Development of readout electronics for bunch arrival-time monitor system at SXFEL

A bunch arrival-time monitor(BAM) system,based on electro-optical intensity modulation scheme, is under study at Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser.The aim of the study is to achieve high-precision time measurement for minimizing bunch fluctuations. A readout electronics is developed to fulfill the requirements of the BAM system. The readout electronics is mainly composed of a signal conditioning circuit, field-programmable gate array(FPGA), mezzanine card(FMC150), and powerful FPGA carrier board. The signal conditioning circuit converts the laser pulses into electrical pulse signals using a photodiode. Thereafter, it performs splitting and low-noise amplification to achieve the best voltage sampling performance of the dual-channel analog-to-digital converter(ADC) in FMC150. The FMC150 ADC daughter card includes a 14-bit 250 Msps dual-channel high-speed ADC,a clock configuration, and a management module. The powerful FPGA carrier board is a commercial high-performance Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA evaluation board. To achieve clock and data alignment for ADC data capture at a high sampling rate, we used ISERDES, IDELAY, and dedicated carry-in resources in the Kintex-7 FPGA. This paper presents a detailed development of the readout electronics in the BAM system and its performance.

Beam test results of high Q CBPM prototype for SXFEL

In pursuit of high-precision beam position measurements at micrometers or submicrometers for the Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser(SXFEL) facility which is under construction in the vicinity of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,a high Q cavity beam position monitor(CBPM) with a resonant frequency of4.7 GHz is developed by the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,and the relevant BPM electronics with a dedicated RF front end,and a digital BPM,are completed.The cavity design,cold test,system architecture,and first beam test are performed at the Shanghai deep ultraviolet free-electron laser(Zhao et al.in Nucl Instrum Meth A 528(1-2):591-594,2004.doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.04.108) facility.Results of the beam experiment show that the performance of the CBPM is consistent with basic expectations,and the beam position resolution can fulfill the requirements for the SXFEL project if the beam conditions are optimized.

SXFEL阻抗壁尾场对束流相空间畸变的影响

X射线自由电子激光器(FEL)由于其超高亮度、超短脉冲等特点,在世界范围内得到广泛应用。基于尾流场理论,我们计算了上海X射线自由电子激光器(SXFEL)中从直线加速器出口到波荡器末端,束流在245 m不锈钢传输线和波荡器中的阻抗壁尾场。通过对两种不同的阻抗壁尾场的叠加,发现将导致束流纵向相空间的畸变。在SXFEL上进行束流物理的实验,并得到与理论预测非常吻合的实验结果。结合之前对主要直线加速器部分的详细模拟和实验研究,为后续FEL整体束流优化提供了参考。

Analysis of electro-optical intensity modulator for bunch arrival-time monitor at SXFEL

A bunch arrival-time monitor(BAM) based on an electro-optical intensity modulation scheme is currently under development at Shanghai Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser to meet the high-resolution requirements for bunch stability. The BAM uses a radio frequency signal generated by a pickup cavity to modulate the reference laser pulses in an electro-optical intensity modulator(EOM), and the bunch arrival-time information is derived from the amplitude change of the laser pulse after laser pulse modulation.EOM is a key optical component in the BAM system.Through the basic principle analysis of BAM, many parameters of the EOM are observed to affect the measurement resolution of the BAM system. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the EOM is crucial. In this paper, we present two schemes to compare and analyze an EOM and provide a reference for selecting a new version of the EOM.

Wakefields studies for the SXFEL user facility

Besides the original seeded undulator line,in the soft X-ray free-electron laser(SXFEL) user facility in Shanghai,a second undulator line based on self-amplified spontaneous emission is proposed to achieve 2-nm laser pulse with extremely high brightness.In this paper,the beam energy deviation induced by the undulator wakefields is numerically calculated,and 3D and 2D results agree well with each other.The beam energy loss along the undulator degrades the expected FEL output performances,i.e.,the pulse energy,radiation power and spectrum,which can be compensated with a proper taper in the undulator.Using the planned time-resolved diagnostic,a novel experiment is proposed to measure the SXFEL longitudinal wakefields.

Proposal for a high brightness γ-ray source at the SXFEL

High brightness γ-rays produced by laser Compton scattering(LCS) are ideal probes for the study of nucleon and nuclear structure. We propose such a γ-ray source using the backscattering of a laser from the bright electron beam produced by the linac of the Shanghai Soft X-ray Free-electron Laser(SXFEL) test facility at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics(SINAP). The performance is optimized through theoretical analysis and benchmarked with 4D Monte-Carlo simulations. The peak brightness of the source is expected to be larger than2 × 1022photons/(mm2mrad2s 0.1%BW) and photon energy ranges from 3.7 Me V to 38.9 Me V. Its performance, compared to Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics(ELI-NP), and the Shanghai Laser-Electron Gamma-ray Source(SLEGS), is given. The potential for basic and applied research is also briefly outlined.

上海软X射线自由电子激光腔式束流位置测量系统

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser,SXFEL)需1个分辨率达到亚μm量级的束流位置测量系统,并采用基于束流准直的方法实现波荡器段电子束与光子束的紧密重合。为此设计研制了1个由C波段腔式探头、单路混频至低中频的射频前端以及自主研发的专用数字信号束流位置处理器(digital beam position monitor processor,DBPM)构成的腔式束流位置测量(cavity beam position monitor,CBPM)系统。本文对系统的设计、软硬件结构、系统搭建进行了介绍,并基于漂移段搭建的3个紧邻的CBPM阵列完成了在线系统性能评估。束流实验结果表明,在束团电荷量为500 pC、系统动态范围在±800μm的条件下,位置分辨率可达880 nm,这也是国内首次研制成功可在线运行的具有亚μm位置分辨率的CBPM系统。此外,采用CBPM的相位腔进行相对束团电荷量、束团到达时间的测量,其性能评估结果也均优于SXFEL设计要求。

Generation of double pulses at the Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser facility

In this article, we present the promise of a new method generating double electron pulses in picosecondscale pulse length and tunable interpulse spacing at several picoseconds. This has witnessed an impressive potential of application in pump–probe techniques, two-color X-ray free electron laser, high-gradient witness bunch acceleration in a plasma, etc. Three-dimensional simulations are carried out to analyze the dynamic of the electron beam in a linear accelerator. Comparisons are made between the new method and existing ways.

Transverse phase space reconstruction study in Shanghai soft X-ray FEL facility

Phase space is one of the most important parameters used to describe beam properties. Computer tomography, as a method for reconstructing phase space and measuring beam emittance, has been used in many accelerators over the past few decades. In this paper, we demonstrate a transverse phase space reconstruction study in the Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser facility. First,we discuss the basic principles of phase space reconstruction and the advantage of reconstructing beam distribution in normalized phase space. Then, the phase space reconstruction results by different computer tomography methods based on the maximum entropy(MENT) algorithm and the filtered back projection algorithm in normalized phase space are presented. The simulation results indicate that,with proper configuration of the phase advance between adjacent screens, the MENT algorithm is feasible and has good efficiency. The beam emittance and Twiss parameters are also calculated using the reconstructed phase space.

石英光纤束损监测系统在SXFEL上的应用

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser facility,SXFEL)是我国第一台X射线相干光源,为了对其波荡器线束流损失进行监测,设计安装了一套基于切伦科夫辐射理论的石英光纤束损监测系统。由于石英光纤对高能γ射线不敏感,适应在SXFEL高辐射场环境中安装使用。该束损监测系统响应速度极快,覆盖整个波荡器线约180 m长区域,能够对整个波荡器沿线束流损失进行实时连续监测。本文介绍了该光纤束损监测系统原理与组成,按应用需求进行了系统位置标定与光纤衰减系数测量等实验,并在实际调束过程中考察了该系统的应用情况。结果表明:该系统具有良好的位置分辨能力,在上游位置分辨能力约为0.2 m,能够满足工作人员调束需求。

2.856 GHz microwave signal extraction from mode-locked Erfiber lasers with sub-100 femtosecond timing jitter

A balanced optical microwave phase detector(BOMPD) based on a 3 × 3 coupler is presented. This system was developed to extract ultra-low-jitter microwave signals from optical pulse trains emitted by mode-locked Er-fiber lasers, and synchronized microwave and laser systems. We demonstrate that the BOMPD achieves a precision of synchronization of less than 100 femtosecond of timing jitter. The experimental setup can be applied to the soft X-ray free-electron laser located on the campus of the Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility. A microwave signal with a 2.856 GHz frequency is extracted from a238 MHz mode-locked Er-laser, with an absolute timing jitter of 34 fs in the 10 Hz–10 MHz frequency offset range.In addition, the microwave and 238 MHz optical pulse signals are synchronized with a relative timing jitter of16 fs at the same frequency offset range.

基于mTCA平台的射频前端板性能测试与研究

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置中C波段直线加速器的工作频率为5712 MHz。在低电平系统中,C波段的射频信号需要在射频前端板上与5686.556 MHz的本振信号进行混频后下变频为26.444 MHz的中频信号,之后由时钟频率为105.778 MHz的采样信号进行采样。针对C波段低电平的整体性能的物理设计需求,设计了基于mTCA平台的DWC8VM1板卡作为低电平控制系统的射频前端板。对射频前端板的输入端回波损耗,射频输入端口间隔离度、输入输出线性度、信号噪声、幅相稳定性、上变频通道的附加相位噪声等参数进行了实验测试,测试结果表明,端口的输入损耗大于8.63 dB,端口之间的隔离度大于63 dB,幅度和相为稳定度可达±0.04%和±0.05°,上变频通道附加相位噪声小于2 fs。该设计的射频前端板性能能很好地满足SXFEL理论设计中低电平控制系统的要求,达到国际同类装置的先进水平。

SXFEL装置上速调管输入输出特性曲线的线性化

在上海软X射线自由电子激光(Soft X-ray Free-electron Laser,SXFEL)中的微波低电平控制系统中,通过对各速调管的输出信号进行测量和控制,保证加速器的稳定运行并且达到技术指标。另一方面,SXFEL中的脉冲速调管的输入输出特性存在非线性的关系,这种电子管放大器不理想的非线性特性会导致微波低电平(Low Level Radio Frequency,LLRF)控制系统调节的效率降低。基于SXFEL装置,采用基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)的数字预失真方法,在LLRF控制系统中设计了一套实现高功率速调管放大器线性化的在线系统。S波段加速装置和其相应的东芝E3730A速调管及高压调制器和低电平系统实地测试结果表明,在LLRF控制系统中建立的在线系统能够有效补偿速调管带来的非线性问题,提高微波低电平控制系统的精度及准确性。

自由电子激光装置数字化束流位置信号处理器研制及应用

针对自由电子激光装置(Free Electron Laser,FEL)对束流位置测量的需求,研制了可同时用于条带束流位置检测器(Stripline Beam Position Monitor,SBPM)和腔式束流位置检测器(Cavity Beam Position Monitor,CBPM)信号处理的数字化束流位置信号处理器(Digital Beam Position Measurement processor,DBPM)。该处理器为一体化的嵌入式结构,以现场可编程逻辑门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)为系统核心,采用分布式的实验物理及工业控制系统(Experiment Physics and Industrial Control System,EPICS)进行远程数据交互。处理器对SBPM和CBPM系统的测试分辨率在0.5 n C流强时分别达到4μm和0.4μm,达到设计指标,成功应用于大连相干光源(Dalian Coherent Light Source,DCLS),并将应用于上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(Shanghai X-ray Free Electron Laser,SXFEL),是国内首台自主研制成功并实现工程应用的DBPM处理器。

基于近场外差散斑的自由电子激光横向相干性测量研究

相干性是X射线自由电子激光(X-ray Free-Electron Laser, XFEL)最重要和显著的特点之一,在自放大自发辐射(Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission, SASE)模式下,XFEL光输出功率极不稳定且强度分布差异较大。为能够用简单系统同时测量二维平面的横向相干性,本文提出一种基于近场外差散斑的光脉冲相干性测量方案,该方案的优点是能实现单发脉冲和平均脉冲的横向相干性测量。将光脉冲照射在做布朗运动的纳米粒子溶液上产生近场外差散斑,通过散斑信号的功率谱分析得到光脉冲的横向相干性。文章重点在理论上研究了测量方案的可行性,结合上海软X射线自由电子激光SASE模式的光场仿真,通过数值模拟的方法获得了单粒子和多粒子外差散斑信号的空间分布,以及对应的横向相干性。未来此方法可以为自由电子激光的运行和用户提供在线的相干性信息。

基于腔式探头的高分辨率束团电荷量测量方法研究

束团电荷量是粒子束流最基本的特征参数,精确的电荷量测量和控制对于装置的运行以及束损的监测和安全联锁具有非常重要的作用。上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser Device,SXFEL)中加入了电荷量反馈环路,以期实现束团电荷量的精确控制并满足单束团实时电荷测量分辨率好于0.5%的要求,为此开展了高分辨率束团电荷量测量研究。由于腔式探头具有灵敏度高、原始信号信噪比高、近轴情况下位置无关等特点,因此被用作本研究中的束团电荷量信息拾取探头。传统的腔式探头通常采用单腔外本振的信号处理方案,要求额外提供特定频率的本振信号。为进一步简化系统,在此基础上提出一种新的双腔混频方案,该方案具有独立于本振频综及同步定时信号工作的特点。为了对比两种方案的性能优劣,对两种方案的实施效果进行了定性和定量分析。基于SXFEL装置的束流实验结果表明:单腔外本振混频方案电荷测量分辨率好于0.07%,双腔混频方案分辨率好于0.2%,前者的分辨率好于后者但二者均满足SXFEL用户装置要求。

多种减方差技术在电子辐照加速器屏蔽计算中的组合应用效果评估

减方差技术是辐射防护、核医学、核探井等应用领域中解决深穿透问题的常用方法。当前减方差技术的研究基本基于简单理论几何模型,缺少在实际复杂模型上的讨论,本文以实际应用的电子辐照加速器整体系统为研究的几何模型,以屏蔽后的剂量为计算目标。比较了电子和不同辐照物质相互作用时产生次级光子能量谱和方向谱的差异,并以蒙特卡罗程序MCNP5(Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code)为平台详细研究对比了几何分裂、源偏倚、指数衰减、分步输运、DXTRAN球和权窗等常见减方差技术在单独使用和不同组合使用下的实际效果,评估了具有实用性减方差技术的选择和组合。结果表明:辐照物质对次级光子的方向谱影响很大,出于建模有效性考虑,几何模型应尽量贴合实际,不能过分简化;分步输运和源偏倚相比于其它常规减方差技术可以更好地降低计算误差,它们和几何分裂、DXTRAN球和指数衰减组合使用时,可以进一步降低计算误差,有效提高结果的可信度;权窗相对于常规减方差技术具有更好的计算效率和客观性,以权窗、分步输运和源偏倚为基础,再组合其他减方差技术,可以很好地解决实际应用中复杂模型的深穿透问题。