This review article aims to gather differences and similarities between planet Mars and planet Earth to determine the necessities for the proper growth and development of the neonatal brain. Factors such as Environmen...This review article aims to gather differences and similarities between planet Mars and planet Earth to determine the necessities for the proper growth and development of the neonatal brain. Factors such as Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education are juxtaposed to understand the difference between pediatric neurodevelopment on both planets. The variation between each factor was analyzed to determine how significant the impact is on neurodevelopment for children. The factors to be discussed were generated based on extensive research on what is most important for proper early neurodevelopment. The five factors are the main categories branched out into subcategories to delve into more detail regarding neurodevelopment. Factors may vary based on the location on each planet, but the best average was cultivated to create a fair evaluation of the differences. Although each factor influences a different part of the brain, each factor (Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education) is equally vital for development anatomy and physiology of the brain.展开更多
High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. H...High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the C<sub>p</sub> distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.展开更多
In the near future, humans will go to Mars. During these interplanetary journeys, astronaut safety will be paramount. This study aims to determine whether the astronauts will be able to launch safely from Mars in a sp...In the near future, humans will go to Mars. During these interplanetary journeys, astronaut safety will be paramount. This study aims to determine whether the astronauts will be able to launch safely from Mars in a space shuttle taking off perpendicularly. This study used kinematics along with equations for calculating atmospheric density and total force on the spacecraft to evaluate these values for each atmospheric layer. Approximations were made for the spacecraft’s dimensions to find the cross-sectional front-view area of the spacecraft and the drag coefficient where verifiable data was unavailable. Although there is data for the dimensions of the spacecraft’s front view, there isn’t any on its area. The total force was found to be significantly lower than 3Gs which ensures a safe take-off for the astronauts and reduces manufacturing costs for assembling new rockets.展开更多
Mars data presents a collection of startling and seemly contradictory isotopic data: a glaring excess of the two radiogenic isotopes <sup>129</sup>Xe/<sup>132</sup>Xe @ 2.5 and <sup>40<...Mars data presents a collection of startling and seemly contradictory isotopic data: a glaring excess of the two radiogenic isotopes <sup>129</sup>Xe/<sup>132</sup>Xe @ 2.5 and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar @ 3000 enabled identification of MM (Mars Meteorites) because they are so different than any other major Solar System reservoir. Mars appears to have lost an original atmosphere of pressure 1 bar or greater, yet the ratio <sup>14</sup>N/<sup>15</sup>N indicates only a loss of a few millibar by Solar Wind Erosion. The LPARE (Large Planet Altering R-process Event) hypothesis attempts to explain these major isotopic puzzles at Mars by postulating that two massive, anomalous thermonuclear explosions, rich in R-process physics, occurred over the surface of Northern Mars in the past, approximately 500 million years ago, and that these explosions created the <sup>129</sup>Xe/<sup>132</sup>Xe excess, and the accompanying intense neutron bombardment of Mars atmosphere and regolith created the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar excess off of potassium in the surface rocks. The collateral massive and non-mass fractionating atmospheric loss, and the intense neutron bombardment of <sup>14</sup>N in the atmosphere primarily created the <sup>14</sup>N/<sup>15</sup>N ratio we presently observe, with some mass fractionating erosion of the residual atmosphere. This LPARE hypothesis is found to explain other isotopic features of Mars atmosphere and surface. <sup>80</sup>Kr and <sup>82</sup>Kr are hyperabundant in the Mars atmosphere and in the youngest MMs indicating intense irradiation of Mars surface with neutrons. Although there is presently no plausible explanation for the nuclear events, the hypothesis can be tested through related nuclear products such as Pu-244.展开更多
文摘This review article aims to gather differences and similarities between planet Mars and planet Earth to determine the necessities for the proper growth and development of the neonatal brain. Factors such as Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education are juxtaposed to understand the difference between pediatric neurodevelopment on both planets. The variation between each factor was analyzed to determine how significant the impact is on neurodevelopment for children. The factors to be discussed were generated based on extensive research on what is most important for proper early neurodevelopment. The five factors are the main categories branched out into subcategories to delve into more detail regarding neurodevelopment. Factors may vary based on the location on each planet, but the best average was cultivated to create a fair evaluation of the differences. Although each factor influences a different part of the brain, each factor (Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education) is equally vital for development anatomy and physiology of the brain.
文摘High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the C<sub>p</sub> distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.
文摘In the near future, humans will go to Mars. During these interplanetary journeys, astronaut safety will be paramount. This study aims to determine whether the astronauts will be able to launch safely from Mars in a space shuttle taking off perpendicularly. This study used kinematics along with equations for calculating atmospheric density and total force on the spacecraft to evaluate these values for each atmospheric layer. Approximations were made for the spacecraft’s dimensions to find the cross-sectional front-view area of the spacecraft and the drag coefficient where verifiable data was unavailable. Although there is data for the dimensions of the spacecraft’s front view, there isn’t any on its area. The total force was found to be significantly lower than 3Gs which ensures a safe take-off for the astronauts and reduces manufacturing costs for assembling new rockets.
文摘Mars data presents a collection of startling and seemly contradictory isotopic data: a glaring excess of the two radiogenic isotopes <sup>129</sup>Xe/<sup>132</sup>Xe @ 2.5 and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar @ 3000 enabled identification of MM (Mars Meteorites) because they are so different than any other major Solar System reservoir. Mars appears to have lost an original atmosphere of pressure 1 bar or greater, yet the ratio <sup>14</sup>N/<sup>15</sup>N indicates only a loss of a few millibar by Solar Wind Erosion. The LPARE (Large Planet Altering R-process Event) hypothesis attempts to explain these major isotopic puzzles at Mars by postulating that two massive, anomalous thermonuclear explosions, rich in R-process physics, occurred over the surface of Northern Mars in the past, approximately 500 million years ago, and that these explosions created the <sup>129</sup>Xe/<sup>132</sup>Xe excess, and the accompanying intense neutron bombardment of Mars atmosphere and regolith created the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar excess off of potassium in the surface rocks. The collateral massive and non-mass fractionating atmospheric loss, and the intense neutron bombardment of <sup>14</sup>N in the atmosphere primarily created the <sup>14</sup>N/<sup>15</sup>N ratio we presently observe, with some mass fractionating erosion of the residual atmosphere. This LPARE hypothesis is found to explain other isotopic features of Mars atmosphere and surface. <sup>80</sup>Kr and <sup>82</sup>Kr are hyperabundant in the Mars atmosphere and in the youngest MMs indicating intense irradiation of Mars surface with neutrons. Although there is presently no plausible explanation for the nuclear events, the hypothesis can be tested through related nuclear products such as Pu-244.
