Ultrahigh-brightness 50 MeV electron beam generation from laser wakefield acceleration in a weakly nonlinear regime

We propose an efficient scheme to produce ultrahigh-brightness tens of MeV electron beams by designing a density-tailored plasma to induce a wakefield in the weakly nonlinear regime with a moderate laser energy of 120 mJ.In this scheme,the second bucket of the wakefield can have a much lower phase velocity at the steep plasma density down-ramp than the first bucket and can be exploited to implement longitudinal electron injection at a lower laser intensity,leading to the generation of bright electron beams with ultralow emittance together with low energy spread.Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are carried out and demonstrate that high-quality electron beams with a peak energy of 50 MeV,ultralow emittance of28 nm rad,energy spread of 1%,charge of 4.4 pC,and short duration less than 5 fs can be obtained within a 1-mm-long tailored plasma density,resulting in an ultrahigh six-dimensional brightness B6D,n of2×1017 A/m2/0.1%.By changing the density parameters,tunable bright electron beams with peak energies ranging from 5 to 70 MeV,a small emittance of B0.1 mm mrad,and a low energy spread at a few-percent level can be obtained.These bright MeV-class electron beams have a variety of potential applications,for example,as ultrafast electron probes for diffraction and imaging,in laboratory astrophysics,in coherent radiation source generation,and as injectors for GeV particle accelerators.

Local saliency consistency-based label inference for weakly supervised salient object detection using scribble annotations

Recently,weak supervision has received growing attention in the field of salient object detection due to the convenience of labelling.However,there is a large performance gap between weakly supervised and fully supervised salient object detectors because the scribble annotation can only provide very limited foreground/background information.Therefore,an intuitive idea is to infer annotations that cover more complete object and background regions for training.To this end,a label inference strategy is proposed based on the assumption that pixels with similar colours and close positions should have consistent labels.Specifically,k-means clustering algorithm was first performed on both colours and coordinates of original annotations,and then assigned the same labels to points having similar colours with colour cluster centres and near coordinate cluster centres.Next,the same annotations for pixels with similar colours within each kernel neighbourhood was set further.Extensive experiments on six benchmarks demonstrate that our method can significantly improve the performance and achieve the state-of-the-art results.

Negative Stiffness Mechanism on An Asymmetric Wave Energy Converter by Using A Weakly Nonlinear Potential Model

Salter's duck,an asymmetrical wave energy converter(WEC)device,showed high efficiency in extracting energy from 2D regular waves in the past;yet,challenges remain for fluctuating wave conditions.These can potentially be addressed by adopting a negative stiffness mechanism(NSM)in WEC devices to enhance system efficiency,even in highly nonlinear and steep 3D waves.A weakly nonlinear model was developed which incorporated a nonlinear restoring moment and NSM into the linear formulations and was applied to an asymmetric WEC using a time domain potential flow model.The model was initially validated by comparing it with published experimental and numerical computational fluid dynamics results.The current results were in good agreement with the published results.It was found that the energy extraction increased in the range of 6%to 17%during the evaluation of the effectiveness of the NSM in regular waves.Under irregular wave conditions,specifically at the design wave conditions for the selected test site,the energy extraction increased by 2.4%,with annual energy production increments of approximately 0.8MWh.The findings highlight the potential of NSM in enhancing the performance of asymmetric WEC devices,indicating more efficient energy extraction under various wave conditions.

Enhancing lead-free photovoltaic performance:Minimizing buried surface voids in tin perovskite films through weakly polar solvent pre-treatment strategy

Buried interfacial voids have always been a notorious phenomenon observed in the fabrication of lead perovskite films. The existence of interfacial voids at the buried interface will capture the carrier, suppress carrier transport efficiencies, and affect the stability of photovoltaic devices. However, the impact of these buried interfacial voids on tin perovskites, a promising avenue for advancing lead-free photovoltaics, has been largely overlooked. Here, we utilize an innovative weakly polar solvent pretreatment strategy(WPSPS) to mitigate buried interfacial voids of tin perovskites. Our investigation reveals the presence of numerous voids in tin perovskites during annealing, attributed to trapped dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) used in film formation. The WPSPS method facilitates accelerated DMSO evaporation, effectively reducing residual DMSO. Interestingly, the WPSPS shifts the energy level of PEDOT:PSS downward, making it more aligned with the perovskite. This alignment enhances the efficiency of charge carrier transport. As the result, tin perovskite film quality is significantly improved,achieving a maximum power conversion efficiency approaching 12% with only an 8.3% efficiency loss after 1700 h of stability tests, which compares well with the state-of-the-art stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells.

Macro-micro behaviors and failure mechanism of frozen weakly cemented mudstone

Understanding the mechanical properties and multiscale failure mechanism of frozen soft rock is an important prerequisite for the construction safety of tunnels,artificially frozen ground and other infrastructure in cold regions.In this study,the triaxial compression test are performed on mudstone in the weakly cemented soft rock strata in the mining area of western China,and the mechanical characteristics and failure mechanism of weakly cemented mudstone are systematically investigated under the combined action of freezing and loading.Furthermore,the quantitative relationship between the microstructural parameters and the macroscopic strength and deformation parameters is established based on fractal theory.Thus,the failure mechanism of frozen weakly cemented mudstone is revealed on both micro- and macro-scales.The results show that temperature and confining pressure significantly affects the elastic modulus and peak strength of weakly cemented mudstone.With decreasing temperature,the compressive strength increases,while the corresponding peak strain decreases gradually.On the deformation curve,the plastic deformation stage is shortened,and the brittle fracture feature at the post-peak stage is more prominent,and the elastic modulus correspondingly increases with decreasing temperature.Under low-temperature conditions,most of the weakly cemented mudstone undergoes microscopic shear failure along the main fracture surface.The micro-fracture morphology characteristics of weakly cemented mudstone under different temperatures are quantified via the fractal dimension,and an approximately exponential relationship can be obtained among the fractal dimension and the temperature,compressive strength and elastic modulus.

Weakly Supervised Network with Scribble-Supervised and Edge-Mask for Road Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

Significant advancements have been achieved in road surface extraction based on high-resolution remote sensingimage processing. Most current methods rely on fully supervised learning, which necessitates enormous humaneffort to label the image. Within this field, other research endeavors utilize weakly supervised methods. Theseapproaches aim to reduce the expenses associated with annotation by leveraging sparsely annotated data, such asscribbles. This paper presents a novel technique called a weakly supervised network using scribble-supervised andedge-mask (WSSE-net). This network is a three-branch network architecture, whereby each branch is equippedwith a distinct decoder module dedicated to road extraction tasks. One of the branches is dedicated to generatingedge masks using edge detection algorithms and optimizing road edge details. The other two branches supervise themodel’s training by employing scribble labels and spreading scribble information throughout the image. To addressthe historical flaw that created pseudo-labels that are not updated with network training, we use mixup to blendprediction results dynamically and continually update new pseudo-labels to steer network training. Our solutiondemonstrates efficient operation by simultaneously considering both edge-mask aid and dynamic pseudo-labelsupport. The studies are conducted on three separate road datasets, which consist primarily of high-resolutionremote-sensing satellite photos and drone images. The experimental findings suggest that our methodologyperforms better than advanced scribble-supervised approaches and specific traditional fully supervised methods.

Influence of confined water on the limit support pressure of tunnel face in weakly water-rich strata

In the process of shield tunneling through soft soil layers,the presence of confined water ahead poses a significant threat to the stability of the tunnel face.Therefore,it is crucial to consider the impact of confined water on the limit support pressure of the tunnel face.This study employed the finite element method(FEM)to analyze the limit support pressure of shield tunnel face instability within a pressurized water-containing layer.Subsequently,a multiple linear regression approach was applied to derive a concise solution formula for the limit support pressure,incorporating various influencing factors.The analysis yields the following conclusions:1)The influence of confined water on the instability mode of the tunnel face in soft soil layers makes the displacement response of the strata not significant when the face is unstable;2)The limit support pressure increases approximately linearly with the pressure head,shield tunnel diameter,and tunnel burial depth.And inversely proportional to the thickness of the impermeable layer,soil cohesion and internal friction angle;3)Through an engineering case study analysis,the results align well with those obtained from traditional theoretical methods,thereby validating the rationality of the equations proposed in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed equations overcome the limitation of traditional theoretical approaches considering the influence of changes in impermeable layer thickness.It can accurately depict the dynamic variation in the required limit support pressure to maintain the stability of the tunnel face during shield tunneling,thus better reflecting engineering reality.

硫醇吸附挥发性有机气体(VOCs)的气敏机理

化学电阻气体传感器对于空气质量、食品检测和人体呼吸有着重要作用.传感器上修饰物硫醇与待测的VOCs之间吸附的气敏机理分析是选择硫醇、预测吸附能力与特异性的重要手段.本文选取了11-巯基-1-十一醇(MUD)和4-甲氧基苄硫醇(MTT)两种常见的硫醇与六种典型的VOCs(乙醇ETN、异丙醇IPA、丙酮ACN、正己烷HXN、甲苯TLN、苯甲醛BND),基于密度泛函理论(DFT),计算其表面静电势(ESP)并建立气体吸附模型.在气体吸附模型的基础上计算其吸附能,并分析其弱相互作用,从微观角度解释气体吸附的作用机理.实验结果表明,具有羟基的MUD分子对同样有羟基的气体(如ETN、IPA)能够以氢键的方式吸附,具有较强的选择效果;具有苯环的MTT分子与具有苯环结构的气体分子(如TLN、BND)吸附时会在苯环之间形成π-π堆积,基于色散作用进行吸附,这表明MTT分子对具有苯环结构的气体有着较强的吸附作用.研究发现其色散作用吸附的强弱与分子的表面ESP绝对值有关.本文对于传感器表面修饰物吸附气体的气敏机理进行了探究,并对表面修饰物的选择和实验结果预测提供了理论指导.

基于物联网和弱反射光栅阵列的地质灾害监测系统设计与应用

我国是世界上地质灾害类型最多、地质灾害最严重的国家之一,而雨量监测和形变监测在地质灾害监测中发挥着越来越重要的作用,因此确保地质灾害监测系统的长期运行以及在降雨期间的稳定运行尤为重要。文中基于STM32微控制器、LORA模块、4G模块设计了一款物联网数据采集控制板,并结合压电式雨量传感器、拉绳位移传感器研制了雨量智能监测仪、裂缝位移智能监测仪;结合物联网数据采集控制板和弱反射光栅阵列传感技术构建了基于物联网的弱反射光栅地质灾害监测系统,实现了对地质灾害体的定时监测和降雨期间的自动监测;最后将雨量智能监测仪、裂缝位移智能监测仪和弱反射光栅地质灾害监测系统应用于桐梓县大河镇新场火车站新场滑坡、崩塌的监测实验中。监测数据表明,弱反射光栅监测系统测得传感光缆41#弱反射光栅传感段的位移变化达5 mm,在其附近的位移监测仪也测到有位移变化,可有效实现对地质灾害的定时监测和降雨期间的自动监测。

An Augmented Jacobian Method for Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Looped Distribution Systems with PV Buses

A power flow analysis method for weakly looped distribution systems with PV buses is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is computationally more efficient and more robust compared with the conventional compensation methods. The robustness is achieved by embedding the boundary conditions of loops and PV buses into the Jacobian matrix. The computational efficiency is achieved by the carefully designed factorization of Jacobian matrix. Test results on a 33 bus system are presented.

2024年1月22日云南镇雄滑坡灾害成因分析

以2024年1月22日云南省镇雄县凉水村滑坡事件为例,通过查阅媒体信息查阅法、地理环境因素分析法以及对比分析法,对此次滑坡成因进行了详细分析。结果表明:①此次滑坡对外界触发条件的依赖较弱,受自然因素影响较大,为弱触发类滑坡。②滑坡点附近的高陡斜坡和不稳定的缓坡平台构成了滑坡发生的基础条件,在重力作用下容易发生崩塌滑动。③三叠系砂泥岩、泥灰岩夹薄层泥页岩,易于沿岩层面、构造节理或表生风化裂隙软化、泥化和渗流侵蚀。构造节理垂直切割岩层,形成了不稳定的交错架空结构,一旦发生位移,这种层状节理化岩体会快速发展成倾倒变形乃至结构性崩溃破坏。④降雨渗流会侵蚀溶蚀岩体裂隙,软化岩层面并降低摩擦力。冰雪融水渗流软化作用以及水体反复冻结膨胀,逐渐扩大裂隙宽度并侧向挤出位移,降低节理化岩体的稳定性。滑坡发生时温度较低,累积降水量10~30 mm,这些气候因素的累积效应显著增加了滑坡风险。⑤采矿、道路建设等人类活动可能会影响地下水位,进而改变地质结构和水文条件,加剧地质灾害的风险。综合认为滑坡的发生是一个复杂的系统过程,既包括内部地质条件,也受到外部因素的长期影响。最后,从组织领导、灾害研究、科技应用等8个方面提出了建议和启示。

基于OpenSim预测青少年跖屈肌无力的下肢生物力学行为

背景:跖屈肌无力是痉挛型脑瘫和腓骨肌萎缩症患者的常见肌肉缺陷,临床上会表现出异常步态,而跖屈肌无力与异常步态间的关系尚不明晰。目的:探讨跖屈肌无力单因素作用时对下肢生物力学行为的影响,以揭示跖屈肌无力诱发异常步态的机制,为跖屈肌无力患者康复训练提供指导。方法:基于OpenSim Moco建立矢状面内骨肌多体动力学预测框架,预测正常受试者下肢关节角和肌肉激活变化,结合实验数据逆运动学和肌电图激活时间,验证框架有效性。减小等距肌肉力进行跖屈肌无力建模并将预测得到的下肢关节角、关节力矩和肌肉能量消耗,与正常受试者对比,以分析跖屈肌无力对下肢生物力学的影响。结果与结论:①基于Moco的预测框架较真实地预测了正常受试者步行过程中的下肢生物力学变化(关节角归一化相关系数≥0.73,均方根误差≤7.10°);②跖屈肌无力时模型采用小步幅且支撑相上升的“脚跟行走”步态,当跖屈肌无力达到80%时,肌肉能量消耗为5.6914 J/(kg·m),腓肠肌和比目鱼肌激活度最大分别为0.72,0.53,可能致使跖屈肌无力患者步行时更易疲劳;③当跖屈肌无力超过40%时,肌肉能量消耗显著升高;跖屈肌无力超过60%时,下肢关节角和关节力矩出现较明显恶化,说明跖屈肌无力对步态的影响可能存在“阈值”,这或许对应于医护人员进行临床干预的时间点。

关于Weakly UJ~#环(英)

引进了一类新环:环R是弱UJ~#环,如果所有的可逆元对于某些j∈J~#(R)都可以表示成1+j或-1+j的形式,也可以表示为U(R)=(1+J~#(R))∪(-1+J~#(R)).这里,J~#(R)={x∈|(?)n,使得x^n∈J(R)}.证明了一个环R的弱UJ~#性在角环和S(R,σ)下是保持的.每个abelian weakly nil clean环是弱UJ~#环.如果I是环R的幂零理想,那么R/I~#是弱UJ~#环当且仅当R是弱UJ~#环.更进一步研究了clean weakly UJ~#环.如果R是clean环,那么R是弱UJ~#环当且仅当R/J(R)是弱UU环.

关于Weakly J-Clean环（英文）

一个环R叫做weakly J-clean环,如果R中的每一个元素都可以写成a=e+j或a=-e+j的形式,其中e是幂等元,j属于Jacobson根.文章探究了weakly J-clean环的各种性质,证明了R是weakly J-clean环当且仅当R是clean环并且R/J(R)是弱布尔环,当且仅当R/6R是weakly J-clean环且幂等元关于J(R)可以提升.一个环R是唯一weakly nil clean环当且仅当R是阿贝尔环;J(R)是幂零的并且R是weakly J-clean环.每个weakly J-clean环R是右(左)quasi-duo环.并进一步证明以下几点是等价的:R是J-clean环;存在一个大于等于1的整数n,使得Tn(R)是J-clean环;存在一个大于等于2的整数n,使得Tn(R)是weakly J-clean环;存在一个大于等于2的整数n,使得×nR是weakly J-clean环.

Cauchy prior distribution-based AVO elastic parameter estimation via weakly nonlinear waveform inversion

Cauchy priori distribution-based Bayesian AVO reflectivity inversion may lead to sparse estimates that are sensitive to large reflectivities. For the inversion, the computation of the covariance matrix and regularized terms requires prior estimation of model parameters, which makes the iterative inversion weakly nonlinear. At the same time, the relations among the model parameters are assumed linear. Furthermore, the reflectivities, the results of the inversion, or the elastic parameters with cumulative error recovered by integrating reflectivities are not well suited for detecting hydrocarbons and fuids. In contrast, in Bayesian linear AVO inversion, the elastic parameters can be directly extracted from prestack seismic data without linear assumptions for the model parameters. Considering the advantages of the abovementioned methods, the Bayesian AVO reflectivity inversion process is modified and Cauchy distribution is explored as a prior probability distribution and the time-variant covariance is also considered. Finally, we propose a new method for the weakly nonlinear AVO waveform inversion. Furthermore, the linear assumptions are abandoned and elastic parameters, such as P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density, can be directly recovered from seismic data especially for interfaces with large reflectivities. Numerical analysis demonstrates that all the elastic parameters can be estimated from prestack seismic data even when the signal-to-noise ratio of the seismic data is low.

Weak WT_2-class of differential forms and weakly A-harmonic tensors

In this paper, we give the definition of weak WT2-class of differential forms, and then obtain its weak reverse Holder inequality. As an application, we give an alternative proof of the higher integrability result of weakly A-harmonic tensors due to B. Stroffolini.

Treatment of drilling wastewater using a weakly basic resin

Macroporous weak basic anion exchanger （D301R） was used to remove organic substances from drilling wastewater. The effect of pH, temperature and contact time on adsorption behavior was investigated in batch experiments, which indicated that the COD （Chemical Oxygen Demand） removal ratio of drilling wastewater was approximately 90%, and the COD of treated wastewater was below 70 mg/L under appropriate operating conditions. A mixed liquor of NaOH and NaCI was selected as desorbent because of its better elution performance. The results of column dynamic adsorption and regeneration showed that the COD of wastewater could be efficiently removed by D301R resin, and the resin was easily regenerated by the selected desorbent.

On Weakly Semicommutative Rings

A ring R is said to be weakly semicommutative if for any a,b∈R, ab=0 implies aRb（？）Nil（R）,where Nil（R） is the set of all nilpotent elements in R. In this note,we clarify the relationship between weakly semicommutative rings and NI-rings by proving that the notion of a weakly semicommutative ring is a proper generalization of NI-rings.We say that a ring R is weakly 2-primal if the set of nilpotent elements in R coincides with its Levitzki radical,and prove that if R is a weakly 2-primal ring which satisfiesα-condition for an endomorphismαof R（that is,ab=0（？）aα（b）=0 where a,b∈R） then the skew polynomial ring R[x;α] is a weakly 2-primal ring,and that if R is a ring and I is an ideal of R such that I and R/I are both weakly semicommutative then R is weakly semicommutative. Those extend the main results of Liang et al.2007（Taiwan Residents J.Math.,11（5）（2007）, 1359-1368） considerably.Moreover,several new results about weakly semicommutative rings and NI-rings are included.

COMMON FIXED POINT OF GENERALIZED WEAKLY CONTRACTIVE MAPS IN PARTIAL METRIC SPACES

In this paper, using the context of complete partial metric spaces, some common fixed point results of maps that satisfy the generalized （ψ, Ф）-weak contractive conditions are obtained. Our results generalize, extend, unify, enrich and complement many existing results in the literature. Example are given showing the validaty of our results.

GLOBAL EXISTENCE OF WEAKLY DISCONTINUOUS SOLUTIONS TO A KIND OF MIXED INITIAL-BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR QUASILINEAR HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS

In this paper, the mixed initial-boundary value problem for general first order quasi- linear hyperbolic systems with nonlinear boundary conditions in the domain D = {（t, x） ｜ t ≥ 0, x ≥0} is considered. A sufficient condition to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of global weakly discontinuous solution is given.