Advances in sequencing and key character analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Mango(Mangifera indica L.)is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical countries associated with many agronomic and horticultural problems,such as susceptibility to pathogens,including powdery mildew and anthracnose,poor yield and quality,and short shelf life.Conventional breeding techniques exhibit significant limitations in improving mango quality due to the characteristics of long ripening,self-incompatibility,and high genetic heterozygosity.In recent years,much emphasis has been placed on identification of key genes controlling a certain trait through genomic association analysis and directly breeding new varieties through transgene or genotype selection of offspring.This paper reviews the latest research progress on the genome and transcriptome sequencing of mango fruit.The rapid development of genome sequencing and bioinformatics provides effective strategies for identifying,labeling,cloning,and manipulating many genes related to economically important traits.Preliminary verification of the functions of mango genes has been conducted,including genes related to flowering regulation,fruit development,and polyphenol biosynthesis.Importantly,modern biotechnology can refine existing mango varieties to meet the market demand with high economic benefits.

广西芒果种质资源保存利用和研究概况

本文从种质圃建设、种质资源数量和保存方法等方面介绍了广西芒果种质资源收集和保存的总体情况,将广西在芒果种质鉴定评价中取得的主要成果进行总结和显现。从芒果种质资源在常规育种中的利用、分子育种研究两个方面介绍了广西芒果种质资源利用创新的成果和现状,同时,从全国芒果品种育成情况对广西芒果种质资源保存前景进行了分析。

广西芒果细菌性坏死病病原菌鉴定

芒果Mangifera indica L.是我国著名的热带水果,近年来细菌性病害发生严重。2020年-2021年对广西百色地区的芒果病害进行调查发现,一种细菌性坏死病与细菌性黑斑病混合发生,一般发病率30%~60%,严重可达90%以上。本研究先后从该地区不同芒果坏死病组织中分离得到泛菌属的21株细菌。根据形态、生理生化特性、16S rDNA、fusA、gyrB、leuS、pyrG、rlpB和rpoB的多基因系统发育分析、致病性测定等方法将21个菌株分别鉴定为Pantoea vagans、P.anthophila、P.dispersa和P.cypripedii。其中P.anthophila、P.dispersa和P.cypripedii引起芒果细菌性坏死病是中国首次报道。

香花芒(Mangifera odorata)的性状描述与评价

香花芒(Mangifera odorata)是漆树科(Anacardiaceae)芒果属(Mangifera)植物的一个种,该种主要分布在东南亚的马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国和越南等国家。2005年中国引进香花芒品种并保存在农业部儋州芒果种质资源圃。引进后项目组对其开展了物候期、植物学性状、品质学性状和抗病虫性评价,结果表明:香花芒具有生长势强和周年开花的特点,在中国具有较好的适应性;与栽培品种相比,香花芒鲜食品质较差但贮运性较好;在品质性状方面,可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、维生素C和矿质元素(K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、B)均高于贵妃芒;香花芒抗病虫性强,高抗炭疽病、细菌性黑斑病和横线尾夜蛾,抗白粉病和脊胸天牛,适合于做砧木和育种材料,具有较高的育种价值和潜力。

Fusarium mangiferae对杧果酚类代谢的影响

为探讨杧果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内酚类代谢的变化规律,以凯特杧为试验材料,测定了接种病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)后顶芽内总酚、类黄酮含量及酚类代谢相关酶(POD、PPO和PAL)活性的变化趋势。结果表明,接种病菌后杧果顶芽内总酚、类黄酮含量出现先上升后下降的变化趋势,其峰值分别出现在接种病菌45 d和30 d,酚类代谢相关酶中PAL活性变化与总酚含量变化趋势相同,POD和PPO活性在接种病菌后直线上升。F.mangiferae侵染对杧果酚类代谢产生显著影响,可干扰杧果顶芽内总酚、类黄酮的含量变化,影响其相关酶活性,降低杧果对病菌的抵抗能力。杧果酚代谢紊乱失衡可能是病菌的重要致病机理之一。

Fusarium mangiferae侵染对凯特杧内源激素含量的影响

为探讨杧果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内源激素含量的变化规律,以凯特杧为试验材料,测定了接种病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)后顶芽内生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化情况。结果表明:接种病菌后,杧果顶芽内赤霉素和生长素含量急速上升,且在整个试验阶段明显高于健康处理,脱落酸含量在试验后期不断升高;分析发现,F.mangiferae侵染能够显著影响杧果顶芽内源激素的含量,改变IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的平衡,致使杧果的生长发育受到影响,进而引发畸形病的产生。

芒果白粉病(Oidium mangiferae Berthet)发生流行规律及其综合防治研究

芒果白粉病在云南景谷湿热气候芒果种植区 ,对 3年芒果树、象牙芒果树花序、幼果为害率分别为 75.4%～ 91 .6% ,3 2 .1 %～ 54 .3 % ,严重的达 1 0 0 % ,是幼果脱落的主要原因之一 ,损失产量 2 5%～ 3 0 % ,病重树基本绝收。芒果白粉病于2月中、下旬至 5月上、中旬发生为害 ,3月上、中旬至 4月中、下旬为发生高峰期 ,正与芒果盛花期吻合。该病繁殖和侵染最适温度为 1 5℃～ 2 5℃ ,相对湿度为 80 %～ 1 0 0 %。采取综合防治措施 ,特别在盛花期、盛花末与座果交替期各喷药防治 1～2次 ,花序、幼果为害率下降为 5.2 %～ 7.6% ,2 .9%～ 3 .7%。提高了座果率 ,挽回产量 1 5%～ 2 0 %。

印度果核芒果象（Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricuis）和云南果核芒果象（Sternochetus olivieri Faust）生物学及其综合防治研究

印度果核芒果象、云南果核芒果象均是云南芒果的主要害虫，以幼虫蛀害５０余种芒果核仁，对三年芒果危害率为４１．３％～６７．％，对象牙芒果危害率为４２．２％～７８．０％。印度果核芒果象占总数的７６．３％～８８．９％，云南果核芒果象占１１．１％～２３．７％。其生物学小佳和发生危害规律近似。在云南景谷地区一年发生一代。采取综合防治措施后，对三年芒果危害率降为１０．９％，象牙芒果降为１１．７％。

6种杀菌剂对杧果病原真菌的室内毒力测定

胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)与杧果畸形病病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)是杧果重要的致病菌,主要危害杧果花、营养组织等部位,造成严重损失,迫切需要筛选高效药剂进行防控.本研究选用6种高效低毒杀菌剂,采用生长速率法测定了杀菌剂对2种病原菌的室内毒力.结果表明,37%戊唑·咪鲜胺、20%咪鲜·抑霉唑、60%咪鲜胺锰盐这3种咪鲜胺复配剂同时对2种真菌具有明显抑菌效果,其中37%戊唑·咪鲜胺、20%咪鲜·抑霉唑对杧果畸形病病菌抑菌效果最好,EC50为0.34μg/mL;60%咪鲜胺锰盐对胶孢炭疽菌抑菌效果最好,EC50为0.01μg/mL.本研究筛选了杧果2种真菌病害的防治药剂,对杧果病害的绿色防控具有一定的参考价值.

低温胁迫对芒果花序的影响

以攀枝花市晚熟芒果(Mangifera indica L.)品种凯特为试验材料进行低温处理,探究低温胁迫下其花序受到的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫下芒果花序表现出一定的抗寒性状,在气温高于0℃的低温过程中未表现出受害症状,但在-2~0℃的长时间低温过程和低于-2℃的低温过程中表现出受害症状,其中低于-2℃的低温过程会使芒果花序枯萎死亡,且坐果率显著降低。据此初步得出,攀枝花市凯特芒果低温寒(冻)害区划,以期为芒果生产和农业气象服务提供理论基础。

基于花粉微观特征的芒果属种质孢粉学研究及聚类分析

芒果属全球约有69个种,我国主要分布有8个种。我国悠久的芒果栽培历史形成许多具有地方特色的天然杂交种。在不断与环境协调发展的过程中,芒果枝叶、果实等外观形态发生了一定的变化,其花粉在保持遗传保守性和稳定性下却形成了独特的形态特征。为了深入研究芒果属植物花粉形态的分类学意义,理清芒果天然杂交种之间的系统发育关系,本研究基于花粉微观特征,对芒果属种质开展孢粉学研究及遗传关系分析。利用扫描电镜系统观察芒果属2个种32份芒果材料的花粉外部形态和花粉外壁纹饰等形态特征,在此基础上,对花粉6个数量性状进行聚类分析。结果表明:32份芒果种质花粉均属于N3P4C5型,极面观呈3裂三角形,赤面观呈近椭圆形,萌发沟孔为3条,萌发沟孔开裂度几乎到达花粉粒的两极;各材料的花粉形状大小、萌发脊宽窄、花粉纹饰、花粉外壁网孔密度和大小均存在差异;条纹状或网状纹饰和纹孔布满花粉粒表面,大多数芒果花粉属于网状纹饰,网孔形状多样,主要是圆形和长条形,纹脊粗糙,网孔分布密度在不同材料间存在差异。根据花粉粒大小、花粉形态、萌发脊宽、网孔大小和网孔密度等数量性状对参试材料进行聚类分析,32份芒果种质在相似距离为15时可分成三大类群,来自东南亚的马切苏、暹罗芒、仁和吕宋等芒果资源在谱系图中聚为一类,显示出一定的地域特征;萌发脊较窄的云南土芒、布鲁斯和象牙芒26号聚为一类;扁桃、收集的扁桃–芒与国内常见芒果栽培种聚为一类。原始的野生种白花本地芒与扁桃1号、扁桃2号、扁桃3号、扁桃4号聚为一组,该类资源具有原始型、野生型的特点。本研究可为芒果花粉形态的分类、亲缘关系和演化研究提供孢粉学依据。

扁桃杧(Mangifera persiciformis)遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记技术,对中国特有杧果野生近缘种扁桃杧种质资源8个居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。利用筛选出的8对AFLP引物,共扩增出612条谱带,其中514条多态性带,占83.99%。扁桃杧不同居群间遗传多样性水平差异较大,多态位点百分率在68.20%～80.70%、有效等位基因数在1.429～1.570、Nei基因多样性指数在0.270～0.321、Shannon信息指数在0.408～0.465。扁桃杧遗传多样性主要存在于居群内,但Nei遗传分化系数和AMOVA分析表明群体间已发生了一定程度的遗传分化(Gst和Фst分别为0.139和0.198)。根据Nei遗传距离对不同群体进行UPGMA聚类分析,表明扁桃杧自然群体的遗传距离与地理位置有密切的关系,Mantel检验表明遗传距离与地理距离有显著的正相关关系。

Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango(Mangifera indica L:Anacardiaceae) seed kernel

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of mango(Mangifera indica L) seed kernel.Methods:Chokanan mango seed kernel and seed kernels from assorted mango varieties were collected,cleaned,dried and powered.Crude methanolic extracts of mango seed kernel were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents.The free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay.Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay with three medically important bacterial pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(MRSA),Escherichia coli(E.coli) and Vibrio vulnificus(V.vulnificus).Results:Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of important phytochemical compounds such as glycosides,saponins,flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids.There was no significant difference in the phytochemical content between the single and assorted mango seed kernels.However,the free radical scavenging study indicated that the assorted mango kernels showed slighdy higher activity than the single species(P【0.05). The crude methanolic extract of mango seed kernel at a concentration of 100 mg/mL is found to have potential antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E.coli compared to V.vulnificus. Study on the antibacterial activity also indicated that there was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the single and assorted mango seed kernel extracts.Conclusions:The present study conclusively demonstrates the free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activities of mango seed kernel.In addition,the results also indicated that there is no significant difference in the phytochemical content and biological activity of mango kernels from single and assorted mango varieties.

Phenolic composition and inhibitory activity of Mangifera indica and Mucuna urens seeds extracts against key enzymes linked to the pathology and complications of type 2 diabetes

Objective:To investigate the phenolic compounds composition and the inhibitory activity of Mangifera indica(M.indica) and Mucuna urens(M.urens) seeds extracts against some key enzymes(-amylase,-glucosidasc and aldose reductase) implicated in the pathology and complications of type 2 diabetes in vitro.Methods:Reverse phase chromatographic quantification of the major flavonoids and phenolic acids in the seeds extracts was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection.The inhibitory activities of the seeds extracts against-amylase and-glucosidase were estimated using soluble starch and p-nitrophenylglucopyranosidc as their respective substrates.Inhibition of aldose reductase activity by the extracts was assayed using partially purified lens homogenate of normal male rat as source of enzyme;inhibition of Fe^(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation by extracts was tested in rat pancreas homogenate.Results:The chromatography result revealed that extracts of both seeds had appreciable levels of some major flavonoids and phenolic acids of pharmacological importance,including gallic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,ellagic acid,catechin,rutin,quercitrin.quercetin and kaempferol.Extracts of both seeds effectively inhibited-amylase,-glucosidase and aldose reductase activities in a dose-dependent manner,having inhibitory preference for these enzymes in the order of aldose reductase>-glucosidase>-amylase.With lower half-maximal inhibitory concentrations(IC50)against-amylase,-glucosidase,and aldose reductase,M.indica had stronger inhibitory potency against these enzymes than M.urens.Extracts of both seeds also inhibited Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent pattern,with M.indica being more potent than M.urens.Conclusions:The results obtained provide support for a possible use of M.indica and M.urens seeds in managing hyperglycemia and preventing the complications associated with it in type 2diabetes.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica

Objective:To evaluate the anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica in in vitro conditions.Methods:In vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase（LOX） inhibition assays were used to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities respectively.Methanolic extract（MEMI）,successive water extract （SWMI） and ethyl acetate fraction（EMEMI）,n-butanol fraction（BMEMI） and water soluble fraction （WMEMI） of methanolic extract were evaluated along with respective reference standards. Results:In in ritro DPPH radical scavenging activity,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have offered significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 13.37.3.55 and 14.19μig/mL respectively.Gallic acid,a reference standard showed significant antioxidant activity with IC? value of 1.88 and found to be more potent compared to all the extracts and fractions.In m vitro LOX inhibition assay,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have showed significant inhibition of LOX enzyme activity with IC50 values of 96.71.63.21 and 107.44μg/mL respectively.While,reference drug Indometlhacin also offered significant inhibtion against LOX enzyme activity with IC50 of 57.75.Furthermore,MEMI was found to more potent than SWMI and among the fractions EMEMI was found to possess more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the MEMI and F.MEMT possess potent anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro conditions.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cytotoxic and hypoglycemic properties of Mangifera indica peels

Objective: To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica(M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice.Methods: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel was used to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was followed to determine the cytotoxic potential of plant extract. In the case of hypoglycemic activity, oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and standard glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg was done, followed by determining the percentage of reduction of plasma glucose from the initial level.Results: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel showed the presence of flavonoid,saponin, steroid, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC_(50) of the extract and standard vincristine sulfate was found to be 2.04 and0.41 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 and 150 min, the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed prominent plasma glucose reduction of 13.95%, 22.48% and 14.16%,26.18% respectively compared to standard glibenclamide showing 14.90% and 20.67% plasma glucose reduction.Conclusions: This current research affirms prominent cytotoxic and moderate hypoglycemic potential of M. indica peel. Further bioactivity guided isolation of phytoconstituents and investigation on higher animals can lead to development of new drug molecules.

Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of two mango(Mangifera indica L.) cultivars from Senegal

Objective: To evaluate the total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of leaves, barks, roots and kernels from two cultivars of Mangifera indica(Anacardiaceae). Methods: Total phenolic contents were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The antioxidant activities were assessed by three different protocols including DPPH, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and iron(Ⅱ) chelation assays. In addition, in vitro bovine serum albumin/D-ribose assay was chosen to evaluate the antiglycation properties of the extracts. Results: All the investigated extracts were found to contain high level of total phenols as well as potent antioxidant activities. Kernel extracts showed the highest total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities whereas higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity values were observed for leave, root and bark extracts. Besides, extracts from leaves, roots and barks from both cultivars exhibited potent inhibitory effects against the formation of advanced glycation end products, with IC_(50) values lower than the standard positive control aminoguanidine. Conclusions: The potent antiglycation and antioxidative activities of these two Mangifera indica cultivars suggest a possible role in targeting aging, diabetic complications and oxidative stress related diseases.

Methyl gallate isolated from Mangifera pajang kernel induces proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via oxidative stress

Objective:To determine the lead bioactive compound in kernel extract of Mangifera pajang and its anti-cancer activity against human breast cancer cell lines with positive estrogen receptor(MCF-7).Methods:The methanolic extract of dried powder kernel of Mangifera pajang was exposed to column chromatography for isolation.The structural elucidation of the isolated compound was characterized using infrared,nuclear magnetic resonance,mass spectrometry.Furthermore,cytotoxicity,morphological changes,flow cytometry and cell cycle arrest analyses were performed to examine the mechanism of anti-proliferation and apoptosis induced by methyl gallate against MCF-7.Results:One compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Mangifera pajang kernel and identified as methyl gallate.The flow cytometric results demonstrated induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by three concentrations of methyl gallate.The cell cycle arrest showed a significant(P<0.05)decrease in cell progression at G2/M phase of MCF-7 after treatment with 100μM of methyl gallate.The cell percentage of early and late apoptosis was significant at 10 and 100μM of methyl gallate.Also,methyl gallate treatment induced up-regulation of reactive oxygen species levels in MCF-7 cells with a reduction in superoxide dismutase levels.Conclusions:These findings indicate that isolated methyl gallate from Mangifera pajang kernel extracts induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via up-regulating oxidative stress pathway.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L.extract in a model of colitis

AIM:To investigate the effect of aqueous extract from Mangifera indica L.(MIE)on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats.METHODS:MIE(150 mg/kg)was administered in two different protocols:(1)rectally,over 7 d at the same time as DSS administration;and(2)once daily over 14 d (by oral gavage,7 d before starting DSS,and rectally for 7 d during DSS administration).General observations of clinical signs were performed.Anti-inflammatory activity of MIE was assessed by myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity. Colonic lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).Reduced glutathione(GSH)levels,expression of inflammatory related mediators[inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2,respectively]and cytokines[tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand TNF receptors 1 and 2]in colonic tissue were also assessed.Interleukin(IL)-6 and TNF-α serum levels were also measured. RESULTS:The results demonstrated that MIE has anti-inflammatory properties by improvement of clinical signs,reduction of ulceration and reduced MPO activity when administered before DSS.In addition,administration of MIE for 14 d resulted in an increase in GSH and reduction of TBARS levels and iNOS,COX-2, TNF-αand TNF R-2 expression in colonic tissue,and a decrease in IL-6 and TNF-αserum levels. CONCLUSION:MIE has anti-inflammatory activity in a DSS-induced rat colitis model and preventive administration(prior to DSS)seems to be a more effective protocol.

Antidiarrhoeal efficacy of Mangifera indica seed kernel on Swiss albino mice

Objective:To examine the antidiarrhoeal activity of alcoholic and aqueous seed kernel extract of Mangifera indica(M.indica) on castor oil-induced diarrhoeul activity in Swiss albino mice.Methods:Mango seed kernels were processed and extracted using alcohol and water. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the extracts were assessed using intestinal motility and faecal score methods.Results:Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M.indica significantly reduced intestinal motility and faecal score in Swiss albino mice.Conclusions:The present study shows the traditional claim on the use of M.indica seed kernel for treating diarrhoea in Southern parts of India.