多媒体课件在药用植物学实验考试中的应用

通过Photoshop、PowerPoint以及Visual BASIC工具实现了多媒体技术在药用植物学实验考试中的应用,改变了传统药用植物学实验考试的模式,并阐述了多媒体课件在药用植物学实验考试中的意义。

Efficient production of ethyl levulinate from cassava over Al2(SO4)3 catalyst in ethanol–water system

One-pot achievement of ethyl levulinate from cassava was conducted in ethanol–water system over several simple sulfate salt catalysts. Al2(SO4)3catalyst had the best performance in synthesizing ethyl levulinate comparing with those of a series of sulfate salts. The highest yields of ethyl levulinate was up to 39.27% as well as 7.78% levulinate acid when cassava was catalyzed in ethanol medium by adding 10 wt% water.13C and1H NMR spectroscopic investigations confirmed that isomerization of glucose to fructose over Al2(SO4)3catalyst is an important step in producing ethyl levulinate and levulinate acid. Due to aggregations of Al3+under hydrothermal conditions, tiny amount of Al3+were detected in filtrate at the percentage of 0.32% even if in absolute water. Brønsted and Lewis acids could improve the yield of ethyl levulinate and levulinate acid by synergistic effect. All results suggested that Al2(SO4)3was a simple and efficient catalyst for ethyl levulinate and levulinate acid production. © 2016 Science Press

Simulating canopy stomatal conductance of winter wheat and its distribution using remote sensing information

The canopy stomatal movement, a plant physiological process, generally occurs within leaves but its influence on exchange of CO2, water vapor, and sensible heat fluxes between atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem. Many studies have documented that the interaction between leaf photosynthesis and canopy stomatal conductance is obvious. Thus, information on stomatal conductance is valuable in climate and ecosystem models. In current study, a newly developed model was adopted to calculate canopy stomatal conductance of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai (H-H-H) Plain of China (31.5 - 42.7°N, 110.0 - 123.0°E). The remote sensing information from NOAA-AVHRR and meteorological observed data were used to estimate regional scale stomatal conductance distribution. Canopy stomatal conductance distribution pattern of winter wheat on March 18, 1997 was also presented. The developed canopy stomatal conductance model might be used to estimate canopy stomatal conductance in land surface schemes and seems can be acted as a boundary condition in regional climatic model runs.

Effect of different water supply on morphology, growth and physiological characteristics of Salix psammophila seedlings in Maowusu sandland, China

Response pattern was investigated for seedlings of Salix psammophila, a dominant shrub in Maowusu sandland, to the simulated precipitation change by artificially controlling water supply at four levels. The growth characters, in terms of plant height, stem diameter, total branch number, total leaf number and area, total bifurcation ratio, total branch lenght and branch number, branch lenght, leaf number and leaf area of each branch order, and leaf, branch and root biomass significantly increased when water supply increased. That water supply had significant effect on biomass allocation showed different investment pattern of biomass resource of the seedlings grown under different water supply treatments. Stomatal density of abaxial leaf surface decreased, and stomatal apparatus length and width of adaxial and abaxial leaf surface increased with the increase of water supply, while Stomatal density of adaxial leaf surface was not affected by water supply. Water supply obviously affected the diumal changes of photosynthetic rate, and the photosynthetic rate of the seedlings showed strongly midday depression grown under the 157.5 mm water supply, but not grown under higher water supply. Additionally the assimilation-light response curves and flourescence efficiency more showed that water supply improve photosynthesis capacity. Finally, S. psammophila seedlings stood out by their slow growth and relatively high investments in root growth in order to reduce tissue losing rate and consumption of water resource for keeping water balance under water stress. The seedlings that grown under rich water supply did by their fast growth and relatively high investments in branch and leaf growth in order to improve the power of capturing light energy for higher photosynthesis.

Cloning and Functional Characterisation of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4 from Wolfberry

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a class of enzymes in plants involved in the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids, such as phytohormones, flavour compounds, and other compounds with yet unknown functions. To date, several CCDs have been functionally characterised in plants, but little is known about the CCD4 members. A carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene (LcCCD4) was isolated from the leaves of wolfberry (Lycium chinense) to gain insight into its biological function. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of LcCCD4 shares high homology with that of CCD4 proteins from other plants. Expression analysis using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that LcCCD4 was strongly expressed in leaves and flowers and that the expression level was in accordance with β-carotene concentration. LcCCD4 transcripts in fruits tended to decrease as carotenoids accumulated. Recombinant expression of LcCCD4 cleaved β-carotene to produce β-ionone in in vivo assays. These results show that LcCCD4 is a CCD gene that may be involved in producing aromatic apocarotenoids in leaves and flowers, whereas it may be involved in controlling carotenoid accumulation in fruits. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Multimedia model of atrazine in plant-soil-groundwater system with a fugacity approach

The application of atrazine in China during the last ten years has led to some environmental problems. In this paper, the multimedia model of atrazine in soil-plant-groundwater system at Baiyangdian Lake area in Northern China was established using a fugacity approach, and verified with observed values. The model involved 7 environmental compartments which are air, groundwater, soil, corn roots, corn stem, corn leaf and kernel of corn. The results showed that the relative errors between calculated and observed values have a mean value of 24.7%, the highest value is 48% and the lowest value is 1.4%. All these values indicated that this multimedia model can be used to simulate the environmental fate of atrazine. Both the calculated and observed values of concentrations of atrazine in plant compartments are in the following order: in corn roots > in corn stem > in kernel of corn > in corn leaf, it exhibited a good regularity. The prediction results indicated that concentrations of atrazine in the groundwater and kernel of corn will override the limitation of 3 μg/L and 0.05 mg/kg respectively.

Effects of Edible Coatings on Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Zizyphus Jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao During Storage

The development of edible coatings has been lauded with respect to their safety and effectiveness. In this study, we researched the effects of edible coatings (2% CaCl2, 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan) on the nutrient content and antioxidant abilities of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao). Using the new analysis technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), we evaluated the effects of these coatings. Compared with the control fruit group, test results showed that coating treatment significantly delayed fruit senescence. Specifically, CaCl2treatment not only maintained fruit storage quality and antioxidant activity but also restrained the production and accumulation of malondialdehyde in jujube. Chitosan treatment delayed decreases in secondary metabolites and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Pullulan coatings performed better in terms of proanthocyanidin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We also used TOPSIS to evaluate the preservation effect of different film coatings and found 2% CaCl2to be the best treatment for jujube, followed by 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan. Based on the appropriate materials and concentration of the film coatings, edible coatings have the potential to retain the quality and antioxidant capacity of the Chinese jujube cv. Dongzao. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Semantic Similarity between Ontologies at Different Scales

In the past decade, existing and new knowledge and datasets have been encoded in different ontologies for semantic web and biomedical research. The size of ontologies is often very large in terms of number of concepts and relationships, which makes the analysis of ontologies and the represented knowledge graph computational and time consuming. As the ontologies of various semantic web and biomedical applications usually show explicit hierarchical structures, it is interesting to explore the trade-offs between ontological scales and preservation/precision of results when we analyze ontologies. This paper presents the first effort of examining the capability of this idea via studying the relationship between scaling biomedical ontologies at different levels and the semantic similarity values. We evaluate the semantic similarity between three gene ontology slims (plant, yeast, and candida, among which the latter two belong to the same kingdom-fungi) using four popular measures commonly applied to biomedical ontologies (Resnik, Lin, Jiang-Conrath, and SimRel). The results of this study demonstrate that with proper selection of scaling levels and similarity measures, we can significantly reduce the size of ontologies without losing substantial detail. In particular, the performances of Jiang-Conrath and Lin are more reliable and stable than that of the other two in this experiment, as proven by 1) consistently showing that yeast and candida are more similar (as compared to plant) at different scales, and 2) small deviations of the similarity values after excluding a majority of nodes from several lower scales. This study provides a deeper understanding of the application of semantic similarity to biomedical ontologies, and shed light on how to choose appropriate semantic similarity measures for biomedical engineering. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Nanotaper mode converter based on silicon pillar waveguide

A two-dimensional （2D） optimized nanotaper mode converter is presented and analyzed using the finite- difference time-domain （FDTD） method. It can convert the mode size in a silicon pillar waveguide （PWG） from 4 μm to 1 μm over a length of 7 μm and achieve a transmission efficiency of 83.6% at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The dual directional mode conversion of the nanotaper and its ability to perform mode compression and expansion are also demonstrated. The broadband with high transmittance is satisfied in this structure. Using this silicon-based nanotaper, mode conversion between integrated photonic devices can be more compact and efficient.