为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模...为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模型进行验证,率定期及验证期决定系数(R2)均值为0.8左右,均方根误差(RMSE)均值分别为1.0℃及0.04左右;采用8个冻土监测点1971—2000年冻融期逐日冻土深度进行验证,决定系数(R2)均值为0.89,均方根误差(RMSE)均值为214.81 mm。模型模拟黄河源区1956—2020年逐月流量过程,效率系数(NSE)为0.8左右,相对误差(RE)为5%左右,表明模型能较好地模拟黄河源区径流过程。利用M-K趋势检验分析得到1956—2020年黄河源区径流呈不显著增加趋势,其变化趋势是降水与气温共同影响的结果。冻融期、非冻融期径流与全年趋势一致。降水增加、气候变暖及冻土退化使径流组分发生变化,地表径流及地下径流均呈增加趋势,但地下径流在全年及冻融期增加趋势更加显著。展开更多
Here, we infer the historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification of the genus Lilium. For this purpose, we used the complete plastomes of 64 currently accepted species in the genus Lilium(14plastomes were n...Here, we infer the historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification of the genus Lilium. For this purpose, we used the complete plastomes of 64 currently accepted species in the genus Lilium(14plastomes were newly sequenced) to recover the phylogenetic backbone of the genus and a timecalibrated phylogenetic framework to estimate biogeographical history scenarios and evolutionary diversification rates of Lilium. Our results suggest that ancient climatic changes and geological tectonic activities jointly shaped the distribution range and drove evolutionary radiation of Lilium, including the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum(MMCO), the late Miocene global cooling, as well as the successive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) and the strengthening of the monsoon climate in East Asia during the late Miocene and the Pliocene. This case study suggests that the unique geological and climatic events in the Neogene of East Asia, in particular the uplift of QTP and the enhancement of monsoonal climate, may have played an essential role in formation of uneven distribution of plant diversity in the Northern Hemisphere.展开更多
软件测试贯穿于整个软件开发周期,在软件测试中引入自动化概念可以提高测试效率。使用QTP(Quick Test Professional)作为自动化测试工具,设计与实现浮标数据接收软件测试框架,并应用于浮标数据接收软件的功能测试、强度测试和回归测试中...软件测试贯穿于整个软件开发周期,在软件测试中引入自动化概念可以提高测试效率。使用QTP(Quick Test Professional)作为自动化测试工具,设计与实现浮标数据接收软件测试框架,并应用于浮标数据接收软件的功能测试、强度测试和回归测试中,阐述浮标数据接收软件实现自动化测试突破的关键技术。结果表明:提高了测试效率,扩展了软件测试的范围。展开更多
目前软件测试已经不仅限于人工测试,若要提高软件测试的效率,降低测试成本,需要采取自动化测试的手段。一个好的自动化测试工具,可以使测试事半功倍。QTP(Quick Test Professional)是惠普公司推出的自动化测试工具,这款工具是基于GUI对...目前软件测试已经不仅限于人工测试,若要提高软件测试的效率,降低测试成本,需要采取自动化测试的手段。一个好的自动化测试工具,可以使测试事半功倍。QTP(Quick Test Professional)是惠普公司推出的自动化测试工具,这款工具是基于GUI对象识别技术的。对象库是QTP中的一项重要技术,本文主要对QTP的对象库技术的设计与实现进行研究。展开更多
The amount of rainfall varies unevenly in different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with some regions becoming wetter and others drier. Precipitation has an important impact on the process of surface energy bala...The amount of rainfall varies unevenly in different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with some regions becoming wetter and others drier. Precipitation has an important impact on the process of surface energy balance and the energy-water transfer within soils. To clarify the thermal-moisture dynamics and thermal stability of the active layer in permafrost regions under wet/dry conditions, the verified water-vapour-heat coupling model was used. Changes in the surface energy balance, energy-water transfer within the soil, and thickness of the active layer were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrate that rainfall changes significantly affect the Bowen ratio, which in turn affects surface energy exchange. Under wet/dry conditions, there is a positive correlation between rainfall and liquid water flux under the hydraulic gradient;water vapour migration is the main form under the temperature gradient, which indicates that the influence of water vapour migration on thermalmoisture dynamics of the active layer cannot be neglected. Concurrently, regardless of wet or dry conditions,disturbance of the heat transport by conduction caused by rainfall is stronger than that of convection by liquid water. In addition, when rainfall decreases by 1.5 times(212 mm) and increases by 1.5 times(477 mm), the thickness of the active layer increases by 0.12 m and decreases by 0.21 m, respectively. The results show that dry conditions are not conducive to the preservation of frozen soil;however, wet conditions are conducive to the preservation of frozen soil, although there is a threshold value. When this threshold value is exceeded, rainfall is unfavourable for the development of frozen soil.展开更多
文摘为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模型进行验证,率定期及验证期决定系数(R2)均值为0.8左右,均方根误差(RMSE)均值分别为1.0℃及0.04左右;采用8个冻土监测点1971—2000年冻融期逐日冻土深度进行验证,决定系数(R2)均值为0.89,均方根误差(RMSE)均值为214.81 mm。模型模拟黄河源区1956—2020年逐月流量过程,效率系数(NSE)为0.8左右,相对误差(RE)为5%左右,表明模型能较好地模拟黄河源区径流过程。利用M-K趋势检验分析得到1956—2020年黄河源区径流呈不显著增加趋势,其变化趋势是降水与气温共同影响的结果。冻融期、非冻融期径流与全年趋势一致。降水增加、气候变暖及冻土退化使径流组分发生变化,地表径流及地下径流均呈增加趋势,但地下径流在全年及冻融期增加趋势更加显著。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872673)Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program “Top Team” Project (202305AT350001)the NSFC-Joint Foundation of Yunnan Province (U1802287)。
文摘Here, we infer the historical biogeography and evolutionary diversification of the genus Lilium. For this purpose, we used the complete plastomes of 64 currently accepted species in the genus Lilium(14plastomes were newly sequenced) to recover the phylogenetic backbone of the genus and a timecalibrated phylogenetic framework to estimate biogeographical history scenarios and evolutionary diversification rates of Lilium. Our results suggest that ancient climatic changes and geological tectonic activities jointly shaped the distribution range and drove evolutionary radiation of Lilium, including the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum(MMCO), the late Miocene global cooling, as well as the successive uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) and the strengthening of the monsoon climate in East Asia during the late Miocene and the Pliocene. This case study suggests that the unique geological and climatic events in the Neogene of East Asia, in particular the uplift of QTP and the enhancement of monsoonal climate, may have played an essential role in formation of uneven distribution of plant diversity in the Northern Hemisphere.
文摘软件测试贯穿于整个软件开发周期,在软件测试中引入自动化概念可以提高测试效率。使用QTP(Quick Test Professional)作为自动化测试工具,设计与实现浮标数据接收软件测试框架,并应用于浮标数据接收软件的功能测试、强度测试和回归测试中,阐述浮标数据接收软件实现自动化测试突破的关键技术。结果表明:提高了测试效率,扩展了软件测试的范围。
文摘目前软件测试已经不仅限于人工测试,若要提高软件测试的效率,降低测试成本,需要采取自动化测试的手段。一个好的自动化测试工具,可以使测试事半功倍。QTP(Quick Test Professional)是惠普公司推出的自动化测试工具,这款工具是基于GUI对象识别技术的。对象库是QTP中的一项重要技术,本文主要对QTP的对象库技术的设计与实现进行研究。
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42261028,No.41961010,No.41801033)the "Light of West China" Program for the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, etc. (Zhang Mingli)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Light of West China" Program for Western Young ScholarsIndustrial support program of higher education of Gansu province (2020C-40)Basic Research Innovation Group of Gansu province (20JR5RA478)
文摘The amount of rainfall varies unevenly in different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with some regions becoming wetter and others drier. Precipitation has an important impact on the process of surface energy balance and the energy-water transfer within soils. To clarify the thermal-moisture dynamics and thermal stability of the active layer in permafrost regions under wet/dry conditions, the verified water-vapour-heat coupling model was used. Changes in the surface energy balance, energy-water transfer within the soil, and thickness of the active layer were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrate that rainfall changes significantly affect the Bowen ratio, which in turn affects surface energy exchange. Under wet/dry conditions, there is a positive correlation between rainfall and liquid water flux under the hydraulic gradient;water vapour migration is the main form under the temperature gradient, which indicates that the influence of water vapour migration on thermalmoisture dynamics of the active layer cannot be neglected. Concurrently, regardless of wet or dry conditions,disturbance of the heat transport by conduction caused by rainfall is stronger than that of convection by liquid water. In addition, when rainfall decreases by 1.5 times(212 mm) and increases by 1.5 times(477 mm), the thickness of the active layer increases by 0.12 m and decreases by 0.21 m, respectively. The results show that dry conditions are not conducive to the preservation of frozen soil;however, wet conditions are conducive to the preservation of frozen soil, although there is a threshold value. When this threshold value is exceeded, rainfall is unfavourable for the development of frozen soil.
