 1100°C,the SI also increased from 0.71%to 59.91%.The connection of the slag phase could be attributed to the sticking at a low reduction temperature,corresponding to the low sticking strength.Moreover,the interconnection of metallic iron became the dominant factor,and the SI increased sharply with the increase in re-duction temperature.TiO2 had a greater effect on SI at a high reduction temperature than at a low reduction temperature.

HAPS评分联合WBC计数评估急性高脂血症胰腺炎严重程度的价值分析

目的探讨无害性急性胰腺炎评分(HAPS)联合WBC计数评估急性高脂血症胰腺炎严重程度的价值。方法选取2021年1月至2023年5月确诊急性高脂血症性胰腺炎患者111例,其中非重症急性胰腺炎组(non-SAP)92例,重症急性胰腺炎组(SAP)19例。比较两组患者WBC计数、CRP、BMI值、血淀粉酶、甘油三酯、血糖、血钠、血钙水平以及HAPS评分的差异。结果两组患者HAPS评分及WBC计数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析WBC计数和HAPS评分是急性高脂血症性胰腺炎的独立危险因素。ROC曲线显示HAPS评分联合WBC计数对急性高脂血症性胰腺炎严重程度有一定的预测价值(AUC=0.898,P<0.05)。结论HAPS评分联合WBC计数对急性高脂血症性胰腺炎严重程度具有较好评估价值,可作为早期预测评估指标。

Tuning the crystallinity of titanium nitride on copper-embedded carbon nanofiber interlayers for accelerated electrochemical kinetics in lithium-sulfur batteries

The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the crystallinities of a titanium nitride(TiN)film on copper-embedded carbon nanofibers(Cu-CNFs)are regulated and the nanofibers are used as interlayers to resolve the aforementioned crucial issues.A low-crystalline TiN-coated Cu-CNF(L-TiN-Cu-CNF)interlayer is compared with its highly crystalline counterpart(H-TiN-Cu-CNFs).It is demonstrated that the L-TiN coating not only strengthens the chemical adsorption toward polysulfides but also greatly accelerates the electrochemical conversion of polysulfides.Due to robust carbon frameworks and enhanced kinetics,impressive highrate performance at 2 C(913 mAh g^(-1)based on sulfur)as well as remarkable cyclic stability up to 300 cycles(626 mAh g^(-1))with capacity retention of 46.5%is realized for L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayer-configured Li-S batteries.Even under high loading(3.8 mg cm^(-2))of sulfur and relatively lean electrolyte(10μL electrolyte per milligram sulfur)conditions,the Li-S battery equipped with L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayers delivers a high capacity of 1144 mAh g^(-1)with cathodic capacity of 4.25 mAh cm^(-2)at 0.1 C,providing a potential pathway toward the design of multifunctional interlayers for highly efficient Li-S batteries.