A novel method for simulating nuclear explosion with chemical explosion to form an approximate plane wave: Field test and numerical simulation

A nuclear explosion in the rock mass medium can produce strong shock waves,seismic shocks,and other destructive effects,which can cause extreme damage to the underground protection infrastructures.With the increase in nuclear explosion power,underground protection engineering enabled by explosion-proof impact theory and technology ushered in a new challenge.This paper proposes to simulate nuclear explosion tests with on-site chemical explosion tests in the form of multi-hole explosions.First,the mechanism of using multi-hole simultaneous blasting to simulate a nuclear explosion to generate approximate plane waves was analyzed.The plane pressure curve at the vault of the underground protective tunnel under the action of the multi-hole simultaneous blasting was then obtained using the impact test in the rock mass at the site.According to the peak pressure at the vault plane,it was divided into three regions:the stress superposition region,the superposition region after surface reflection,and the approximate plane stress wave zone.A numerical simulation approach was developed using PFC and FLAC to study the peak particle velocity in the surrounding rock of the underground protective cave under the action of multi-hole blasting.The time-history curves of pressure and peak pressure partition obtained by the on-site multi-hole simultaneous blasting test and numerical simulation were compared and analyzed,to verify the correctness and rationality of the formation of an approximate plane wave in the simulated nuclear explosion.This comparison and analysis also provided a theoretical foundation and some research ideas for the ensuing study on the impact of a nuclear explosion.

Hydromechanical characterization of gas transport amidst uncertainty for underground nuclear explosion detection

Given the challenge of definitively discriminating between chemical and nuclear explosions using seismic methods alone,surface detection of signature noble gas radioisotopes is considered a positive identification of underground nuclear explosions(UNEs).However,the migration of signature radionuclide gases between the nuclear cavity and surface is not well understood because complex processes are involved,including the generation of complex fracture networks,reactivation of natural fractures and faults,and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)coupling of radionuclide gas transport in the subsurface.In this study,we provide an experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling among gas flow,stress states,rock deformation,and rock damage using a unique multi-physics triaxial direct shear rock testing system.The testing system also features redundant gas pressure and flow rate measurements,well suited for parameter uncertainty quantification.Using porous tuff and tight granite samples that are relevant to historic UNE tests,we measured the Biot effective stress coefficient,rock matrix gas permeability,and fracture gas permeability at a range of pore pressure and stress conditions.The Biot effective stress coefficient varies from 0.69 to 1 for the tuff,whose porosity averages 35.3%±0.7%,while this coefficient varies from 0.51 to 0.78 for the tight granite(porosity<1%,perhaps an underestimate).Matrix gas permeability is strongly correlated to effective stress for the granite,but not for the porous tuff.Our experiments reveal the following key engineering implications on transport of radionuclide gases post a UNE event:(1)The porous tuff shows apparent fracture dilation or compression upon stress changes,which does not necessarily change the gas permeability;(2)The granite fracture permeability shows strong stress sensitivity and is positively related to shear displacement;and(3)Hydromechanical coupling among stress states,rock damage,and gas flow appears to be stronger in tight granite than in porous tuff.

Explosion resistance performance of reinforced concrete box girder coated with polyurea:Model test and numerical simulation

To study the anti-explosion protection effect of polyurea coating on reinforced concrete box girder,two segmental girder specimens were made at a scale of 1:3,numbered as G(without polyurea coating)and PCG(with polyurea coating).The failure characteristics and dynamic responses of the specimens were compared through conducting explosion tests.The reliability of the numerical simulation using LS-DYNA software was verified by the test results.The effects of different scaled distances,reinforcement ratios,concrete strengths,coating thicknesses and ranges of polyurea were studied.The results show that the polyurea coating can effectively enhance the anti-explosion performance of the girder.The top plate of middle chamber in specimen G forms an elliptical penetrating hole,while that in specimen PCG only shows a very slight local dent.The peak vertical displacement and residual displacement of PCG decrease by 74.8% and 73.7%,respectively,compared with those of specimen G.For the TNT explosion with small equivalent,the polyurea coating has a more significant protective effect on reducing the size of fracture.With the increase of TNT equivalent,the protective effect of polyurea on reducing girder displacement becomes more significant.The optimal reinforcement ratio,concrete strength,thickness and range of polyurea coating were also drawn.

Numerical Analysis of Explosion Characteristics of Vent Gas From 18650 LiFePO_(4) Batteries With Different States of Charge

The combustion and explosion characteristics of lithium-ion battery vent gas is a key factor in determining the fire hazard of lithium-ion batteries.Investigating the combustion and explosion hazards of lithium-ion batteries vent gas can provide guidance for rescue and protection in explosion accidents in energy storage stations and new energy vehicles,thereby promoting the application and development of lithium-ion batteries.Based on this understanding and combined with previous research on gas production from lithium-ion batteries,this article conducted a study on the combustion and explosion risks of vent gas from thermal runaway of 18650 LFP batteries with different states of charge(SOCs).The explosion limit of mixed gases affected by carbon dioxide inert gas is calculated through the“elimination”method,and the Chemkin-Pro software is used to numerically simulate the laminar flame speed and adiabatic flame temperature of the battery vent gas.And the concentration of free radicals and sensitivity coefficients of major elementary reactions in the system are analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the combustion explosion hazard of battery vent gas.The study found that the 100%SOC battery has the lowest explosion limit of the vent gas.The inhibitory elementary reaction sensitivity coefficient in the reaction system is lower and the concentration of free radicals is higher.Therefore,it has the maximum laminar flame speed and adiabatic flame temperature.The combustion and explosion hazard of battery vent gas increases with the increase of SOC,and the risk of explosion is the greatest and most harmful when SOC reaches 100%.However,the related hazards decrease to varying degrees with overcharging of the battery.This article provides a feasible method for analyzing the combustion mechanism of vent gas from lithium-ion batteries,revealing the impact of SOC on the hazardousness of battery vent gas.It provides references for the safety of storage and transportation of lithium-ion batteries,safety protection of energy storage stations,and the selection of related fire extinguishing agents.

Anti-explosion performance and dynamic response of an innovative multi-layer composite explosion containment vessel

An innovative multi-layer composite explosion containment vessel(CECV)utilizing a sliding steel platealuminum honeycomb-fiber cloth sandwich is put forward to improve the anti-explosion capacity of a conventional single-layer explosion containment vessel(SECV).Firstly,a series of experiments and finite element(FE)simulations of internal explosions are implemented to understand the basic anti-explosion characteristics of a SECV and the rationality of the computational models and methods is verified by the comparison between the experimental results and simulation results.Based on this,the CECV is designed in detail and a variety of FE simulations are carried out to investigate effects of the sandwich structure,the explosive quantity and the laying mode of the fiber cloth on anti-explosion performance and dynamic response of the CECV under internal explosions.Simulation results indicate that the end cover is the critical position for both the SECV and CECV.The maximum pressure of the explosion shock wave and the maximum strain of the CECV can be extremely declined compared to those of the SECV.As a result,the explosive quantity the CECV can sustain is up to 20 times of that the SECV can sustain.Besides,as the explosive quantity increases,the internal pressure of the CECV keeps growing and the plastic deformation and failure of the sandwich structure become more and more severe,yielding plastic strain of the CECV in addition to elastic strain.The results also reveal that the laying angles of the fiber cloth's five layers have an impact on the anti-explosion performance of the CECV.For example,the CECV with fiber cloth layered in 0°/45°/90°/45°/0°mode has the optimal anti-capacity,compared to 0°/0°/0°/0°/0°and 0°/30°/60°/30°/0°modes.Overall,owing to remarkable anti-explosion capacity,this CECV can be regarded as a promising candidate for explosion resistance.

Explosion damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tank under strong ignition

In order to study the blast damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tanks,the out-field explosion experiments of 8 m3fixed-roof tanks were carried out.The fragments,shock wave and fireball thermal radiation of the tank in the presence of bottom oil,half oil and full oil,as well as empty tank,were investigated under internal explosion by various TNT charge contents(1.8 kg,3.5 kg and 6.2 kg).The results showed that the tank roof was the only fragment produced,and the damage forms could be divided into three types.The increase of TNT charge content and oil volume enlarged the deformation of the tank,while the hole ratio presented a trend of increase first and then decrease.The H_r,maxand V_(max)values positively increased as increasing the TNT charge content and oil volume(from empty to half oil),but decreased in full oil.The Pmaxvalues had a progressive increase with the increment of TNT charge content,but not the case with the increase in oil volumes.The development of fireball was divided into three stages:tank roof‘towed'flame,jet flow flame tumbling and rising,and jet flow flame extinguishing.The Dmaxand Hf,maxvalues both increased as increasing TNT charge content and oil volumes.The oscillation phenomenon of fireball temperature was observed in the cooling process.The average temperature of fireball surface was positively correlated with TNT charge content,and negatively correlated with oil volumes.

Tuning microstructures of TC4 ELI to improve explosion resistance

A reasonable heat treatment process for TC4 ELI titanium alloy is crucial to tune microstructures to improve its explosion resistance.However,there is limited investigation on tuning microstructures of TC4 ELI to improve explosion resistance.Moreover,the current challenge is quantifying microstructural changes'effects on explosion resistance and incorporating microstructural changes into finite element models.This work aims to tune microstructures to improve explosion resistance and elucidate their anti-explosion mechanism,and find a suitable method to incorporate microstructural changes into finite element models.In this work,we systematically study the deformation and failure characteristics of TC4 ELI plates with varying microstructures using an air explosion test and LS-DYNA finite element modeling.The Johnson-Cook(JC)constitutive parameters are used to quantify the effects of microstructural changes on explosion resistance and incorporate microstructural changes into finite element models.Because of the heat treatment,one plate has equiaxed microstructure and the other has bimodal microstructure.The convex of the plate after the explosion has a quadratic relationship with the charge mass,and the simulation results demonstrate high reliability,with the error less than 17.5%.Therefore,it is feasible to obtain corresponding JC constitutive parameters based on the differences in microstructures and mechanical properties and characterize the effects of microstructural changes on explosion resistance.The bimodal target exhibits excellent deformation resistance.The response of bimodal microstructure to the shock wave may be more intense under explosive loading.The well-coordinated structure of the bimodal target enhances its resistance to deformation.

Influences of oscillation on the physical stability and explosion characteristics of solid-liquid mixed fuel

The stratification phenomenon resulting from differences in the physical properties of solid-liquid components seriously affect the final combustion and explosion characteristics of mixed fuel under the action of oscillation.The effects of oscillation on the physical stability of mixed fuel with two solid-liquid ratios and three liquid component distribution ratios have been investigated using a self-designed experimental system at oscillation frequencies of 60-300 r/min.The explosion characteristics of mixed fuel before and after oscillation are gained from a 20 L spherical explosion container system.When the mass ratio of liquid components is controlled at 66.9%,64.7%,62.6%the final explosion characteristics are stable,with a maximum difference of only 0.71%.The volume of liquid fuel precipitation increases with increasing oscillation frequency when the mass ratio of liquid components reaches 71.7%,69.6%,67.7%.The fuel explosion overpressure after oscillation decreases with increasing liquid precipitation volume,and the repeatability is poor,with a maximum standard deviation of 82.736,which is much higher than the ratio without stratification.Properly controlling the mass ratio of liquid components of the mixed fuel can effectively combat the impact of oscillation on the physical state and maintain the stability of the final explosion characteristics.

Analysis of explosion wave interactions and rock breaking effects during dual initiation

In blasting engineering, the location and number of detonation points, to a certain degree, regulate the propagation direction ofthe explosion stress wave and blasting effect. Herein, we examine the explosion wave field and rock breaking effect in terms of shockwave collision, stress change of the blast hole wall in the collision zone, and crack propagation in the collision zone. The produced shockwave on the collision surface has an intensity surpassing the sum of the intensities of the two colliding explosion shock waves. At the collisionlocation, the kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy with a reduction in particle velocity at the wave front and the wavefront pressure increases. The expansion form of the superposed shock wave is dumbbell-shaped, the shock wave velocity in the collisionarea is greater than the radial shock wave velocity, and the average propagation angle of the explosion shock waves is approximately 60°.Accordingly, a fitted relationship between blast hole wall stress and explosion wave propagation angle in the superposition area is plotted.Under the experimental conditions, the superimposed explosion wave stress of the blast hole wall is approximately 1.73 times the singleexplosionwave incident stress. The results of the model test and numerical simulations reveal that large-scale radial fracture cracks weregenerated on the blast hole wall in the superimposed area, and the width of the crack increased. The width of the large-scale radial fracturecracks formed by a strong impact is approximately 5% of the blast hole length. According to the characteristics of blast hole wallcompression, the mean peak pressures of the strongly superimposed area are approximately 1.48 and 1.84 times those of the weakly superimposedand nonsuperimposed areas, respectively.

Analysis model for damage of reinforced bars in RC beams under contact explosion

The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete(RC) beams primarily relies on internal reinforced bars.However, limited research has been conducted on the dynamic response of these bars. To address this gap, this study has established an analytical model using dimensional analysis for calculating the deformation of reinforced bars within RC beams subjected to contact explosion. Comparison with experimental data reveals that the model has a relative error of 5.22%, effectively reflecting the deformation of reinforced bars. Additionally, based on this model, the study found that while concrete does influence the deformation of reinforced bars, this influence can be disregarded in comparison to the material properties of the bars themselves. The findings of this study have implications for calculating the residual load-bearing capacity of damaged RC beams, evaluating the extent of damage to RC beams after blast loading, and providing guidance for the blast-resistant design of RC structures.

Study on theoretical model for electrical explosion resistivity of Al/Ni reactive multilayer foil

Al/Ni reactive multilayer foil(RMF)possesses excellent comprehensive properties as a promising substitute for traditional Cu bridge.A theoretical resistivity model of Al/Ni RMF was developed to guide the optimization of EFIs.Al/Ni RMF with different bilayer thicknesses and bridge dimensions were prepared by MEMS technology and electrical explosion tests were carried out.According to physical and chemical reactions in bridge,the electrical explosion process was divided into 5 stages:heating of condensed bridge,vaporization and diffusion of Al layers,intermetallic combination reaction,intrinsic explosion,ionization of metal gases,which are obviously shown in measured voltage curve.Effects of interface and grain boundary scattering on the resistivity of film metal were considered.Focusing on variations of substance and state,the resistivity was developed as a function of temperature at each stage.Electrical explosion curves were calculated by this model at different bilayer thicknesses,bridge dimensions and capacitor voltages,which showed an excellent agreement with experimental ones.

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

Explosion characteristics of aluminum-based activated fuels containing fluorine

Measuring the dust explosion characteristics of aluminum-based activated fuels was a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and control measures.In this paper,ignition sensitivity,flame propagation behaviors and explosion severity of aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene(Al/PTFE)compositions including 2 PT(2.80 wt.%F),4 PT(7.18 wt.%F)and 8 PT(11.90 wt.%F)were studied.When the content of F increased from 2.80 wt.%to 11.90 wt.%,the minimum explosive concentration MEC decreased from380 g/m^(3)to 140 g/m^(3),due to the dual effects of increased internal active aluminum and enhanced reactivity.The average flame propagation velocities increased as the percentage of F increased.The maximum explosion pressure Pmof 500 g/m3aluminum-based activated fuels increased from 247 k Pa to299 kPa.Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that with the increase of PTFE content,the reaction was more complete.On this basis,the explosion mechanism of aluminum-based activated fuels was revealed.

The Study on Bamboo Microfibers Isolated by Steam Explosion and Their Comprehensive Properties

To overcome the shortage of wood resources as well as to develop novel natural fibers materials,the Chimonobambusa quadrangularis(CQ)and Qiongzhuea tumidinoda(QT)planted in Southwest China were effectively isolated by the steam explosion(SE).The fine and uniform bamboo microfibers derived from CQ and QT were obtained,and their smallest average widths were 12.62μm and 16.05μm,respectively.The effects of steam explosion on the micro-morphology,chemical composition,thermal stability,crystallinity,surface wettability,and mechanical properties of bamboo microfibers were comprehensively investigated.The results showed that the relative content of cellulose in bamboo microfibers increased but the hemicellulose and lignin contents decreased after SE.The degrees of crystallinity for CQ and QT increased from 40.49%and 39.46%to 68.90%and 55.78%,respectively.The thermal stability and surface hydrophilicity were also improved.The CQ microfibers had a maximum decomposition temperature of 2.79°C,a tensile strength of 58.54 MPa,an elongation at break of 0.6%,and a water contact angle of 2.7°higher than those of the QT microfibers.

Experimental study of polyurea-coated fiber-reinforced cement boards under gas explosions

Five types of polyurea elastomers were synthesized by changing the isocyanate component and the mechanical properties of polyurea materials were measured. Fiber-reinforced cement boards(FRCB)strengthened by polyurea with different formulations were processed, and a series of experiments were carried out on the specimens with gas explosion devices. The results showed that the conventional mechanical properties of different types of polyureas had their own advantages. Based on the gas explosion overpressure criterion, the blast resistances of reinforced plates were quantitatively evaluated,and the best polyurea was selected to guide the formulation design. The three typical failure modes of polyurea-reinforced FRCBs were flexural, shear, and flexural-shear failure. Dynamic thermodynamics and shock wave spectral analysis revealed that the polyurea did not undergo a glass transition in the gas explosion tests but retained its elastic properties, allowing it to effectively wrap the fragments formed by the brittle substrates.

Modification of SDOF model for reinforced concrete beams under close-in explosion

In this paper,a modified single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)model of reinforced concrete(RC)beams under close-in explosion is proposed by developing the specific impulse equivalent method and flexural resistance calculation method.The equivalent uniform specific impulse was obtained based on the local conservation of momentum and global conservation of kinetic energy.Additionally,the influence of load uniformity,boundary condition and complex material behaviors(e.g.strain rate effect,hardening/softening and hoop-confined effect)was considered in the resistance calculation process by establishing a novel relationship between external force,bending moment,curvature and deflection successively.The accuracy of the proposed model was verified by carrying out field explosion tests on four RC beams with the scaled distances of 0.5 m/kg~(1/3)and 0.75 m/kg~(1/3).The test data in other literatures were also used for validation.As a result,the equivalent load implies that the blast load near the mid-span of beams would contribute more to the maximum displacement,which was also observed in the tests.Moreover,both the resistance model and test results declare that when the blast load becomes more concentrated,the ultimate resistance would become lower,and the compressive concrete would be more prone to softening and crushing.Finally,based on the modified SDOF model,the calculated maximum displacements agreed well with the test data in this paper and other literatures.This work fully proves the rationality of the modified SDOF method,which will contribute to a more accurate damage assessment of RC structures under close-in explosion.

Environmental upheavals of the Ediacaran period and the Cambrian “explosion” of animal life

The second half of the Ediacaran period began with a large impact - the Acraman impact in South Australia, which was accompanied by a negative δ^13Ccarb anomaly and an extinction-radiation event involving acritarchs. A few million years later （-570 Ma？） there was a second, deeper and longer-lived world-wide δ^13Ccarb anomaly （the Shuram anomaly） which coincides with extinction of the acanthomorphic acritarchs. Wide distribution of the Shuram event is exemplified by stratigraphic sections from South Australia, Oman, southern California and South China. The widespread anomaly has been tentatively attributed to a marine impact. During recovery from the Shuram event the enigmatic Ediacaran biota achieved its zenith, only to be extirpated and replaced by a polyphyletic assemblage of shelly animals in what is known as the Cambrian ＂explosion＂. This extinction-radiation cycle was preceded by glaciation, another δ^13Ccarb excursion and the highest ^87Sr/^86Sr values known from marine carbonates. These high Sr ratios have been linked to weathering of extensive tracts of continental crust that were elevated during amalgamation of the supercontinent Gondwana. Introduction of essential nutrients to the oceans would have promoted biological production of oxygen and provided P and Ca for the important skeletonization that characterizes the Cambrian ＂explosion＂ and caused a quantum leap in the preservation potential of animal remains. Turbulent events of the last 50 million years of Precambrian time include three glaciations, two large impacts and a massive orogenic episode. These dramatic environmental upheavals are held responsible for three consecutive extinction-radiation cycles that culminated in the appearance of a diverse array of shelly fossils. Various lines of evidence suggest that the metazoans have deep roots so that they too may have been subjected to the environmental pressures of the late Ediacaran period clearly illustrated by acritarchs and the Ediacaran biota but the long-lived diversity of the metazoan population was ＂suddenly＂ revealed by the acquisition of biomineralization.

Xixiang Biota——Another Rare Scientific Window of the Cambrian Explosion

ObjectiveThe Xixiang biota is a specially preserved micro oryctocoenose discovered in the Lower Cambrian Kuanchuanpu member of Dengying Formation at Zhangjiagou section of Xixiang County in southern Shaanxi Province. The Kuanchuanpu member is a set of neritic carbonate sedimentary formation containing phosphorus and silicon. Its lithology is mainly grey massive fine crystalline, dense massive phosphoruscontaining biolithite and flaggy microcrystallinecrystalline dolomitic limestone. It is in a conformable contact with the underlying upper dolomite member of Dengying Formation and a parallel unconformable contact with the overlying Guojiaba Formation. The fossil assemblages of the Xixiang biota could be compared with the microfbssils from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage, and their age is the Early Cambrian Meishucun Stage.

Numerical-Experimental Analysis of the Coal Fracture Formation Mechanism Induced by Liquid CO_(2) Explosion

The highly inefficient simultaneous extraction of coal and gas from low-permeability and high-gas coal seams in deep mines is a major problem often restricting the sustainable development of coal industry.A possible way to solve this problem under deep and complex geological conditions is represented by the technology based on the phase-change induced explosion of liquid carbon dioxide.In this work,the mechanism of formation of the coal mass fracture circle resulting from the gas cracking process is theoretically analyzed.Numerical simulations show that a blasting crushing zone with a radius of 1.0 m is formed around the blasting hole.The radius of the sec-ondary expansion zone caused by the exploding gas is 2.0 m,and the extension limit of the explosion fracture is 2.3 m.The gas phase change explosion is influenced by the coal roadway driving face,the gas content index and the analytical index of coal shavings.Experiments conducted for comparison also lead to the conclusion that the initial gas emission is increased by 3.7 times from the 100-meter borehole in the original coal mass after coalbed gas explosion anti-reflection.

Understanding the boundary and mechanism of gas-induced explosion for lithium-ion cells:Experimental and theoretical analysis

Thermal runaway(TR)of lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries(LIBs)involves multiple forms of hazards,such as gas venting/jetting,fire,or even explosion.Explosion,as the most extreme case,is caused by the generated flammable gases,and a deflagration to detonation transition(DDT)may occur in this process.Here,overheat-to-TR tests and the corresponding outgas-induced explosion tests were conducted on 42 Ah Li-ion cells with Li[Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)]O2cathode.The sum of CO_(2),H_(2),C_(2)H_(4),CO,and CH4accounted for more than 90%of the gases.Lower/upper explosion limits(LEL/UEL),laminar flame speed,and ideal stable detonation pressure were calculated to interpret the explosion characteristics and boundary.It turned out that shockwave was easily to be compressed and accelerated under higher state of charge(SOC)conditions.Thus,Li-ion cells explosion may evolve into unstable detonation in encapsulated battery pack and its evolution mechanism was explained,which provides a new idea for explosion-proof design of LIBs system.Additionally,a comprehensive assessment method was developed to intuitively characterize TR hazards.Severity of explosion presented an upward trend with the increase of SOC while the sensitivity was not the same.This study provides a further anatomy of TR,which is instructive to the safety of power battery systems.