Apigenin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in C57BL/6J mice by inactivating STAT3 and NF-κB

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by patches on the skin.It is caused by malfunction of immune cells and keratinocytes with inflammation as one of its key features.Apigenin(API)is a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties.Therefore,we speculated that API can ameliorate psoriasis,and determined its effect on the development of psoriasis by using imiquimod(IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model.Our results showed that API attenuated IMQ-induced phenotypic changes,such as erythema,scaling and epidermal thickening,and improved splenic hyperplasia.Abnormal differentiation of immune cells was restored in API-treated mice.Mechanistically,we revealed that API is a key regulator of signal transducer activator of transcription 3(STAT3).API regulated immune responses by reducing interleukin-23(IL-23)/STAT3/IL-17A axis.Moreover,it suppressed IMQ-caused cell hyperproliferation by inactivating STAT3 through regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway.Furthermore,API reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines through inactivation of NF-κB.Taken together,our study demonstrates that API can ameliorate psoriasis and may be considered as a strategy for psoriasis treatment.

Activating Effect of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

The effect of enterotoxins is to induce the production of endogenous IF. St. aureus enteropathogenic proteins (enterotoxins) possess an antitumour effect. After intraperitoneal inoculation, they decrease the size and, in some cases, prevent the development of the human hypernephroma in the cheek pouch of golden hamsters. The effect of enteropathgenic proteims may possibly consist in inducing the production of endogenous immune interferon which activates the host immune system and enhances the rejection of heterologous tumour cells.

Clinical significance of upregulated Rho GTPase activating protein 12 causing resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major health challenge with high incidence and poor survival rates in China.Systemic therapies,particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs),are the first-line treatment for advanced HCC,but resistance is common.The Rho GTPase family member Rho GTPase activating protein 12(ARHGAP12),which regulates cell adhesion and invasion,is a potential therapeutic target for overcoming TKI resistance in HCC.However,no studies on the expression of ARHGAP12 in HCC and its role in resistance to TKIs have been reported.AIM To unveil the expression of ARHGAP12 in HCC,its role in TKI resistance and its potential associated pathways.METHODS This study used single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)to evaluate ARHGAP12 mRNA levels and explored its mechanisms through enrichment analysis.CellChat was used to investigate focal adhesion(FA)pathway regulation.We integrated bulk RNA data(RNA-seq and microarray),immunohistochemistry and proteomics to analyze ARHGAP12 mRNA and protein levels,correlating with clinical outcomes.We assessed ARHGAP12 expression in TKI-resistant HCC,integrated conventional HCC to explore its mechanism,identified intersecting FA pathway genes with scRNA-seq data and evaluated its response to TKI and immunotherapy.RESULTS ARHGAP12 mRNA was found to be highly expressed in malignant hepatocytes and to regulate FA.In malignant hepatocytes in high-score FA groups,MDK-[integrin alpha 6(ITGA6)+integrinβ-1(ITGB1)]showed specificity in ligand-receptor interactions.ARHGAP12 mRNA and protein were upregulated in bulk RNA,immunohistochemistry and proteomics,and higher expression was associated with a worse prognosis.ARHGAP12 was also found to be a TKI resistance gene that regulated the FA pathway.ITGB1 was identified as a crossover gene in the FA pathway in both scRNA-seq and bulk RNA.High expression of ARHGAP12 was associated with adverse reactions to sorafenib,cabozantinib and regorafenib,but not to immunotherapy.CONCLUSION ARHGAP12 expression is elevated in HCC and TKI-resistant HCC,and its regulatory role in FA may underlie the TKI-resistant phenotype.

Efficacy of activating blood and resolving stasis therapy for IgA nephropathy:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of activating blood and resolving stasis in patients with IgA nephropathy.Methods:From inception to May 2022,databases including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Web of Science,WanFang database,Chinese Biomedical Database,VIP,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled trials about enhancing blood circulation and removing stasis for IgA nephropathy.For the articles that satisfied the requirements,quality assessment and meta-analysis were done.Results:Seventeen randomized controlled trials with a total of 1653 patients were included.Meta-analysis showed that activating blood and resolving stasis could increase therapeutic effectiveness(risk ratio(RR)=-0.47,95%confidence interval(CI)(-0.37,-0.2),P=0.0006)and decrease levels of serum creatinine(RR=-0.47,95%CI(-0.37,-0.2),P=0.0006),urea nitrogen(RR=0.85,95%CI(1.44,0.26),P=0.005),24-hour urinary protein quantification(RR=1.6,95%CI(2.44,0.95).P=0.00001),and urine red blood cell count(RR=1.7,95%CI(2.57,0.82),P=0.0001).There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of security(RR=0.6,95%CI(0.36,1.01),P=0.05).Conclusion:Western medicine combined activating blood and resolving stasis is more efficient than Western medicine therapy alone in treating IgA nephropathy,but it still needs to be supported by additional large-scale,multi-center randomized controlled clinical trials due to the poor quality of the included trials.

钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工中若干问题探讨

基于《活动断层探测》GB/T 36072—2018、《活动断层探查钻探》DB/T 92—2022等现行规范规程,对跨隐伏活动断层的钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工的基本要求和存在的主要问题进行了探讨,认为现行技术标准存在的问题有:(1)对岩芯采取率的要求偏低;(2)对横跨隐伏逆断层的钻孔深度和钻孔之间距离的要求偏低.提出了下列改进措施:(1)各类岩土的岩芯采取率应大于现行技术标准要求的数值;其中,黏土的岩芯采取率应不小于99%;(2)对横跨隐伏逆断层的钻孔深度应大于现行技术标准要求的孔深;在第四系厚度较薄时,在逆断层上断点附近,位于逆断层上盘的钻孔在钻遇上盘的前第四系后,还应继续钻进,钻孔深度应达到能够揭露逆断层下盘的前第四系的深度;(3)当隐伏逆断层在第四系中的断距较小时,逆断层上断点两侧的2个相邻钻孔间距就需要1~3 m甚至更小的数值.补充了钻孔联合地质剖面探测中的钻孔布设方式、隐伏断层产状的求取方法.分析了在钻孔联合地质剖面探测的断层识别中存在的一些不确定性因素,并提出了相应对策.指出钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工是基于动态设计的信息化施工,现场技术负责人及其施工现场技术管理在钻孔联合地质剖面探测工作中起着重要作用.

基于微流控芯片的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌免疫磁分离

开发一种用于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌快速分离与富集的免疫磁分离微流控系统,该系统由微流控芯片、微控制器、电磁分离与混合模块组成,具备电磁驱动混合和磁分离功能,能够实现免疫磁珠与鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的快速孵育、分离与富集。在最优条件下,可以在13 min内实现对牛奶样品中浓度范围为2×10^(1)~2×10^(6) CFU/m L鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的快速捕获与分离,捕获率在33.3%~67.5%之间,最低检测限为20 CFU/m L。因此,这种高度集成的免疫磁分离微流控系统能够从复杂食品基质中迅速、准确地富集目标细菌,为食源性致病菌的快速检测提供了有效的解决方案,对于应对食源性疾病引发的公共卫生问题具有重要意义。

利格列汀调控巨噬细胞极化和破骨细胞形成缓解磨损颗粒诱导的骨质溶解

背景:研究发现,在利格列汀的干预下,巨噬细胞更多的由M1转向M2极化,降低了相关炎性因子的释放,缓解了局部炎症。目的:探讨利格列汀对巨噬细胞极化、破骨细胞活化及磨损颗粒诱导炎性骨溶解的影响。方法:(1)细胞实验:①巨噬细胞极化:将RAW264.7细胞分4组培养,对照组细胞加入高糖培养基;M1诱导组加入M1诱导培养基(含脂多糖100 ng/mL和干扰素γ20 ng/mL的高糖培养基)模拟炎症环境;利格列汀低、高剂量组分别加入50,200 nmol/L利格列汀处理4 h后加入M1诱导培养基。巨噬细胞极化诱导24 h后,分别进行巨噬细胞极化免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR检测。②破骨细胞活化:将RAW264.7细胞分为4组培养,对照组使用高糖培养基培养,破骨细胞诱导组、利格列汀低剂量组及高剂量组进行破骨细胞诱导,待微小破骨细胞成形后,用利格列汀(50,200 nmol/L)分别干预细胞3 d,进行细胞抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色和RT-PCR检测。(2)动物实验:将24只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组,即假手术组、模型组、利格列汀低剂量组及高剂量组,后3组通过将钛颗粒悬浊液注射至颅骨表面建立颅骨骨溶解模型,从造模后第2天开始,利格列汀低、高剂量组分别灌胃利格列汀(2,10 mg/kg),每天1次,造模3周后,检测血清巨噬细胞极化标志蛋白及炎性因子水平,收集颅骨进行micro-CT扫描、骨参数分析及苏木精-伊红染色评估骨溶解及形态学变化。结果与结论:①细胞实验:与M1诱导组比较,利格列汀低、高剂量组可显著抑制巨噬细胞的M1极化、促进M2极化(P<0.01),且以高剂量组效果更显著(P<0.01)。与破骨诱导组比较,利格列汀低、高剂量组可抑制破骨细胞的活化及骨质吸收,且以高剂量组抑制更显著。与对照组比较,M1诱导组炎性因子mRNA表达升高(P<0.01),而与M1诱导组相比较,利格列汀低、高剂量组炎性因子mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,破骨诱导组破骨功能标志物的mRNA表达升高(P<0.01);与破骨诱导组比较,利格列汀低、高剂量组破骨功能标志物的mRNA表达降低(P<0.01),且以高剂量组降低更明显。②动物实验:钛颗粒植入导致小鼠颅骨骨溶解破坏,利格列汀可抑制钛颗粒诱导的骨溶解,其中以高剂量组抑制作用更显著。结果表明利格列汀具有调节巨噬细胞极化、抑制破骨细胞活化及对骨骼系统的保护作用。

蠲痹汤含药血清调控线粒体自噬抑制白细胞介素1β诱导的关节软骨细胞损伤

背景:软骨细胞线粒体自噬的缺陷会引起细胞凋亡和基质消失等软骨细胞退行性病变的变化。目的:探讨蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β诱导的大鼠膝关节软骨细胞炎症反应和凋亡的影响及可能作用机制。方法:50只雄性SD大鼠随机给予生理盐水、蠲痹汤低、中、高剂量(1.24,2.48,4.96 g/kg)、塞来昔布(阳性药物),连续灌胃2周后获得含药血清。①分离软骨细胞,将其随机分为对照组、白细胞介素1β组、蠲痹汤低、中、高剂量含药血清组及阳性药物血清组。CCK-8法检测细胞存活率、免疫荧光双染检测线粒体自噬水平、免疫荧光检测磷酸化腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶水平、Western blot检测PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路相关蛋白和裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶蛋白3表达、ELISA检测炎症因子水平;②分别采用PTEN诱导激酶1 siRNA和Compound C进行干预,探究AMPK/PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路在蠲痹汤含药血清调控线粒体自噬中的作用。结果与结论:①与对照组比较,白细胞介素1β组软骨细胞存活率、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达、磷酸化腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶、PTEN诱导激酶1、Parkin和微管相关蛋白1轻链3蛋白水平以及线粒体自噬水平明显降低(P<0.05),而裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶蛋白3蛋白水平、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8和肿瘤坏死因子α水平显著升高(P<0.05);与白细胞介素1β组比较,蠲痹汤各剂量含药血清组和阳性药物血清组上述各项指标呈现相反的变化(P<0.05);②PTEN诱导激酶1 siRNA可显著抑制蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β处理软骨细胞线粒体自噬的影响,降低蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞炎症与凋亡的保护作用;Compound C逆转了蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β处理软骨细胞中PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin信号通路的影响。结论:蠲痹汤含药血清通过影响线粒体自噬水平来抑制软骨细胞炎症和凋亡,从而减轻白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞退化,其机制可能与调控AMPK/PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路有关。

Fe、Ir掺杂MoS_(2)表面对N_(2)气敏吸附与解离反应性能提升的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理方法,采用周期性平板模型,研究了N_(2)分子在掺杂体系TM-MoS_(2)(TM=Fe、Ir)表面的吸附和解离行为.研究表明:N_(2)分子在TM-MoS_(2)(TM=Fe、Ir)表面吸附能依次为0.62和0.47 eV,而完整MoS_(2)表面的吸附能只有0.08 eV,说明掺杂之后对N_(2)表现出略好的吸附性能.差分电荷密度分析表明,N_(2)吸附后,掺杂Fe、Ir原子与两个N原子之间电荷有所增加,N-N键之间的区域电荷密度减少,N-N键的强度减弱.态密度计算结果发现,N_(2)在吸附过程中,主要是N原子的2p_(y)、2p_(z)轨道与Ir的5d_(xy)和5d_(z^(2))以及Fe的3d_(xy)和3d_(z^(2))发生杂化作用.通过分析解离活化能,N_(2)在掺杂体系TM-MoS_(2)(TM=Fe、Ir)表面解离需要活化能均较高,且远大于在相应掺杂表面的吸附能,说明N_(2)在掺杂体系TM-MoS_(2)(TM=Fe、Ir)表面解离应该表现为分子吸附或脱附.

Neuroinflammation revisited through the microglial lens

Neuroimmunology is emerging as a pivotal field,shedding light on the intricate dialogues between the central nervous system(CNS)and the immune system.This exploration is particularly significant in understanding microglia,the CNS’s innate immune cells,beyond the conventional conflation of“neuroinflammation”and“microglial activation.”This conflation has clouded the true complexity of these processes,potentially stalling scientific progress and the development of new therapies.We challenge the long-standing perspectives that have oversimplified these interactions,advocating for a deeper exploration of the dynamic relationship between neuroinflammation and microglial activation.By dissecting specific molecular pathways,we aim to illuminate their elaborate roles in neuroinflammatory responses,especially in the context of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Here,neuroinflammation is not merely a passive observer or a direct antagonist but a complex agent in the disease’s progression.This article calls for a significant paradigm shift towards an integrative,multi-omics approach to neuroimmunology.Adopting such a comprehensive framework is crucial for advancing our understanding of neuroinflammatory conditions and paving the way for targeted therapeutic strategies for brain diseases.

Tuning beneficial calcineurin phosphatase activation to counterα-synuclein toxicity in a yeast model of Parkinson’s disease

Calcineurin(CN)is a calcium-and calmodulindependent serine/threonine that has been studied in many model organisms including yeast,filamentous fungi,plants,and mammals.Its biological functions range from ion homeostasis and virulence in lower eukaryotes to T-cell activation in humans by human nuclear factors of activated T-cells.CN is a heterodimeric protein consisting of a catalytic subunit,calcineurin A(Cna1p),which contains an active site with a dinuclear metal center,and a regulatory Ca^(2+) binding subunit called calcineurin B(Cnb1p)required to activate Cna1p.The calcineurin B subunit has been highly conserved through evolution:For example,the mammalian calcineurin B shows 54%identity with calcineurin B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Lighting the shades of hidden pain:a role for spinal cord neurons and microglia in vestibulodynia

Vulvodynia,a chronic pain disorder affecting the vulvar region,represents a significant challenge in both diagnosis and treatment within the field of women’s health.This condition is characterized by chronic pain that significantly affects the quality of life of afflicted women.The present perspective paper examines the role of spinal sensitization and microglial activation in vulvodynia.

黄芪补肾活血汤对芳香化酶抑制剂诱导骨质疏松模型小鼠破骨细胞活性的影响

背景:芳香化酶抑制剂尽管显著提高了激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者的临床获益,但其相关的不良事件——骨质疏松严重影响了患者的生活质量,黄芪补肾活血汤能有效预防芳香化酶抑制剂所致骨质疏松的发生,但是其作用机制尚不清楚。目的:探究黄芪补肾活血汤对芳香化酶抑制剂所致骨质疏松模型小鼠破骨细胞活性的影响及机制。方法:选取60只8周龄C57BL/6J雌性小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、黄芪补肾活血汤高、中、低剂量组、阳性对照组各10只,除假手术组外,其余组小鼠均切除双侧卵巢联合皮下注射来曲唑构建绝经后芳香化酶抑制剂所致骨质疏松模型,黄芪补肾活血汤高、中、低剂量组分别给予19.24,9.62,4.81 g/(kg·d)黄芪补肾活血汤进行灌胃(1次/d),阳性对照组给予阿仑膦酸钠5 mg/kg灌胃(1次/周)。给药3个月后,Micro-CT检测胫骨骨密度和骨微结构,对股骨进行苏木精-伊红染色、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色及免疫组化检测核因子κB受体活化因子配体、骨保护素蛋白表达,ELISA检测血清中Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基端肽、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b水平。结果与结论:①与假手术组相比,模型组小鼠骨密度显著下降、骨小梁形态疏松断裂、血清中Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基端肽、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b水平显著上升,表明芳香化酶抑制剂所致骨质疏松模型构建成功;②与模型组相比,黄芪补肾活血汤高、中、低剂量组和阳性对照组小鼠骨密度、骨微结构显著改善,骨小梁形态增粗致密,血清中Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基端肽、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b水平显著下降,破骨细胞数量减少,核因子κB受体活化因子配体蛋白表达下降,骨保护素蛋白表达升高。结果表明,黄芪补肾活血汤可能调控核因子κB受体活化因子配体/核因子κB受体活化因子/骨保护素信号通路抑制破骨细胞活性,改善骨小梁形态和骨微结构,提高骨密度,进而预防芳香化酶抑制剂所致骨质疏松模型的发生发展。

Lipopolysaccharide-induced cerebral inflammatory damage and the therapeutic effect of platelet activating factor receptor antoganist

Objective To investigate lipopolysaccharide （LPS） induced acute cerebral inflammatory damage and the therapeutic effect of ginkgolide B （BN52021）. Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups （n = 10 for each group）： Control group, Model group and Treatment group （treated with BN52021）. LPS were injected into the fourth ventricle of rat to make a neuroinflammatory murine model. Morris water maze was used to detect the learning and memory ability of rats; changes of synapse number and subcellular ultrastructures were observed under a transmission electron microscope; OX-42 positive microglia in the brain was detected by immunohistochemical method. Results The average escape latency in the Treatment group were significantly shortened than that in the Model group; and the percentage of swimming distance traveled in platform quadrant accounting for total distance increased markedly. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes in the Treatment group were more than that in the Model group, but the number of synapses seemed to have no obvious change. The number of OX-42 positive microglia in the Treatment group decreased markedly than that in the Model group, and the grey density of OX-42-positive cells increased significantly. Conclusion LPS can induce inflammatory damages to the brain, but the damage could be antagonized by BN52021. Platelet activating factor receptor antagonist may offer an effective therapy for neurodegeneration diseases.

Glutamatergic CYLD deletion leads to aberrant excitatory activity in the basolateral amygdala:association with enhanced cued fear expression

Neuronal activity,synaptic transmission,and molecular changes in the basolateral amygdala play critical roles in fear memory.Cylindromatosis(CYLD)is a deubiquitinase that negatively regulates the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway.CYLD is well studied in non-neuronal cells,yet underinvestigated in the brain,where it is highly expressed.Emerging studies have shown involvement of CYLD in the remodeling of glutamatergic synapses,neuroinflammation,fear memory,and anxiety-and autism-like behaviors.However,the precise role of CYLD in glutamatergic neurons is largely unknown.Here,we first proposed involvement of CYLD in cued fear expression.We next constructed transgenic model mice with specific deletion of Cyld from glutamatergic neurons.Our results show that glutamatergic CYLD deficiency exaggerated the expression of cued fear in only male mice.Further,loss of CYLD in glutamatergic neurons resulted in enhanced neuronal activation,impaired excitatory synaptic transmission,and altered levels of glutamate receptors accompanied by over-activation of microglia in the basolateral amygdala of male mice.Altogether,our study suggests a critical role of glutamatergic CYLD in maintaining normal neuronal,synaptic,and microglial activation.This may contribute,at least in part,to cued fear expression.

An Efficient Boron Source Activation Strategy for the Low‑Temperature Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes

Lowering the synthesis temperature of boron nitride nanotubes(BNNTs)is crucial for their development.The primary reason for adopting a high temperature is to enable the effective activation of highmelting-point solid boron.In this study,we developed a novel approach for efficiently activating boron by introducing alkali metal compounds into the conventional MgO–B system.This approach can be adopted to form various low-melting-point AM–Mg–B–O growth systems.These growth systems have improved catalytic capability and reactivity even under low-temperature conditions,facilitating the synthesis of BNNTs at temperatures as low as 850℃.In addition,molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory theoretically demonstrate that the systems maintain a liquid state at low temperatures and interact with N atoms to form BN chains.These findings offer novel insights into the design of boron activation and are expected to facilitate research on the low-temperature synthesis of BNNTs.

牡丹花中不同形态酚类化合物及其抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

对丹凤和香玉两种牡丹花中的游离酚、酯键合态酚、糖苷键合态酚和不溶性结合态酚进行提取,测定不同形态酚类化合物中总酚、总黄酮含量及其主要化合物组成和含量,并对其抗氧化活性和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性进行研究。结果表明,丹凤和香玉牡丹花的游离酚的总酚和总黄酮含量最高,总酚含量分别为31.45、32.64 mg/g,总黄酮含量分别为41.11、40.67 mg/g,其次是酯键合态酚和糖苷键合态酚,不溶性结合态酚含量较低;两种牡丹花游离酚均含有17种成分,其主要成分是白藜芦醇、1,2,3,4,6-O-五没食子酰葡萄糖和大波斯菊苷;酯键合态酚、糖苷键合态酚中主要成分是山柰酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷和大波斯菊苷。不同形态酚类化合物中游离酚的抗氧化活性最强,丹凤、香玉牡丹花游离酚对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2′-联氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力分别为855.03、367.10、230.54μmol/g和499.06、290.64、196.39μmol/g;丹凤和香玉牡丹花的游离酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性最强,半抑制浓度分别为12.15、13.87μg/mL。研究结果对丹凤和香玉多酚利用具有一定的参考价值。

Structure modifications based on KRN7000 and their SARs in activating NKT cells

α-Galactosylceramides, which can be recognized by natural killer T （NKT） cells, are now attracting more and more attention due to their therapeutic potential in cancer, infection and autoimmune diseases. Advances have been achieved in discovering compounds with better activities and efforts have been made to understand the structure-activity relationships （SARs） of these NKT cell ligands. In this review, we discuss the structure modifications based on KRN7000, the principal glycolipid used in the study of NKT cell stimulation, and the SARs based on these modified structures.

Decoding molecular mechanisms:brain aging and Alzheimer's disease

The complex morphological,anatomical,physiological,and chemical mechanisms within the aging brain have been the hot topic of research for centuries.The aging process alters the brain structure that affects functions and cognitions,but the worsening of such processes contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders,such as Alzheimer's disease.Beyond these observable,mild morphological shifts,significant functional modifications in neurotransmission and neuronal activity critically influence the aging brain.Understanding these changes is important for maintaining cognitive health,especially given the increasing prevalence of age-related conditions that affect cognition.This review aims to explore the age-induced changes in brain plasticity and molecular processes,differentiating normal aging from the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease,thereby providing insights into predicting the risk of dementia,particularly Alzheimer's disease.

鼠尾草酸影响线粒体功能抑制破骨细胞分化

背景:鼠尾草酸是在迷迭香中发现的一种生物活性化合物,已被证明可减少炎症和活性氧,但在破骨细胞分化进程中的作用机制尚不明确。目的:探讨鼠尾草酸对破骨细胞活化、活性氧产生及线粒体功能的影响。方法:体外提取培养小鼠来源的原代骨髓源巨噬细胞,使用CCK-8细胞活力实验检测不同浓度(0,10,15,20,25和30μmol/L)鼠尾草酸对骨髓源巨噬细胞的增殖和毒性作用,筛选出安全作用浓度。将骨髓源巨噬细胞按照浓度梯度分组培养,核因子κB受体活化因子配体诱导破骨细胞5-7 d后,分别进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色、F-actin染色、H2DCFDA探针和线粒体活性氧、Mito-Tracker荧光检测,观察鼠尾草酸对破骨细胞分化和功能的影响;通过Western Blot及RT-PCR实验检测鼠尾草酸对核因子κB受体活化因子配体诱导的丝裂原激活蛋白激酶信号通路上下游基因和蛋白的影响。结果与结论:①抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶和F-actin染色显示:鼠尾草酸以浓度依赖性地抑制体外破骨细胞分化及细胞骨架肌动蛋白环形成,其中鼠尾草酸30μmol/L组的抑制作用最显著;与其他干预时期相比,鼠尾草酸在破骨分化的早期(第1-3天)抑制作用最显著;②H2DCFDA探针和线粒体活性氧、Mito-Tracker荧光显示:鼠尾草酸抑制细胞活性氧和线粒体内活性氧的产生,同时减少线粒体膜电位,影响线粒体的功能;③Western Blot及RT-PCR结果显示:鼠尾草酸可抑制与破骨分化相关的NFATc1、CTSK、MMP9、C-fos蛋白的表达,下调与破骨分化相关的NFATc1、Atp6vod2、ACP5、CTSK和C-fos基因的表达;鼠尾草酸还可以增强抗氧化酶蛋白的表达,减少破骨分化过程中活性氧的产生;④鼠尾草酸抑制P38/ERK/JNK蛋白的磷酸化修饰,通过激活MAPK信号通路抑制骨髓源巨噬细胞破骨细胞分化。