The increasing demand for hydrogen energy to address environmental issues and achieve carbon neutrality has elevated interest in green hydrogen production,which does not rely on fossil fuels.Among various hydrogen pro...The increasing demand for hydrogen energy to address environmental issues and achieve carbon neutrality has elevated interest in green hydrogen production,which does not rely on fossil fuels.Among various hydrogen production technologies,anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)has emerged as a next-generation technology known for its high hydrogen production efficiency and its ability to use non-metal catalysts.However,this technology faces significant challenges,particularly in terms of the membrane durability and low ionic conductivity.To address these challenges,research efforts have focused on developing membranes with a new backbone structure and anion exchange groups to enhance durability and ionic conductivity.Notably,the super-acid-catalyzed condensation(SACC)synthesis method stands out due to its user convenience,the ability to create high molecular weight(MW)polymers,and the use of oxygen-tolerant organic catalysts.Although the synthesis of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)using the SACC method began in 2015,and despite growing interest in this synthesis approach,there remains a scarcity of review papers focusing on AEMs synthesized using the SACC method.The review covers the basics of SACC synthesis,presents various polymers synthesized using this method,and summarizes the development of these polymers,particularly their building blocks including aryl,ketone,and anion exchange groups.We systematically describe the effects of changes in the molecular structure of each polymer component,conducted by various research groups,on the mechanical properties,conductivity,and operational stability of the membrane.This review will provide insights into the development of AEMs with superior performance and operational stability suitable for water electrolysis applications.展开更多
[Objective]The study was to evaluate the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of five Strobilurins fungicides including pyraclostrobin 250 g/L EC,azoxystrobin 250 g/L SC,kresoxim-methyl 50%WG,picoxystrobin 22.5%SC and t...[Objective]The study was to evaluate the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of five Strobilurins fungicides including pyraclostrobin 250 g/L EC,azoxystrobin 250 g/L SC,kresoxim-methyl 50%WG,picoxystrobin 22.5%SC and trifloxystrobin 50%WG against Phomopsis asparagi(Sacc.)Bubak,and to screen out effective fungicides.[Method]The toxicity was tested by mycelial growth rate method.The field trials were carried out by routine spraying method.[Result]The indoor toxicities successively were pyraclostrobin>kresoxim-methyl>picoxystrobin>trifloxystrobin>azoxystrobin.The EC50 values were 6.1029,52.5591,83.8257,129.8616 and 252.1214 mg/L,respectively,all significantly higher than that of benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim(753.3650 mg/L).The field efficacies successively were pyraclostrobin>kresoxim-methyl≥picoxystrobin≥azoxystrobin≥trifloxystrobin.The control effects were 81.20%,77.95%,74.80%,71.69%and 68.54%,respectively,all significantly higher than that of benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim(48.27%).[Conclusion]The five Strobilurins fungicides all have good toxicity and field efficacy against P.asparagi.展开更多
基金supported by the KRISS(Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science)MPI Lab.program。
文摘The increasing demand for hydrogen energy to address environmental issues and achieve carbon neutrality has elevated interest in green hydrogen production,which does not rely on fossil fuels.Among various hydrogen production technologies,anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)has emerged as a next-generation technology known for its high hydrogen production efficiency and its ability to use non-metal catalysts.However,this technology faces significant challenges,particularly in terms of the membrane durability and low ionic conductivity.To address these challenges,research efforts have focused on developing membranes with a new backbone structure and anion exchange groups to enhance durability and ionic conductivity.Notably,the super-acid-catalyzed condensation(SACC)synthesis method stands out due to its user convenience,the ability to create high molecular weight(MW)polymers,and the use of oxygen-tolerant organic catalysts.Although the synthesis of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)using the SACC method began in 2015,and despite growing interest in this synthesis approach,there remains a scarcity of review papers focusing on AEMs synthesized using the SACC method.The review covers the basics of SACC synthesis,presents various polymers synthesized using this method,and summarizes the development of these polymers,particularly their building blocks including aryl,ketone,and anion exchange groups.We systematically describe the effects of changes in the molecular structure of each polymer component,conducted by various research groups,on the mechanical properties,conductivity,and operational stability of the membrane.This review will provide insights into the development of AEMs with superior performance and operational stability suitable for water electrolysis applications.
基金Supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences"Key Technology for Green Prevention and Control of Diseases and Insect Pests of Major Crops"(CXGC2018E19).
文摘[Objective]The study was to evaluate the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of five Strobilurins fungicides including pyraclostrobin 250 g/L EC,azoxystrobin 250 g/L SC,kresoxim-methyl 50%WG,picoxystrobin 22.5%SC and trifloxystrobin 50%WG against Phomopsis asparagi(Sacc.)Bubak,and to screen out effective fungicides.[Method]The toxicity was tested by mycelial growth rate method.The field trials were carried out by routine spraying method.[Result]The indoor toxicities successively were pyraclostrobin>kresoxim-methyl>picoxystrobin>trifloxystrobin>azoxystrobin.The EC50 values were 6.1029,52.5591,83.8257,129.8616 and 252.1214 mg/L,respectively,all significantly higher than that of benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim(753.3650 mg/L).The field efficacies successively were pyraclostrobin>kresoxim-methyl≥picoxystrobin≥azoxystrobin≥trifloxystrobin.The control effects were 81.20%,77.95%,74.80%,71.69%and 68.54%,respectively,all significantly higher than that of benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim(48.27%).[Conclusion]The five Strobilurins fungicides all have good toxicity and field efficacy against P.asparagi.