Intranasal administration of stem cell-derived exosomes for central nervous system diseases

Exosomes,lipid bilayer-enclosed small cellular vesicles,are actively secreted by various cells and play crucial roles in intercellular communication.These nanosized vesicles transport internalized proteins,mRNA,miRNA,and other bioactive molecules.Recent findings have provided compelling evidence that exosomes derived from stem cells hold great promise as a therapeutic modality for central nervous system disorders.These exosomes exhibit multifaceted properties including antiapoptotic,anti-inflammatory,neurogenic,and vasculogenic effects.Furthermore,exosomes offer several advantages over stem cell therapy,such as high preservation capacity,low immunogenicity,the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier,and the potential for drug encapsulation.Consequently,researchers have turned their attention to exosomes as a novel therapeutic avenue.Nonetheless,akin to the limitations of stem cell treatment,the limited accumulation of exosomes in the injured brain poses a challenge to their clinical application.To overcome this hurdle,intranasal administration has emerged as a non-invasive and efficacious route for delivering drugs to the central nervous system.By exploiting the olfactory and trigeminal nerve axons,this approach enables the direct transport of therapeutics to the brain while bypassing the blood-brain barrier.Notably,exosomes,owing to their small size,can readily access the nerve pathways using this method.As a result,intranasal administration has gained increasing recognition as an optimal therapeutic strategy for exosomebased treatments.In this comprehensive review,we aim to provide an overview of both basic and clinical research studies investigating the intranasal administration of exosomes for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.Furthermore,we elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and offer insights into the prospect of this approach.

The Development Trend of Enterprise Business Administration and the Innovation of Management Mode

In the context of the new period,the continuous growth of social and economic levels and the rapid update of information technology have significantly impacted the business management of Chinese enterprises,presenting substantial challenges.The intensification of market competition exerts development pressure on many enterprises,and coupled with the unstable strength of some businesses,numerous problems in business management arise.These issues hinder the smooth execution of various business activities.Therefore,it is crucial to ensure effective business administration to conduct different business activities in an orderly manner,promptly avoid adverse risks,and strengthen control over multiple factors.The innovation and improvement of business administration are of great significance for enhancing the management level and market competitiveness of modern enterprises,accelerating their healthy development,and creating numerous opportunities.Consequently,this paper analyzes and explores the development trends of enterprise business administration and the innovation of management models for reference.

Exploring Corporate Tax Compliance in the Era of Digital Tax Collection and Administration:Insights from the“Golden Tax Phase Four”Project

This article primarily examines the current state of tax collection and management,alongside other associated issues.It integrates insights from China’s“14th Five-Year Plan”and anticipates the imminent implementation of the“Golden Tax Phase Four.”With this backdrop,the article offers recommendations for advancing the reform of the tax collection and management system,fostering the development of intelligent taxation,and accelerating the modernization of tax collection and management in China.

America’s Policy towards China under Two Administrations in the Context of Great Changes: Difference, Influence and Enlightenment

Under the great changes unseen in a century,comprehensive containment and suppression of China in the name of strategic competition has become a crossparty consensus in the United States,with the Republican Trump administration initiating the process of containing and suppressing China and the Democratic Biden administration continuing and developing such a strategy.In the process of implementing this strategy,there are some diff erences in the goals and means of the two American administrations.The Trump administration was trying to“crush China”with the super strength of the United States,with more extreme and tougher means,being more unilateralist and even going so far as to launch a“new Cold War”against China.The Biden administration,on the other hand,emphasizes long-term competition with China,and focuses on“managing competition”while suppressing China,accustomed to being double-handed and using both carrot and stick.When it comes to addressing global challenges,the Republican Party completely lacks the will to cooperate with China,while the Democratic Party has a certain need for cooperation and action.

Application of Information Technology in Institutions and Challenges of Human Resources-Case Study: Administration of the Municipality of Ferizaj

This study aims to investigate how information technology is applied in the administration of the municipality of Ferizaj and what are the challenges with human resources, the work was carried out through a case study in the municipality. This paper highlights that the use of information technology provides higher efficiency for the performance of daily work in the municipality, thus also the provision of better services to citizens. However, the level of use of information technology in the Municipality of Ferizaj leaves much to be desired in terms of efficiency because a significant number of employees have not attended adequate training for the effective and efficient use of various IT applications and have not are still adapted to the digital environment in the municipality. Therefore, the recommendation derived from this paper is that the information technology environment in the municipality of Ferizaj needs to be improved by providing staff with adequate qualifications, while for those who are currently engaged in the municipality and who do not have adequate qualifications, training should be provided in a way that all users of IT applications are fully integrated into the digitized environment in order to be effective and efficient in providing services to citizens. This simultaneously gives the municipal staff job security and motivation for better services for citizens. Also, information technology enables a better control over the activity of the municipality because every action is recorded as data which can then be used to analyze the performance of the municipality.

校局合作机制下的公安院校实验资源共享体系建设探索

实验资源的共享不仅能够有效缓解公安院校资源匮乏的局面,而且能够显著提升培养应用型、实战型人才的综合能力。在分析当前实验资源共享体系建设现状的基础上,结合学校实际和校局合作机制,从多维度构建了实验资源共享体系。通过以大型仪器为代表的实验设备资源共享、以公安数据为核心的实验数据资源共享、以实训场地为基础的实验场地资源共享、以实战需求为导向的实验项目资源共享等举措,真正实现“共享、共用、共建、共通”。

非正式治理的制度化运作:管区制与乡镇治理现代化的路径选择

管区作为一种非正式的组织设置,在乡镇与村级治理单元之间建构出实体性质的中间结构,具有低成本、非正式性和制度稳定性等特点,成为乡镇政权的延伸。管区设置虽然增加了乡镇内部的“委托—代理”层级,但通过行政体制上的形式化设置和实践中的非正式运作,具有了超越科层体制约束的优势,借助激励动员和组织重构实现了有效治理。管区借助乡镇内部人力资源的重新配置,在不变体制的情况下进行机制创新,实现了非正式治理的制度化运作,匹配了当前乡村社会转型和治理转型的需求,成为当前强国家治理背景下探索乡镇治理现代化的一条可行路径。

Status, Transition, and Impact of the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration’s Trade Policy with China

China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.

论行政许可事项的合理设定

行政许可事项的合理设定是我国《行政许可法》和《优化营商环境条例》的要求,也有助于推进规制改革和政府职能转变。行政许可事项的合理设定以应对市场失灵,配合国家政策执行等正当现实需求为基础。设定者应以许可事项与许可规制能力范围的匹配为考量,将行政许可用于适合由其规制的事项上。行政许可事项的合理设定还应恪守必要性限度,遵循自生秩序优先、柔性工具优先等设定原则,审慎利用许可规制,以求实现更好的规制。

我国社会保险经办服务体系的发展成就与转型升级

在对我国社会保险经办服务体系30年来的发展历程和取得的成就回顾与总结基础上,对经办服务体系存在的问题及其成因进行梳理:当前各级社会保险经办机构超编现象十分普遍;专业技术人员比例逐年下降;经办费用投入难以满足数字化转型的需求。鉴于此,提出加快社会保险经办服务体系高质量发展的改革思路:全国社会保险经办系统实行人员编制动态调整机制;全面提高人力资本水平;全面推进数字化转型;社会保险经办投入列入社会保险基金成本。

护士用药安全管理实践现状与思考

用药安全管理是患者安全管理的重要内容。护士作为患者用药的最终执行者,其用药安全管理水平对于保证住院患者的治疗安全至关重要。文章回顾了国内外用药安全管理与实践现状,总结我国护士在用药安全管理实践中取得的进展与成效,为进一步推动住院患者用药安全水平的提升提供参考。

城市行政区划优化调整的法治逻辑与实践构想

城市是我国经济、政治、文化、社会等方面活动的中心,城市治理现代化是实现国家治理现代化和中国式现代化的重要环节。改革开放以来,政策调控所形成的城市格局已经不能适应当下的城市发展进程以及未来的国家发展战略定位,部分城市的行政区划设置并不完全符合宪法的具体规范与法治化要求。为了满足现代化的城市治理需求,城市行政区划优化调整的法治化已成必然。当前城市行政区划在区划建制、行政区域划分、行政层级设置等方面存在的规范问题,应当以《宪法》为根本依据、以法律为具体支撑,在法治轨道上进行优化调整的实践构想,以期实现行政区划制度体系的完善与城市治理的高效,更好发挥城市的辐射带动作用,实现区域协调和高质量发展。

政府合同概念的体系化重构

现有政府合同管理规范对政府合同的内涵和外延进行了界定,但学理意义上的概念构造尚未完成,“政府合同=行政协议+缔结主体一方为行政机关的民事合同”之结论存在缺陷。通过把合同还原为通用于各部门法的中性工具,将政府合同的研究视角从救济前移至行政过程,政府合同的识别标准被调整为“行政机关与任何主体订立的合同均为政府合同”。以行政任务为出发点,可将政府合同区分为公务型政府合同和管理型政府合同,公务型政府合同可被进一步区分为内部公务型政府合同与外部公务型政府合同。以救济途径为落脚点,可以将政府合同区分为行政协定与非行政协定,非行政协定可被进一步区分为行政协议、民事合同、磋商性文件和劳动人事协议,其中,民事合同和行政协议属于狭义政府合同。将两条基于不同场景的体系化路径进行对接与融合,有助于形成对政府合同概念相对立体的认知,动态还原政府合同概念的全貌。

论涉罪企业合规的刑行衔接

涉罪企业合规刑事司法与行政执法的有效衔接,是企业合规预防违法犯罪功能得以完整实现的必然要求。企业合规刑行衔接关涉刑事合规整改监督评估衔接、合规不起诉后的接续监管衔接以及其他相关企业合规建设衔接三个方面。为保障刑事合规企业合规预防功能、激励功能的充分实现,检察机关需要与行政机关加强理念沟通、操作配合,优化刑行衔接机制,推动涉罪企业及关联企业、行业企业的合规建设。

论行政复议的适当性审查

合法性审查、适当性审查是行政复议机关审查被申请行政行为的两个审查标准。适当性审查与行政诉讼合理性审查表述不同但内容一致。合法性审查是形式合法性审查,适当性审查是实质合法性审查,因此,适当性审查与合法性审查构成了一种从“从形式违法到实质违法”的双阶审查方法。在形式合法性已经确认的前提下,针对被申请行政行为的内容,行政复议机关可以从合目的性、结果可接受性和利益权衡三个面向作适当性审查。

职能部门多学科联合诊疗提升医疗质量的实践路径——以浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院为例

医疗质量安全是公立医院高质量发展的基础和前提,多学科联合诊疗(multi-disciplinary treatment,MDT)理念对于医院职能部门协同开展医疗质量管理实践具有重要价值。浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院创新探索符合儿童医院自身特色的质量管理模式,构建职能部门医疗质量MDT实践路径,形成临床科室主动发起会诊,各职能部门多方协同双向互动,精准发现并解决问题,持续追踪并反馈改进的闭环管理流程。该模式实施后,全院医疗质量安全水平全面提升,主要表现为科室一级质控能力增强,绩效考核核心指标优化,患者满意度显著提升,对促进医院高质量发展具有深远意义。

宫腔灌注HCG联合地屈孕酮对复发性流产患者外周血淋巴细胞水平和妊娠结局的影响

目的:了解宫腔灌注人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)联合地屈孕酮对复发性流产(RSA)患者的外周血淋巴细胞水平变化和妊娠结局的影响。方法:选取2019年1月~2020年10月深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院就诊的RSA患者43例作为研究对象,分为研究组(n=19)与对照组(n=24),对照组给予地屈孕酮,研究组在对照组基础上给予宫腔灌注HCG,分析两组治疗前后着床期外周血淋巴细胞、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)及3个周期的临床妊娠结局。结果:两组患者在年龄、不良孕产次数以及排卵日子宫内膜厚度上比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗前两组在着床期E_(2)及P比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后研究组与对照组的血清E_(2)、P均较治疗前升高,且治疗后的研究组的E_(2)及P较对照组升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前及治疗后两组在着床期外周血B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、CD3^(+)T细胞、CD3^(+)CD8^(+)T细胞以及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但研究组外周血CD3^(+)CD4^(+)T细胞百分比较治疗前升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组的临床妊娠率高于对照组,孕早期自然流产率低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:宫腔灌注HCG联合地屈孕酮治疗RSA可以通过提升着床期的雌、孕激素值以及增加外周血淋巴细胞中的CD3^(+)CD4^(+)T细胞百分比提升RSA患者临床妊娠率及降低流产的风险。

民营企业合规制度体系构建

企业合规制度的基点在于引导民营企业守法规范经营、促进民营经济高质量发展,效能实现的重点也在民营企业,构建体系化的民营企业合规制度具有重要价值。涉案企业合规改革为建立完整意义的民营企业合规制度体系提供了契机,但存在适用范围不清、制度成效不明、行刑衔接不畅等问题。应当推进民营企业合规制度的四个延伸,从中小民营企业合规向大型民营企业合规延伸,从治理性合规向预防性合规延伸,从行政司法外部合规治理向企业内部合规管理延伸,从刑事合规到行政与刑事一体化合规延伸,形成行刑一体、内外结合、治防兼及、覆盖大中小各类民营企业的民营企业合规制度体系。

跨省横向府际应急协同机制的实践样态及制度保障

突破省域边界的突发事件具有复杂性、不确定性与突发性,灾害后果严重。实践中,各省级政府通过签订应急协同协议、新设应急协同组织、开展联席会议与会商应对跨省突发事件,形成了多元化的应急协同机制,契合中国特色应急管理制度的改革方向。但是,相关机制不仅面临合法性质疑,还存在效力薄弱、协同动力不足和未突破区域壁垒的弊病,需要完善相关合法性保障与实效保障。协同机制具备实质合宪性,《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》赋予其组织法依据,一些仅供协调而未涉及职权调整的协同机制不违反职权法定原则与组织法定原则,具备合法性。然而,应对跨省突发事件需要整合各省政府部门职权以形成区域性应急行政权,该权力源自政府的行政授权,可由《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》完善相关法律依据。协同机制的实效保障需要多路并进:在协同协议层面,应当进一步提升协议的法律效力与可操作性;在协同组织层面,需要健全应急协同组织及其内部结构;在协同信息层面,完善应急协同信息平台建设有助于收集、共享常态化信息与突发事件预警和处置信息;在协同动力层面,可以通过夯实协同观念基础与信任基础、增加协同净收益和加强中央政府的高位推动增强协同动力。

我国行政体制的现状、变化与改革

我国采用网状行政体制,虽然推进了多种类型改革措施,均未解决体制存在的部门分割和信息壁垒问题。数字时代,随着案卷材料等数据化,数据成为重要行政资源。数字治理未改变科层级体制,但促进了平台型、整体型、多元共治型行政体制的形成和发展,数据共享及业务协同促成了行政活动中的线型行政体制。数字时代须改革科层制行政体制,减少管理层级,建立扁平化、线型行政体制。行政体制改革的重点是纵向不同层级政府间事权差异化配置,推行“省直管县”改革和“设区的市”与市辖区一级管理体制。数字时代行政机关之间的协助、配合成为常态,跨部门全面综合行政执法体制已无必要,不同部门、层级、地区协调、配合的全国一体化行政执法体制成为必然。宜将各类行政登记职责上升为中央事权,国家成立统一登记机构集中办理居民身份、婚姻、工商、不动产等登记事项。