The protective role of prebiotics and probiotics on diarrhea and gut damage in the rotavirus-infected piglets

Rotavirus is one of the pathogenic causes that induce diarrhea in young animals, especially piglets, worldwide. However, nowadays, there is no specific drug available to treat the disease, and the related vaccines have no obvious efficiency in some countries. Via analyzing the pathogenesis of rotavirus, it inducing diarrhea is mainly due to disturb enteric nervous system, destroy gut mucosal integrity, induce intracellular electrolyte imbalance, and impair gut microbiota and immunity. Many studies have already proved that prebiotics and probiotics can mitigate the damage and diarrhea induced by rotavirus infection in hosts. Based on these, the current review summarizes and discusses the effects and mechanisms of prebiotics and probiotics on rotavirus-induced diarrhea in piglets. This information will highlight the basis for the swine production utilization of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention or treatment of rotavirus infection in the future.

A plausible pathway to prebiotic peptides via amino acid amides on the primordial Earth

The prebiotic synthesis of peptides prior to ribosome-catalyzed processes remains an enigma.The synthesis of abiotic peptides from amino acids(AAs)is primarily constrained by high activation energies and unfavorable thermodynamics,necessitating the identification of plausible prebiotic alternatives for synthesizing prebiotic peptides.Here we present a plausible pathway to the formation of prebiotic peptides,wherein oligopeptides,oligopeptide amides,and cyclic oligopeptides can be directly synthesized from amino acid amides(AA-NH2)under wet–dry cycle conditions without the need for any enhancers.The subsequent investigation revealed that AA-NH2 demonstrated more favorable thermodynamic reaction effects than AAs in peptide formation.In contrast to the polymerization of AAs,the process of peptide formation through the polymerization of AA-NH2 was significantly simplified.Additionally,AA-NH2 was discovered to function as a“bridge”for the formation of peptides from AAs,thereby facilitating their participation in the synthesis of intricate peptide structures.On the basis of these findings,a plausible mechanism for the prebiotic origin network of peptides under primordial Earth conditions has been proposed.Overall,this research presents a plausible pathway for the generation of prebiotic peptides and peptide libraries within prebiotic environments.

Discharge plasma for prebiotic chemistry: Pathways to life’s building blocks

Discharge plasmas, recognized as unique platforms for investigating the origins of chemical life, have garnered extensive interest for their potential to simulate prebiotic conditions. This paper embarks on a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the plasma-enabled synthesis of life’s building blocks, charting the complex environmental parameters believed to have surrounded life’s inception. This discussion elaborates on the fundamental mechanisms of discharge plasmas and their likely role in fostering conditions necessary for the origin of life on early Earth. We consider a variety of chemical reactions facilitated by plasma, specifically the synthesis of vital organic molecules - amino acids, nucleobases, sugars, and lipids. Further, we delve into the impact of plasmas on prebiotic chemical evolution. We expect this review to open new horizons for future investigations in plasma-related prebiotic chemistry that could offer valuable insights for unraveling the mysteries of life's origin.

Structural characterization and prebiotic potential of polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum

Polygonatum sibiricum has been widely used due to its excellent biological activities.We prepared a novel polysaccharide from P.sibiricum(PSP)in this study.According a monosaccharide composition analysis,PSP was mainly composed of fructose and glucose with a molar percentage of 93.81:5.12.The main linkage types were identified asα-D-Glcp-1→and→2-β-D-Fruf-1→.The molecular weight of PSP showed no significant change after simulated salivary and gastrointestinal digestion.However,PSP could be broken down by intestinal bacteria.Our findings revealed that PSP administration increased the abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium.Furthermore,the results showed that gut microbes could utilize PSP to produce short-chain fatty acids including acetic acid,propionic acid,and butyric acid.Also,the PSP fermentation broth displayed an excellent scavenging effect on free radicals,including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical,superoxide radical,and hydroxyl radical.In summary,this study will help to promote the application of PSP as prebiotics in functional food and the medical industry.

Impact of Inulin Extracted, Purified from (Chicory and Globe Artichoke) Roots and the Combination with Maltodextrin as Prebiotic Dietary Fiber on the Functional Properties of Stirred Bio-Yogurt

Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fiber that plays an integral role in producing functional dairy products with improved health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: extract and purify inulin from chicory roots and globe artichoke roots;evaluate the physicochemical, functional properties and functional groups of the purified inulin;determine the functional properties of chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin and globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and compare it with that of the commercial inulin;examine the impact of various inulin on physiochemical, microstructural, textural, sensory characteristics and as prebiotic dietary fiber on probiotic bacteria’s viability of stirred bio-yogurt. The characteristics of the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy to detect the functional group. The resulting inulin exhibited a high yield and purity along with enhanced functional properties. Stirred bio-yogurt fortified with chicory roots inulin or globe artichoke roots inulin showed enhanced physicochemical, microstructural, microbiological, and overall sensorial acceptability followed by chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin or globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and the commercial inulin as compared to the control. Stirred bio-yogurt samples can offer various health benefits and wide applications as supplement of prebiotic dietary fiber in dairy industry.

Debranching enzymes decomposed corn arabinoxylan into xylooligosaccharides and achieved prebiotic regulation of gut microbiota in broiler chickens

Background Corn arabinoxylan(AX)is a complicated and multibranched antinutritional factor,thereby proving the use of endo-xylanase(EX)to be marginally valid.This study focused on specific types of AX-degrading enzymes(ADEs)to exert the synergy of debranching enzymes and track the prebiotic potential of enzymatic hydrolysates.This study investigated the effects of ADEs on the growth performance,intestinal histomorphology,absorption functions,changes in polysaccharide components,fermentation,and gut microbiota of broiler chickens.Five hundred seventysix five-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatments with six replicates each.Corn basal diets supplemented with or without enzymes were fed for a 21-day period,specifically including EX,its compatible use with arabinofuranosidase(EXA)or ferulic acid esterase(EXF),and compound groups with the above three enzymes(XAF).Results Specific ADEs stimulated the jejunal villus height and goblet cell number and evidently decreased the crypt depth(P<0.05),while the ratio of ileal villus height to crypt depth was significantly increased in EXF(P<0.05).Maltase activities of ileal mucosa in XAF groups were extremely enhanced(P<0.01),and EX boosted the activity of Na+-K+ATPase in the small intestine(P<0.01).The insoluble AX concentrations comparatively lessened,thereby notably raising the sundry xylooligosaccharide(XOS)yield in the ileal chyme(P<0.05),which was dominant in xylobiose and xylotriose.Improvements in the abundance and diversity of ileal microbial communities within the EXA,EXF,and XAF treatments were observed(P<0.05).Positive correlations between microbiota and XOS were revealed,with xylobiose and xylotriose being critical for ten beneficial bacteria(P<0.05).EXF increased the BWG and FCR of broiler chickens in this phase(P<0.05),which was attributed to the thriving networks modified by Lactobacillus.The intracecal contents of acetic acid,butyric acid,and propionic acid were greatly enhanced in most ADE groups,such as EXF(P<0.05).Conclusions Debranching enzymes appreciably targeted corn AX to release prebiotic XOS in the posterior ileum and facilitated intracaecal fermentation.It was beneficial for improving gut development,digestion and absorption and modulating the microflora to promote the early performance of broiler chickens.

Analyzing the Prebiotic Potential of Glucosamine for Targeting the Gut Microbiome Health

Recognizing the composition and modulation of the microbiome, a viable therapeutic tool for multi-targeted therapy is a new strategy that has recently been explored. Glucosamine (GS) is being studied for its prebiotic potential in addition to being the most abundant and naturally occurring amino monosaccharide. The current study focuses on glucosamine’s prebiotic potential by assessing the stability of various GS concentrations (1% - 5%) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its ability to be fermented by the gut microbiota. The results showed that GS stimulated the most growth in L. acidophilus even after a longer incubation time than B. bifidum and L. acidophilus growth was concentration-dependent, with maximum growth at 3% with a simultaneous decrease in pH (5.6 - 1.7). The decrease in GS concentration with time also represented the growth of bacterial species, demonstrating the species’ utilization of GS. Furthermore, at 3%, GS also represented the prebiotic index of 1.9. In addition, the concentration of GS in various simulated GIT fluids was estimated in both fast and fed conditions to examine GS stability at various levels in the gut. The results showed that GS remained unaffected and non-digestible in all of the simulated GIT fluids (salivary, gastric, intestinal, and colonic), but there was a slight decrease in GS concentration (2.8%) in the fasted state of gastric fluid due to low pH levels (1.6). As a result, the findings are conclusive and suggest that GS possesses prebiotic properties.

Heat stress in pigs and broilers:role of gut dysbiosis in the impairment of the gut-liver axis and restoration of these effects by probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics

Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity,health and welfare.Despite the fact that all farm animal species are susceptible to heat stress,birds and pigs are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to either lacking or non-functional sweat glands.Con-vincing evidence in the literature exists that gut dysbiosis,a term used to describe a perturbation of commensal gut microbiota,develops in broilers and pigs under heat stress.Owing to the protective role of commensal bacteria for the gut barrier,gut dysbiosis causes a disruption of the gut barrier leading to endotoxemia,which contributes to the typical characteristics of heat stressed broilers and growing and growing-finishing pigs,such as reduced feed intake,decreased growth and reduced lean carcass weight.A substantial number of studies have shown that feeding of probiotics,prebiotics and synbiotics is an efficacious strategy to protect broilers from heat stress-induced gut barrier disruption through altering the gut microbiota and promoting all decisive structural,biochemical,and immunologi-cal elements of the intestinal barrier.In most of the available studies in heat stressed broilers,the alterations of gut microbiota and improvements of gut barrier function induced by feeding of either probiotics,prebiotics or synbiot-ics were accompanied by an improved productivity,health and/or welfare when compared to non-supplemented broilers exposed to heat stress.These findings indicate that the restoration of gut homeostasis and function is a key target for dietary interventions aiming to provide at least partial protection of broilers from the detrimental impact of heat stress conditions.Despite the fact that the number of studies dealing with the same feeding strategy in heat stressed pigs is limited,the available few studies suggest that feeding of probiotics might also be a suitable approach to enhance productivity,health and welfare in pigs kept under heat stress conditions.

食品中益生元的研发和应用研究进展

益生元的定义目前被更新为“能被宿主微生物选择性利用并产生健康益处的底物”。根据最新的定义,益生元种类扩展到碳水化合物以外的物质,例如共轭亚油酸和植物多酚等;益生元作用部位不再局限于胃肠道,应用范围也不局限于食品。针对益生元具有缓解便秘、促进骨骼健康、缓解肥胖、抑制致病菌、减少炎症、免疫调节等多种健康促进效应,深入阐述了益生元促进宿主健康的作用机制。其机制主要体现为两个方面,一是益生元被宿主的有益微生物直接或间接性利用,从而起到菌群调节作用;二是益生元被菌群代谢后产生有益于宿主健康的代谢产物。此外,某些低聚糖类和多糖类的益生元还具有很好的加工特性,对于食品的质构特性和风味有积极的作用。因此,益生元在固体饮料、糖果、乳制品和烘焙制品等食品中广泛应用。然而,益生元的功效评价及应用中,仍存在一些问题亟待解决。不同生理状态下人体的肠道菌群是不同的,菌群结构的差异必然导致同种益生元在不同人群中利用情况的差异。益生元的单糖结构、聚合程度、分支以及官能团等结构差异会影响其被肠道微生物的利用。总之,针对不同人群的生理状态靶向应用益生元和对益生元进行特定结构的优化或修饰,将是未来益生元精准化应用的关键。

后生元的概念及其应用进展

后生元(postbiotics)是一个与益生菌相关的新概念,是指特定的灭活微生物或其无菌提取物,它能通过与益生菌不同的生物学特性为宿主的健康提供益处。体内外研究表明,一些后生元具有抗炎、免疫调节、抗氧化和抗菌活性,具有用于代谢综合征、焦虑症、抑郁症甚至新型冠状病毒感染辅助治疗的潜力,尽管相关作用机制和所涉信号通路尚未完全阐明。随着对后生元研究与开发的日益深入,后生元有望在健康食品行业和医疗保健领域得到广泛的应用。

谷氨酰胺联合复合益生菌粉强化早期肠内营养对脑梗死患者营养状况及消化道耐受性效果研究

目的观察谷氨酰胺联合复合益生菌粉强化早期肠内营养对脑梗死患者营养状况及胃肠功能的影响。方法选取2021年7月至2023年12月该院收治的需肠内营养支持的脑梗死患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组30例。入院24~48 h内开始给予肠内营养支持。对照组鼻饲整蛋白肠内营养液,浓度1 kcal/mL,能量25 kcal/(kg·d),总液量均分为4餐进行鼻饲。研究组在鼻饲整蛋白肠内营养液基础上添加谷氨酰胺每次2.5 g、复合益生菌粉每次1 g。记录2组患者有无消化道症状,10 d后检测前清蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白等变化情况。结果2组患者营养支持前前清蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者肠内营养支持第10天前清蛋白水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患者肠内营养支持第10天清蛋白、血红蛋白水平均明显高于对照组,出现消化道症状概率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者中出现消化道症状16例(53.3%),其中腹泻8例,出血4例,便秘4例;对照组患者中出现消化道症状24例(80.0%),其中出血11例,腹泻7例,呕吐3例,便秘2例,胃潴留1例。2组消化道症状发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.800,P<0.05)结论在早期肠内营养中强化谷氨酰胺和复合益生菌粉能减缓患者营养指标下降、降低胃肠道症状出现概率。

益生元在2型糖尿病肾病Ⅳ期患者中的应用效果

目的探讨益生元在2型糖尿病肾病Ⅳ期患者中的应用效果。方法选择2020年6月至2022年6月九江市第一人民医院肾内科收治的80例2型糖尿病肾病Ⅳ期患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组方法的基础上另给予混合型菊粉。比较两组患者治疗前后的血清白蛋白(ALB)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肾功能指标及炎症指标等实验室指标,比较两组患者的急性胃肠损伤(AGI)评分、并发症发生率、二次住院率等预后指标。结果治疗前,两组患者的各实验室指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后的血清白蛋白(HbA1c)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)指标均低于治疗前,ALB、Hb、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)均高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组治疗后的CRP低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后的ALB、HbA1c、Hb、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、SCr、BUN、eGFR指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组的ALB、eGFR均高于对照组,HbA1c、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、SCr、BUN均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的AGI评分、并发症发生率、二次住院率均低于对照组,胃肠道恢复时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论益生元能有效改善2型糖尿病肾病患者的肠道菌群紊乱,减少毒素蓄积,延缓肾功能恶化。

复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊研究进展

海藻酸钠微胶囊制备的研究一直是微胶囊技术的重要组成部分。由海藻酸钠制成的益生菌胶囊有孔隙和裂缝,通过利用不同壁材与海藻酸钠组合形成复合海藻酸钠微胶囊,可对益生菌起到更有效的保护作用。本文概述了三类材料对海藻酸钠微胶囊复合的研究进展,包括添加益生元刺激益生菌增长,共混纳米材料来提升机械性能,利用涂层成膜材料减少外部物质进入或内部芯材渗透。总结不同包埋结构的优缺点,并对益生菌微胶囊包埋的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊的科学研究提供参考。

肠道微生物菌群对变应性鼻炎的影响

变应性鼻炎(AR)主要是由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的多种免疫细胞及细胞因子参与的I型变态反应。目前AR的患病率呈逐年上升的趋势,临床治疗中存在诸多问题,其发病机制有待进一步的研究。近年来,随着对肠道菌群研究的深入,人们发现肠道菌群及其代谢物可通过神经、免疫及内分泌通路与多个器官发生交互作用,如通过调节免疫系统进而影响哮喘、AR等变应性疾病,因此肠道菌群紊乱或许是AR发病的机制之一。故本文将从肠道菌群、肠道菌群对免疫系统的影响、肠道菌群与AR的关系以及应用益生菌、益生元、细菌裂解产物改善菌群失调治疗AR的相关研究进行综述,为治疗AR提供新的参考依据。

基于肠道微生态的益生菌和益生元改善产后肥胖研究综述

随着我国多胎政策的开放及生活水平的提高,产后肥胖作为威胁我国公共健康的社会问题,需要得到各界的重视,关于产后肥胖的改善方法亟待探究。肠道微生态对于母亲和子代健康至关重要,在肥胖的发生、发展中起着重要作用,改善肠道微生态作为一种改善肥胖的有效方法已经引起了越来越多的关注。本文重点阐述了产后肥胖与肠道微生态的关系,综述了益生菌和益生元调控肠道微生态改善产后肥胖的机制,以期为基于肠道微生态的益生菌-益生元干预改善产后肥胖提供理论依据。

羧甲基化柑橘果胶的体外模拟消化及益生元作用

为探究羧甲基化柑橘果胶(carboxymethyl citrus pectin,CCP)在益生元方面的潜力,以NaOH-氯乙酸化学法制得CCP,采用红外光谱对其进行表征,模拟人体消化实验探究其抗消化性,并以其作碳源,研究其对短乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和嗜热乳杆菌的益生元作用。结果表明,在红外光谱中1616、1419、1313 cm^(-1)处存在羧甲基的特征吸收峰,测定其取代度为0.4371,柑橘果胶羧甲基化修饰成功;在模拟人体抗消化实验中,CCP在模拟唾液、胃液和小肠液中的水解度分别低于3%、6%和2%,证明其能有效抵抗人体消化道消化;CCP促进短乳杆菌增殖的最佳质量浓度为15 g/L,对其他3种益生菌的最佳质量浓度为30 g/L,在最佳果胶质量浓度下,4种益生菌在18~30 h达到增殖的稳定期,细菌浓度达最高值,培养基pH值达到最低值,CCP对4种肠道益生菌的促进增殖作用均优于柑橘果胶。研究表明CCP是一种潜在的益生元,在医药保健等领域具有较高的发展潜力。

嗜热毛壳菌甘露聚糖酶Ct Man26的性质及其在甘露寡糖制备中的应用

旨在实现嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophilum)中的甘露聚糖酶Ct Man26在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中高效表达,探究重组酶Ct Man26的酶学性质及在甘露寡糖(mannooligosaccharides,MOS)制备中的潜力。甘露聚糖酶Ct Man26共含448个氨基酸,由碳水化合物结合模块CBM35、Linker及GH26家族的催化域模块组成,催化结构域上的Asp-395、Leu-396和CBM35辅助模块上的Leu-100受到多个疏水作用力,并可与Linker上氨基酸形成多个氢键。重组酶Ct Man26经P.pastoris表达后,存在N-糖基化修饰,蛋白表观分子质量约为55 kDa。重组酶Ct Man26的最适温度为55℃,最适pH值为5.0,50、60℃处理1 h后酶活力仍保持在90%以上,在pH 4.0~12.0范围表现出良好的稳定性。以魔芋甘露聚糖为底物时,重组酶Ct Man26的比活力为23.15 U/mg,米氏常数为4.75 mg/mL,最大反应速度为27.17μmol/(min·mg)。重组酶Ct Man26制备的MOS主要为甘露糖(14.2 mg/L)、甘露二糖(20.1 mg/L)、甘露三糖(6.1 mg/L)和甘露四糖(2.5 mg/L)。进一步研究发现,制备的MOS表现出较好的抗氧化能力,当样品质量浓度为2.4 mg/mL时,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率以及超氧阴离子自由基清除率分别为(90.80±0.65)%、(80.7±1.07)%、(69.10±1.10)%和(76.7±3.14)%。同时,MOS具有明显的益生元特性,能够抑制大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的生长,促进有益菌戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillu plantarum)的生长,且随着MOS添加量增加及培养时间的延长越发明显。综上所述,重组甘露聚糖酶Ct Man26具有较好的酶学特性,在MOS的制备中具有潜在的应用价值。

鼠李糖乳杆菌利用不同益生元的增殖及耐受性研究

作者旨在通过对比鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus rhamnosus)与不同益生元组合后,在生长情况、pH和胆盐耐受性及乳酸产量方面的变化筛选出鼠李糖乳杆菌与益生元的最佳组合。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌GG(L.rhamnosus GG,LGG)、鼠李糖乳杆菌HN001在以低聚半乳糖为唯一碳源生长时,最大生物量分别为1.253、1.552,最大比生长速率分别为0.316、0.290 h^(-1),乳酸产量分别为3.654、10.914 g/L,与其他益生元组合相比,表现出显著优势。为验证这两种组合在不同胁迫条件下的生长情况,进一步测定了其在不同pH和胆盐质量浓度下的耐受性。这两种组合在1 g/L胆盐条件下的最大生物量分别为0.712和0.694,在pH 4.0条件下的最大生物量分别为0.639和0.728,与其他组合相比存在极显著差异。该研究结果有助于推动鼠李糖乳杆菌与低聚半乳糖组合在食品、医疗等领域的广泛应用,为后续益生菌-益生元组合产品的开发提供了理论依据。

后生元在肠道健康中的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主起有益作用的灭活菌或菌体成分。相对于益生菌来说,后生元既具有益生菌调节肠道健康的益生功能,同时又有良好的安全性、且成本相对低廉,是一种可替代益生菌安全有效的潜在肠道调节佐剂。本文对后生元的组成成分、对人体健康的益生作用及其在肠道健康方面的应用研究现状进行了阐述,对后生元改善儿童轮状病毒肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠应激综合征、结直肠癌以及新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的肠道健康等相关研究进行了归纳总结,以期为其通过肠-肺轴,肠-脑轴等多器官轴的生物活性作用在预防相关疾病方面的实际应用提供参考。

Bringing gut microbiota into the spotlight of clinical research and medical practice

Despite the increasing scientific interest and expanding role of gut microbiota(GM)in human health,it is rarely reported in case reports and deployed in cli-nical practice.Proteins and metabolites produced by microbiota contribute to im-mune system development,energy homeostasis and digestion.Exo-and endoge-nous factors can alter its composition.Disturbance of microbiota,also known as dysbiosis,is associated with various pathological conditions.Specific bacterial taxa and related metabolites are involved in disease pathogenesis and therefore can serve as a diagnostic tool.GM could also be a useful prognostic factor by predicting future disease onset and preventing hospital-associated infections.Ad-ditionally,it can influence response to treatments,including those for cancers,by altering drug bioavailability.A thorough understanding of its function has per-mitted significant development in therapeutics,such as probiotics and fecal trans-plantation.Hence,GM should be considered as a ground-breaking biological parameter,and it is advisable to be investigated and reported in literature in a more consistent and systematic way.