Health risk assessment of trace metal(loid)s in agricultural soils based on Monte Carlo simulation coupled with positive matrix factorization model in Chongqing, southwest China

This study aimed to investigate the pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risks associated with trace metal(loid)s(TMs) in the major agricultural producing areas in Chongqing, China. We analyzed the source apportionment and assessed the health risk of TMs in agricultural soils by using positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and health risk assessment(HRA) model based on Monte Carlo simulation. Meanwhile, we combined PMF and HRA models to explore the health risks of TMs in agricultural soils by different pollution sources to determine the priority control factors. Results showed that the average contents of cadmium(Cd), arsenic (As), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), nickel(Ni), and zinc(Zn) in the soil were found to be 0.26, 5.93, 27.14, 61.32, 23.81, 32.45, and 78.65 mg/kg, respectively. Spatial analysis and source apportionment analysis revealed that urban and industrial sources, agricultural sources, and natural sources accounted for 33.0%, 27.7%, and 39.3% of TM accumulation in the soil, respectively. In the HRA model based on Monte Carlo simulation, noncarcinogenic risks were deemed negligible(hazard index <1), the carcinogenic risks were at acceptable level(10^(-6)<total carcinogenic risk ≤ 10^(-4)), with higher risks observed for children compared to adults. The relationship between TMs, their sources, and health risks indicated that urban and industrial sources were primarily associated with As, contributing to 75.1% of carcinogenic risks and 55.7% of non-carcinogenic risks, making them the primary control factors. Meanwhile, agricultural sources were primarily linked to Cd and Pb, contributing to 13.1% of carcinogenic risks and 21.8% of non-carcinogenic risks, designating them as secondary control factors.

Contamination and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in topsoil and groundwater around mining and dressing factories in Chifeng,North China

Chifeng is a concentrated mining area for non-ferrous metal minerals,as well as a key prevention and control area for heavyduty enterprises.This situation necessitates an efective ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s driven by the wide distribution of metal ore processing,mining,and smelting factories in Hexigten Banner and Bairin Left Banner.We conducted surveys to assess the levels of heavy metal(loid)s(Cr,As,Pb,Cd,and Hg)in the topsoil and groundwater of the areas.The results indicated that the concentrations of As,Cd,and Pb in partial soil samples exceeded the environmental quality standards of Grade II.Based on contamination assessments,such as geoaccumulation indices and pollution indices,we inferred that Cd,Pb,and As were primary pollutants in topsoil.Potential ecological risks when considered as part of the average risk indices(RI)are up to 1626.40 and 2818.76,respectively,in the two areas.Comparative analysis revealed that Cd posed a very high potential ecological risk,followed by As.Moreover,the evaluation showed that the three exposure pathways of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk followed a descending order:inhalation>ingestion>dermal contact,except for Pb.Arsenic in topsoil posed a potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health,while there were no adverse efects of As in groundwater.In addition,the average total carcinogenic risk for As in the two areas,as well as the risk of Pb in the topsoil of Bairin Left Banner and all the fve heavy metal(loid)s in groundwater,exceeded human tolerance.Pb–Zn mines caused higher human health risks.In addition,the tandem contamination of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and groundwater was not obvious.This research study provides a basis for pollution remediation to control heavy industry-induced ecological and health risks of heavy metal(loid)s.

Multiple assessments, source determination, and health risk apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in the groundwater of the Shule River Basin in northwestern China

Global ecosystems and public health have been greatly impacted by the accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in water.Source-specific risk apportionment is needed to prevent and manage potential groundwater contamination with heavy metal(loid)s.The heavy metal(loid)s contamination status,water quality,ecological risk,and health risk apportionment of the Shule River Basin groundwater are poorly understood.Therefore,field sampling was performed to explore the water quality and risk of heavy metal(loid)s in the groundwater of the Shule River Basin in northwestern China.A total of 96 samples were collected from the study area to acquire data for water quality and heavy metal(loid)s risk.There was noticeable accumulation of ferrum in the groundwater of the Shule River Basin.The levels of pollution were considered to be moderately low,as evaluated by the degree of contamination,heavy metal evaluation index,heavy metal pollution index,and Nemerow pollution index.The ecological risks were also low.However,an assessment of the water quality index revealed that only 58.34%of the groundwater samples had good water quality.The absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression model was more suited for this study area than the positive matrix factorization model.There were no obvious noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic concerns for all types of receptors according to the values of the total hazard index and total carcinogenic risk.The human activities and the initial geological environment factor(65.85%)was the major source of noncarcinogenic risk(residential children:87.56%;residential adults:87.52%;recreational children:86.77%;and recreational adults:85.42%),while the industrial activity factor(16.36%)was the major source of carcinogenic risk(residential receptors:87.96%;and recreational receptors:68.73%).These findings provide fundamental and crucial information for reducing the health issues caused by heavy metal(loid)s contamination of groundwater in arid areas.

Assessment of the Level of Metal(loid)s Pollution and Bioactive Compounds Screening of Anthill Soil

The anthill soil is used by hypertensive elderly and teenagers from Oshikoto region (Namibia) and many of them testified stabilization of their blood pressure to normal after consuming the anthill soil-derived aqueous extracts. This study therefore investigated and/or assessed the physicochemical parameters, the contents of some metal(loid)s (and their associated potential health risks) and the qualitative composition of bioactive compounds of this anthill soil. The homogenous soil sample collected from various anthill soils in the Oshikoto region was used to obtain the measurements of physiochemical parameters. The elemental contents were determined (using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer) after acid digestion in accordance with the EPA method 350B and their potential health risk assessments were performed. Methanol, aqueous methanol, and aqueous-based extracts were generated via maceration extraction process prior to the screening of bioactive compounds using standard diagnostic assays. The oxidation reduction potential (164.4 ± 16.6 mV) was the only physicochemical parameter whose value was within the World Health Organization limits for drinking water whereas, total dissolved solids (23 ± 5.5 mg/L), electrical conductivity (44 ± 10.1 uS/cm) and pH (5.35 ± 0.33) were out of specifications. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were present in anthill soil (with respect to the extractants used) to which its antihypertensive properties can be attributed in addition to some of the studied mineral components. With respect to the pH, TDS and EC, and the contents of most metal(loid)s in relation to their health risk assessment values, the results suggest that aqueous extracts derived from this anthill soil can be deemed unsuitable for human consumption.

Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metal(loid)Contaminated Soil: A Review

Because of the rapid development of industrial processes, increased urban pollution and agricultural chemicals applied in recent years, heavy metal(loid) pollution in soil has been very serious, and there is an urgent need for fast and efficient removal of heavy metal(loid) pollution. Currently, environmental microorganisms are always used to perform biological alteration or improvement of soils and sewage. Using functional microorganisms that are resistant to toxic heavy metal(loid) ions for alteration and transformation of heavy metal(loid)s in ionic form is an effective measure for microbial remediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soil. This paper reviewed the microbial remediation mechanism of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils, and the approaches for breeding bacteria those can be used for highly efficient removal of heavy metal(loid)s, as well as the application examples of microbial remediation and transformation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil, and finally described the future trends and further research work of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils by microbial remediation.

Migration and distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal(loid)s at a lead smelting site

Heavy metal(loid)s contamination is a constant issue at smelting sites.It is essential to investigate the spatial distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metal(loid)s in the soil for environmental management and remediation strategies of non-ferrous smelting sites.In this study,203 soil samples from 57 sites were collected in a typical lead smelting site.The findings demonstrated that there were significant Pb,Zn,Cd,and As contamination in soil samples.The spatial distribution of heavy metal(loid)s showed strong spatial heterogeneity,the contaminated soil areas of Pb,As,Cd,and Zn were 99.5%,98.9%,85.3%,and 72.4%,respectively.Pb,Cd,and As contamination of the soil reached a depth of 5 m,which migrated from the surface to deep soil layers.The leaching contents of Zn,Pb,and As decreased obviously in 3-4 m soil layer,but the leaching content of Cd was still high,which indicated the high migration of Cd.With the increase of depth,the proportion of acid soluble fraction of heavy metal(loid)s decreased,and the residual fraction increased.The acid soluble fraction of Cd accounted for a higher proportion,and As mainly existed in reducible and residual fractions in soil.According to the calculation of the migration factor,the migration of heavy metal(loid)s in soils were ordered as Cd>Zn>Pb>As.The outcomes are advantageous for risk reduction and site remediation for non-ferrous metal smelting sites.

基于APCS-MLR模型的西洞庭湖沉积物重金属来源解析

【目的】揭示西洞庭湖沉积物重金属的时空分布规律,阐明湖泊沉积物的重金属来源,探究绝对主成分-多元线性回归(absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression,APCS-MLR)模型在湖泊沉积物重金属来源解析中的适应性。【方法】采集沅江河口、湖泊近岸、湖泊远岸和湖泊中心的4个沉积柱共160个样本,对样本进行210Pb同位素定年和重金属含量分析,运用传统多元统计分析方法和APCS-MLR模型定量解析重金属的来源与绝对贡献率。【结果】从沅江河口到湖泊中心,As和Cd的平均含量逐步递减,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量呈先减少后增加的趋势。在垂直方向上,重金属含量自沉积物表层向中层呈升高趋势,并随水深的增加出现相对一致的波动。从时序上看,沉积物重金属自然源的绝对贡献率呈下降趋势,人为源的绝对贡献率总体上升且超过自然源的绝对贡献率。其中,Cd的来源受人类活动影响最大,其人为源在沅江河口和湖泊中心的绝对贡献率分别为28.77%和69.35%。【结论】近百年来,人类活动对西洞庭湖沉积物重金属来源的绝对贡献率逐年上升,人类活动已经成为影响沉积物重金属含量最重要的因素。APCS-MLR模型能够简便、有效地应用于沉积物重金属来源的研究。

Pollution characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and groundwater of a retired industrial park

Heavy metal(loid)s(HMs)pollution has become a common and complex problem in industrial parks due to rapid industrialization and urbanization.Here,soil and groundwater were sampled from a retired industrial park to investigate the pollution characteristics of HMs.Results show that Ni,Pb,Cr,Zn,Cd,and Cu were the typical HMs in the soil.Source analysis with the positive matrix factorization model indicates that HMs in the topsoil stemmed from industrial activities,traffic emission,and natural source,and the groundwater HMs originated from industrial activities,groundwater-soil interaction,groundwater-rock interaction,and atmosphere deposition.The sequential extraction of soil HMs reveals that As and Hg were mainly distributed in the residue fraction,while Ni,Pb,Cr,Zn,Cd,and Cu mainly existed in the mobile fraction.Most HMs either in the total concentration or in the bioavailable fraction preferred to retain in soil as indicated by their high soil-water partitioning coefficients(K_(d)),and the K_(d) values were correlated with soil pH,groundwater redox potential,and dissolved oxygen.The relative stable soil-groundwater circumstance and the low active fraction contents limited the vertical migration of soil HMs and their release to groundwater.These findings increase our knowledge about HMs pollution characteristics of traditional industrial parks and provide a protocol for HMs pollution scrutinizing in large zones.

pH对铜冶炼烟尘中重金属浸出行为的影响及其矿物学控制机理

以某废弃铜冶炼厂收集的铜冶炼烟尘作为样本,采用TCLP毒性浸出和宽溶液pH(3~13)范围浸出实验,研究了铜冶炼烟尘中重金属的释放行为及其矿物学控制机制。结果表明,TCLP浸出液中As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度分别是我国《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)中相应元素限值的704倍、82.7倍、2.08倍、3.1倍和3.26倍。在整个溶液pH处理范围内,As的释放率高达26.0%~28.1%。在酸性条件下Cd、Cu和Zn的浸出率明显较高,而Pb在pH 13.0时释放率较高。地球化学分析表明,在pH 5.5~11.5的溶液处理下,As的溶解度部分受新形成的Ca、Cu、Pb和Zn砷酸盐控制,而Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的溶解度主要受碱性条件下氢氧化物沉淀形成控制。BCR顺序提取和XRD分析表明,浸出液中Cd和Zn浓度较高与其在灰尘中赋存活性态比例高一致。研究结果为烟尘处理或处置防止重金属污染提供科学指导。

铅冶炼场地粉尘重(类)金属的迁移转化

粉尘是铅冶炼场地土壤重(类)金属的来源之一,但粉尘中重(类)金属的迁移转化机制尚不明确。本文系统研究了此过程中重(类)金属的地球化学行为和解离机制。实验结果表明,两类粉尘样品中Pb、Zn、Cd和As的总量和浸出均超过标准,其中,两类粉尘中约有80%的Pb、Zn为生物可利用态,底吹炉粉尘中70%以上的As为弱酸提取态,而还原烟化炉粉尘弱酸提取态的重金属为Cd,占比为60%。Pb同位素结果显示,表土中97.12%的Pb来自冶炼过程中排放的粉尘。XRD和MLA结果表明,粉尘中的主要矿物为PbSO_(4)、ZnSO_(4)和CdSO_(4),表土中的矿物主要是石英、方解石、白云石和白云母。利用地球化学模型对主要矿物进行拟合发现,在酸性条件下,Pb、Zn和Cd的解离主要依赖于硫酸盐矿物,而As的解离与氢氧化铁的吸附作用有关。

中国重金属污染耕地土壤安全利用存在问题与建议

中国耕地土壤重金属污染情况不容乐观,如何安全利用重金属污染耕地仍是当今亟需解决的农业和环保问题。本文综合分析了近几年不同污染程度耕地土壤的安全利用措施,提出重金属低积累作物种植、重金属钝化技术、农艺调控及种植结构调整为当前污染耕地土壤安全利用的主要手段,并指出污染源防控力度不足、土壤污染与作物安全性关系不明、原位钝化技术风险及低积累作物利用效果的局限性仍然是中国污染耕地土壤安全、高效利用面临的主要问题,建议进一步完善污染土壤评价标准、健全污染土壤防控体系、优化污染土壤安全利用技术,以推动重金属污染耕地土壤的安全、高效和可持续利用。

基于UNMIX模型的地质高背景地区土壤重金属源解析

采矿活动和高地质背景被认为是造成喀斯特地区土壤重金属污染的重要因素.为了探究采矿活动和成土母质对喀斯特地区土壤重金属积累的影响,利用UNMIX模型和空间分析相结合的方法对广西北部典型金属工业区—刁江流域105个土壤样品中重金属(Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Ni)的分布特征与主要来源进行了研究,并将UNMIX模型源识别结果直接纳入GIS进行空间分析,对比采样点的主导源空间分布与污染源之间的关联性.结果表明:(1)研究区土壤中w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)、w(Cr)、w(Ni)的平均值为1.21、19.4、42.1、80.9、31.9 mg/kg;研究区土壤污染以Cd和As复合污染为主,个别采样点存在轻度的Pb污染.(2)母质类型、土壤类型、土壤pH和工矿企业是影响重金属积累的重要因素.对比分析可知,由碳酸盐岩母质发育而来的土壤和偏碱性土壤中重金属的平均含量较高;人为土中Cd、As和Pb的积累较明显,铁铝土中会出现Cr和Ni的共富集;污染影响区内w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)偏高.(3)源解析分析显示,研究区土壤重金属存在两类污染源,分别为土壤母质源(源1)、工农业混合源(源2),占比分别为68.45%和31.55%;土壤母质源(源1)对Cr和Ni的贡献占主导作用;工农业混合源(源2)对As、Pb的贡献高于其他重金属;研究区Cd的积累由土壤母质源(源1)和工农业混合源(源2)共同主导.研究显示,研究区土壤重金属污染水平整体较高,这既与碳酸盐岩中固有的高重金属浓度有关,也与碳酸盐岩风化过程中残留富集导致的浓度放大效应有关,并且研究区多年的工矿业活动与河水灌溉进一步加剧了研究区农田的重金属污染程度.

Spatial heterogeneity and source apportionment of soil metal(loid)s in an abandoned lead/zinc smelter

Metal smelting have brought severe metal(loid)s contamination to the soil.Spatial distribution and pollution source analysis for soil metal(loid)s in an abandoned lead/zinc smelter were studied.The results showed that soil was contaminated heavily withmetal(loid)s.The mean of lead(Pb),arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),mercury(Hg)and antimony(Sb)content in topsoil is 9.7,8.2,5.0,2.3,and 1.2 times higher than the risk screening value for soil contamination of development land of China(GB36600-2018),respectively.Cd ismainly enriched in the 0–6mdepth of site soil while As and Pbmainly deposited in the 0–4mlayer.The spatial distribution of soil metal(loid)s is significantly correlated with the pollution source in the different functional areas of smelter.As,Hg,Sb,Pb and copper(Cu)were mainly distributed in pyrometallurgical area,while Cd,thallium(Tl)and zinc(Zn)was mainly existed in both hydrometallurgical area and raw material storage area.Soil metal(loid)s pollution sources in the abandoned smelter are mainly contributed to the anthropogenic sources,accounting for 84.5%.Specifically,Pb,Tl,As,Hg,Sb and Cumainly from atmospheric deposition(55.9%),Cd and Zn mainly from surface runoff(28.6%),While nickel(Ni)mainly comes from parent material(15.5%).The results clarified the spatial distribution and their sources in different functional areas of the smelter,providing a new thought for the risk prevention and control of metal(loid)s in polluted site soil.

广州市新生儿胎发中金属元素水平及对新生儿出生体质量影响的初步研究

珠三角地区环境中的重金属污染较严重,母婴等敏感人群健康容易受到有毒金属暴露或必需元素失衡的不良影响,相关的暴露水平监测数据和风险因素研究仍非常有限。本研究采集了珠三角地区广州市健康新生儿的胎发样本和配对的母发样本,分析了10种金属元素(Zn、Cu、Se、Mn、Co、V、As、Cd、Pb和Sb)含量,通过问卷调查收集孕产妇的人口学特征和孕期生活习惯信息,以了解胎儿宫内金属元素暴露情况和潜在影响因素。结果表明,广州市新生儿胎发中Mn、Co、V和As的含量高于国外报道水平,与广州市的大气污染和孕妇饮食习惯有关。大部分胎发的Se与有毒金属的物质的量比值>1,提示宫内暴露于有毒金属对胎儿的毒性影响可能因为Se的解毒作用而得到缓解。孕前补充叶酸和复合维生素等营养素可以提高母体和胎儿Se水平,有助于维持Se对有毒金属的解毒能力。BKMR混合模型模拟结果表明,金属混合物产前暴露对新生儿出生体质量具有负面的联合影响,其中有毒金属As、Pb、V和Sb是与出生体质量负相关的重要因素。

硫化纳米零价铁去除重(类)金属研究进展

重(类)金属作为一类毒性高、难生物降解的优先污染物,对生态系统及人体健康具有极大威胁,因此必须采取有效技术对其进行处理。硫化纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)因易分散、反应活性强、电子选择性高等优势,被广泛应用于水中多种污染物的去除。本文系统地综述了S-nZVI在重(类)金属去除中的研究进展,包括S-nZVI对不同重(类)金属的去除机制,S/Fe摩尔比、合成方式、硫化剂种类及不同反应条件(初始pH、溶解氧、共存物质)对重(类)金属去除效能的影响,S-nZVI对其它环境介质(土壤、污泥)及形态(络合态)重金属的作用效能,最后对未来研究方向进行展望,以期为S-nZVI对重(类)金属修复提供理论及技术指导。

Heavy metal(loid)s in fruit-growing soils of tropical Hainan Island in China:Pollution,ecological-health risks,spatial assessment,and source analyses

Hainan Island is the most important tropical fruit production area in China.In this study,372 soil samples and corresponding fruit and irrigation water samples were collected from Hainan orchards and analysed to determine the concentrations of six heavy metal(loid)s:Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr,and Cu.The pollution status,potential risks,possible sources,and spatial distribution patterns of soil heavy metal(loid)s were comprehensively investigated.The fruit and irrigation water samples had negligible amounts of heavy metal(loid)s,and the potential human health risk for fruit consumers was at a safe level.The heavy metal(loid)concentrations in most soil samples were lower than the national risk screening values.However,significant local accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s,especially Cd,Cr,and Cu,relative to their background values was observed.Moreover,the combined effects of the heavy metal(loid)s only led to a mild pollution level and low ecological risk throughout the study area.Noncarcinogenic risks were not observed among the local residents,and carcinogenic risks were within an acceptable range.The acidic soil in the study area increased the risk of soil Cd pollution,and organic matter affected the distribution of the tested metal(loid)s in the soil.Uncommon geogenic sources with high background values were the sources of Cr and Cu,anthropogenic activities primarily led to Cd,Pb,and As contamination,and a combination of anthropogenic and natural sources was responsible for Hg emissions.The research suggested that appropriate strategies must be implemented to track and reduce soil heavy metal contaminants in the northern and western region of the Hainan orchard area.The results can provide valuable information for policies on pollution prevention and management,the environment,and human health protection in the study region.

中国耕地重金属污染现状及其人为污染源浅析

重金属污染物对食品安全及人身健康有很大的危胁,耕地土壤重金属污染问题已越来越受到关注。为有效防止耕地污染进一步恶化及改善食品质量安全,有必要整体分析我国耕地重金属污染现状及主要人为污染源。通过搜集全国(未含港澳台地区)有关耕地土壤重金属污染调查数据的文献(2008~2018年),采用地积累指数法分析了各地区Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Ni 7种重金属累积含量及可能存在的风险,综合评价了重金属在我国各地区耕地表层土壤30年来的积累情况和主要人为污染源。结果表明,陕西、甘肃、新疆、广东、海南、湖南、河南、浙江、北京、山西、吉林、四川12个省(市、区)是我国耕地污染较为严重的地区,其中陕西、甘肃、新疆、广东和湖南尤其严重;耕地土壤重金属污染元素主要是镉和汞,受到中度污染及以上的省(市、区)分别有9个和5个;造成耕地土壤重金属污染的主要人为因素有冶矿产业、工业企业、城市建设、车辆交通、垃圾处理及农业生产等,污染严重程度依次为冶矿产业>电子垃圾拆解>城市建设>工业企业>城郊活动>车辆交通>生活垃圾处理>蔬菜(设施)生产>畜禽养殖。建议应严格控制污染强度较高的工矿企业和城市建设等污染物的排放,同时农业土壤中的镉和汞作为优先控制和治理的元素。

Distribution, Mobility, and Health Risks Assessment of Trace Metals in River Sediments from Intense Agricultural Activity Areas in West Africa

The economy of West African countries is mainly based on agriculture. However, the trace metal(loid)s contamination status in rivers is relatively unknown in the region. In this work, 45 surface sediments collected from the Bandama, Comoé, and Bia Rivers in south and south eastern Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa), were analyzed for total metal concentrations and chemical speciation. The results showed that the river sediments were considerably contaminated by Cd and moderately contaminated by As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Significant spatial variations were observed among the stations but not between the rivers. Metals Cd and Cu were likely to cause more ecological risks. The speciation analysis unravelled that the metal(loid)s partitioned mainly in the residual fraction, with the potential mobile fraction varying from 14% to 28%. The study calls for establishment of strict policies relative to the application of fertilizers and agrochemicals and mining activities to protect the environment and human health risks.

土壤重(类)金属消解方法的研究进展

综述了目前国内外土壤重(类)金属的消解方法及相关标准,分析了各种方法的优缺点。指出传统的电热板消解法已逐渐被淘汰,微波消解法应用广泛却存在一定的局限性,全自动石墨消解法自动化程度高,适合大批量样品前处理,应用前景良好。提出相对于加入氢氟酸的混酸消解法获得的土壤重(类)金属全量,王水消解法获得的土壤重(类)金属总环境有效态与生物有效性相关性更好,研究者可根据需要选择合适的消解方法。

Do trace metal(loid)s in road soils pose health risks to tourists?A case of a highly-visited national park in China

Nowadays,more people tend to spend their recreational time in large national parks,and trace metal(loid)s in soils have attracted long-term attention due to their possible harm to human health.To investigate the pollution levels,potential sources and health risks of trace metal(loid)s in road soils,a total of eight trace metal(loid)s(including As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Hg)from 47 soil samples along roads were studied in the Huangshan National Park in Southeast China.The results showed that the concentrations of As,Cd,Pb,Zn and Hg appeared different degrees of pollution compared with their corresponding background values.According to the pollution indices,Hg and Cd were recognized as significant pollutants presenting moderate to high ecological risk.Combining principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model,the results showed that traffic,industrial,agricultural and natural sources were the potential origins of trace metal(loid)s in this area,with contribution rates of 39.93%,25.92%,10.53%and 23.62%,respectively.Non-carcinogenic risks were all negligible,while the carcinogenic risk of As was higher than the limit(1×10^(-6)).Moreover,children were more susceptible to trace metal(loid)s by ingestion which appeared to be a more important exposure pathway than dermal contact and inhalation.The contribution rates of different sources to non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks were similar among children and adults,while traffic and industrial sources have a significant impact on health risks.This study will give more insights to control the environmental risks of trace metal(loid)s in national parks.