Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Interactions Between Free-Surface Waves and A Floating Breakwater with Cylindrical-Dual/Rectangular-Single Pontoon

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a cylindrical-dual or rectangular-single pontoon floating breakwater using the numerical method and experimental study. The numerical simulation work is based on the multi-physics computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code and an innovative full-structured dynamic grid method applied to update the three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF) rigid structure motions. As a time-marching scheme, the trapezoid analogue integral method is used to update the time integration combined with remeshing at each time step.The application of full-structured mesh elements can prevent grids distortion or deformation caused by large-scale movement and improve the stability of calculation. In movable regions, each moving zone is specified with particular motion modes(sway, heave and roll). A series of experimental studies are carried out to validate the performance of the floating body and verify the accuracy of the proposed numerical model. The results are systematically assessed in terms of wave coefficients, mooring line forces, velocity streamlines and the 3-DOF motions of the floating breakwater. When compared with the wave coefficient solutions, excellent agreements are achieved between the computed and experimental data, except in the vicinity of resonant frequency. The velocity streamlines and wave profile movement in the fluid field can also be reproduced using this numerical model.

Effect of Viscosity on Free-Surface Waves in Oseen Flows

Based on the complex dispersion relation for the two-dimensional free-surface waves generated by a moving body in the steady Oseen flows, the effect of viscosity on wavelength and wave amplitude was investigated by means of an asymptotic method and a numerical analysis. A comparison between the asymptotic and numerical analysis for the viscous decay factor demonstrates the validity of the perturbation expansions for the wave profile. The numerical result shows that the wavelength of viscous wave is slightly elongated in comparison with that of inviscid wave.

Dissipative free-surface solver for potential flow around hydrofoil distributed with doublets

A doublet integral equation is formulated for the two-dimensional dissipative potential flow around a hydrofoil submerged below a free-water surface. The free-water surface is assumed to involve energy dissipation, and thus it is the source of damping. A doublet panel method is developed from incorporation of the dissipative Green function approach and the doublet distributions on the hydrofoil surface. Numerical computations are implemented, and the derived numerical results are in good agreement with analytic solutions and experimental measurements.

Formation of free-surface vortex and vortex suppression by rotating stopper-rod at end of tundish casting

A rotating stopper-rod technique was proposed to suppress the formation of free-surface vortex in the tundish.The large eddy simulation model coupled with volume of fluid model was developed to study the steel–slag–gas three-phase flow behavior.The critical slag entrapment height of the free-surface vortex and mass of residual steel were predicted at different rotating speeds(30,60,90 and 120 r/min)of the rotating stopper-rod.The numerical model was verified by water model experiment.The results showed that by rotating the stopper-rod in the opposite direction of the vortex above the submerged entry nozzle,the formation of vortex can be effectively disturbed and the critical height of the free-surface vortex can be reduced.Particularly for the 2nd strand,when the rotating speeds are 30,60,90 and 120 r/min,the critical height of the free-surface vortex above the 2nd strand is 7.3,4.7,6.3 and 7.4 cm,respectively.A reasonable rotating speed should be 60 r/min,which can reduce about 2 tons of residual steel.Other rotating speeds just can reduce about 1.6 tons of residual steel.

光纤任意反射面速度干涉系统在高压物理中的应用

介绍一种全光纤任意反射面速度干涉仪(FVISAR),论证了采用SLD宽光谱光源的全光纤速度干涉仪的等程干涉工作原理。对喇叭振动以及Hopkinson压杆加载条件下,铝样品的自由面速度进行了测量。结果表明:该FVISAR系统工作稳定,可用于低自由面速度剖面的测量。

一种新型全光纤速度干涉仪

基于传统速度干涉仪(VISAR)和光纤速度干涉仪(AFVISAR)的特点,提出了一种由光纤和光纤耦合器组成的工作波长为532nm的新型全光纤速度干涉仪(NAFVISAR)。该干涉仪采用多模光纤器件构成分离系统,单模光纤器件组成核心部分。由于有两路携带不同信息的光束经不同路径传输到耦合器中,当这两路光束满足干涉条件时,可利用它们的干涉场信息来调解出被测靶的信息,从而区分波面的加减速变化。用该系统进行了Hopkinson森杆一维应力加载下的入射杆端面的速度剖面测试,实测速度最大值为49. 36m/s,与理论速度的最大值50. 16m/s基本符合,实现了全光纤速度干涉仪的实用化。

极限负荷后四级定量放松活动强度对游泳运动员恢复效果影响的研究

为研究极限负荷后放松活动强度对恢复效果的影响，选择血乳酸作为评定恢复效果的指标，设计了４级定量放松活动强度，对２２名游泳运动员进行实验。研究表明：放松活动强度影响血乳酸清除速率，在血乳酸清除速率方面Ⅲ级强度具有明显的优势其次是Ⅱ级强度；血乳酸下降曲线的特征，反映了血乳酸浓度与其清除速率，恢复时间有着密切的关系。

吕家庄油田A区块阜二段储层速敏水敏特征

运用真实砂岩微观模型,对金湖凹陷吕家庄油田A区块阜宁组二段储层开展速敏性、水敏性、速敏后水敏及水敏后速敏评价实验。结果表明,储层普遍具有中等偏弱—弱速敏,渗透率的变化大致可划分为下降区、波动区及平稳区。在相同驱替压力下,Ⅰ类储层的速敏损害率较Ⅱ类储层要小。普遍具有强水敏,随注入水矿化度的不断降低,Ⅰ类储层呈上凸式变化,Ⅱ类呈下凹式变化,最终的损害率较为接近,但Ⅱ类储层经水敏伤害后,相当于Ⅲ类极致密储层,Ⅰ类储层经水敏伤害后,相当于伤害前的Ⅰ—Ⅱ类储层。为避免水敏伤害,注入水矿化度宜控制在7.97 g/L左右。当速敏、水敏同时存在时,水敏对储层的伤害更为明显。

螺滩水库溢流堰消能试验研究

通过螺滩水库溢流堰模型试验,验证溢流堰体型的合理性,分析了渲泄各特征频率洪水、下游流速及河床冲刷情况,提出了相应建议,为优化设计提供依据.

射流速度和冲击角度对材料去除特性的分析

射流速度和冲击角度会影响冲击射流的动力特性,对射流抛光的材料去除面型和材料去除量有重要的影响。对冲击射流壁面流场结构进行了分析,建立了工件壁面上的速度、压力与冲击角度、射流出口速度的数学关系。在分析理想平面的基础上,重点分析了射流速度和冲击角度的变化对存在表面瑕疵的工件材料去除量的影响。结果表明:对于理想平面,当冲击角度大约为30°时,可得到理想的高斯型面型分布;对于存在瑕疵的工件表面,在小角度冲击时更有利于材料的去除;工件材料的去除量均随着射流速度的增大而增大。

混合输入五杆机构速度空间的连续性研究

讨论了并联机构存在奇异性的几种情况,运用混合输入五杆机构输入输出速度的矩阵关系表达式,在整个铰链空间分析Jacobian矩阵中各项的连续性,推导出输出端速度空间连续性的判定准则。给出算例并进行仿真计算,验证了研究的正确性。

从混合沙输沙率增大探究沙粒的流体起动机理——兼析混合沙输沙率增大原因

以混合沙输沙率增大为例，借助室外试验，通过混合沙超前起动探究了沙粒的流体起动机理，提出风力集中等论点。指出风力集中和扩大气流与沙粒接触面积是流体起动机理的两个有机成分。从理论和治沙实践两方面论述了流体起动的重要作用。

PREDICTION OF PROJECTILE PENETRATION AND PERFORATION BY FINITE CAVITY EXPANSION METHOD WITH THE FREE-SURFACE EFFECT

With a target treated as the incompressible Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb material, by assuming that cavity expansion produces plastic-elastic and plastic-cracked-elastic response region, the decay function for the free-surface effect is constructed for metal and geological tar- gets, respectively. The forcing function for oblique penetration and perforation is obtained by multiplying the forcing function derived on the basis of infinite target assumption with the de- cay function. Then the projectile is modeled with an explicit transient dynamic finite element code and the target is represented by the forcing function as the pressure boundary condition. This methodology eliminates discretizing the target as well as the need for a complex contact algorithm and is implemented in ABAQUS explicit solver via the user subroutine VDLOAD. It is found that the free-surface effect must be considered in terms of the projectile deformation, residual velocity, projectile trajectory, ricochet limits and critical reverse velocity. The numerical predictions are in good agreement with the available experimental data if the free-surface effect is taken into account.

海上风电平台地基土工程力学特性试验研究

我国东部沿海地区沉积环境复杂多变,海上风电平台地基土性质软弱、复杂,与陆域土相比有较大差异。为系统研究海洋地基土工程力学特性,对江苏海域代表性扰动原状海洋土开展实验室基础土工试验、弯曲元试验及不排水三轴剪切试验,测定海域粉土及粉质黏土的物理力学性质,系统分析基本物理指标与扰动海洋原状土不排水剪切强度及剪切波速的相关性。试验发现:海洋粉土和粉质黏土的剪切波速V_(s)均随深度H的增大呈线性增大,但粉土V_(s)随H增大的增长速率明显大于粉质黏土;粉质黏土及粉土的呈现两种不同的应力-应变发展模式:应变硬化型和应变软化型,粉质黏土和粉土的不排水剪切强度S_(d)整体随H均增加呈增加趋势,但是没有表现出明显的单一相关性。孔隙比e的增大会促使两种土的S_(d)的降低,且S_(d)与e两者均有单一相关性;基于扰动原状土室内单元试验建立的S_(d)与V_(s)的关系,建立基于现场剪切波速的当前地层条件下未扰动原状土的不排水强度特性评价方法,但对于低含水率的粉质黏土,该方法略有保守。

A RAISED PANEL METHOD BASED ON NURBS FOR FREE-SURFACE POTENTIAL FLOWS WITH FORWARD SPEED

A raised panel method based on NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) forfree-surface flows with forward speed is presented. In this generalized panel method, NURBS areemployed to represent the body geometry, disturbed free surface, and to express the unknown sourcestrength distribution, on the body surface and above the free surface. Compared with commonhigher-order panel methods, it has no need of adopting local coordinates. NURBS make the geometryrepresentation of the body shape and the wave pattern more precise. Raised panels above the freesurface produce less numerical dispersion error, need less CPU consumption and are helpful andcombined with collocation-point shifting up-stream, can satisfy the radiation condition numerically.By using continuous and discrete Fourier analysis, numerical errors of this method are discussedand a general expression for the errors of numerical damping and dispersion, including the effectsof the vertical distance of singularities to the free surface, the order of singularity distributionrepresented by B-splines in panels, and collocation-point shifting is derived.

Large eddy simulation of free-surface flows

This paper introduces and discusses numerical methods for flee-surface flow simulations and applies a large eddy simula- tion （LES） based flee-surface-resolved CFD method to a couple of flows of hydraulic engineering interest. The advantages, dis- advantages and limitations of the various methods are discussed. The review prioritises interface capturing methods over interface tracking methods, as these have shown themselves to be more generally applicable to viscous flows of practical engineering interest, particularly when complex and rapidly changing surface topologies are encountered. Then, a LES solver that employs the level set method to capture flee-surface deformation in 3-D flows is presented, as are results from two example calculations that concern com- plex low submergence turbulent flows over idealised roughness elements and bluff bodies. The results show that the method is capable of predicting very complex flows that are characterised by strong interactions between the bulk flow and the free-surface, and permits the identification of turbulent events and structures that would be very difficult to measure experimentally.

FREE-SURFACE WAVES AND FAR WAKES GENERATED BY A FLOATING BODY IN A VISCOUS FLUID

The free-surface waves and the flow field due to a body moving on the surfaceof an incompressible viscous fluid of infinite depth were studied analytically. The floating bodywas modeled as a normal point pressure on the free surface. Based on the Oseen approximation forgoverning equations and the linearity assumption for boundary conditions, the exact solutions inintegral form for the free-surface elevation, the velocities and the pressure were given. Byemploying Lighthill's two-stage scheme, the asymptotic representations in far field for largeReynolds numbers were derived explicitly. The effect of viscosity on the wave profiles was expressedby an exponential decay factor, which removes the singular behavior predicted by the potentialtheory.

Study on Transient Gap Resonance with Consideration of the Motion of Floating Body

In this paper, the transient fluid resonance phenomenon inside a narrow gap between two adjacent boxes excited by the incident focused waves with various spectral peak periods and focused wave amplitudes is simulated by utilizing the open-sourced computational fluid dynamics software, Open FOAM. The weather-side box is allowed to heave freely under the action of waves, and the lee-side box keeps fixed. This paper mainly focuses on how both the spectral peak period and the focused wave amplitude affect the free-surface amplification inside the gap, the motion of the weather-side box, and the wave loads(including the vertical and the horizontal wave forces) acting on both boxes.For comparison, another two-box system with both boxes fixed is also considered as a control group. It is found that the motion of the weather-side box significantly changes the characteristics of the transient gap resonance, and it would cause that the fluid resonant period becomes 1.4-1.6 times that of the two-box system with both boxes fixed.All the concerned physical quantities(i.e., the free-surface amplification in the gap, the motion of the weather-side box, the wave loads) are found to closely depend on both the spectral peak period and the focused wave amplitude.

Application Progress of Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques for Complex Viscous Flows in Ship and Ocean Engineering

Complex flow around floating structures is a highly nonlinear problem,and it is a typical feature in ship and ocean engineering.Traditional experimental methods and potential flow theory have limitations in predicting complex viscous flows.With the improvement of high-performance computing and the development of numerical techniques,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)has become increasingly powerful in predicting the complex viscous flow around floating structures.This paper reviews the recent progress in CFD techniques for numerical solutions of typical complex viscous flows in ship and ocean engineering.Applications to free-surface flows,breaking bow waves of high-speed ship,ship hull-propeller-rudder interaction,vortexinduced vibration of risers,vortex-induced motions of deep-draft platforms,and floating offshore wind turbines are discussed.Typical techniques,including volume of fluid for sharp interface,dynamic overset grid,detached eddy simulation,and fluid-structure coupling,are reviewed along with their applications.Some novel techniques,such as high-efficiency Cartesian grid method and GPU acceleration technique,are discussed in the last part as the future perspective for further enhancement of accuracy and efficiency for CFD simulations of complex flow in ship and ocean engineering.

Extension of the Frequency-Domain pFFT Method for Wave Structure Interaction in Finite Depth

To analyze wave interaction with a large scale body in the frequency domain, a precorrected Fast Fourier Transform （pFFT） method has been proposed for infinite depth problems with the deep water Green function, as it can form a matrix with Tocplitz and Hankel properties. In this paper, a method is proposed to decompose the finite depth Green function into two terms, which can form matrices with the Toeplitz and a Hankel properties respectively. Then, a pFFT method for finite depth problems is developed. Based on the pFFT method, a numerical code pFFT-HOBEM is developed with the discretization of high order elements. The model is validated, and examinations on the computing efficiency and memory requirement of the new method have also been carried out. It shows that the new method has the same advantages as that for infinite depth.