At the beginning of the reform period, though informal institutions as a substitute for formal institutions efficiently promoted the development of private enterprises, it eroded and destroyed the authority and execut...At the beginning of the reform period, though informal institutions as a substitute for formal institutions efficiently promoted the development of private enterprises, it eroded and destroyed the authority and execution efficiency of formal institutions with guanxi behaviors and implicit rules. With the progress of marketization, how to restrain and guide the evolution of informal institutions is an tmavoidable obstacle for the development of private enterprises-- transforming their competitive strategy from ＂non-market＂ dominance to ＂market＂ dominance. Based on survey data of 2,628 private enterprises from 31 provinces in China, we establish a regional commercial culture index to empirically investigate the different influences of guanxi behavior between entrepreneurs of different ages and regional guanxi culture. The results show that, compared with entrepreneurs who started businesses in recent years, i.e., after the 1990s, those who started businesses during the 1970s and the 1980s are more dependent on guanxi behaviors. Meanwhile, the higher the level of education, the less an entrepreneur is likely to be dependent on guanxi behaviors. However, compared with the constraint of the degree of regional marketization, regional guanxi culture promotes entrepreneurs＇ guanxi behaviors. Further research indicates that the more enterprises depart from regional guanxi culture, the stronger the ability to innovation. This study can not only enrich the institutional analysis of entrepreneurs＇ guanxi behaviors, but also provide a theoretical foundation for further expansion and deepening of reform.展开更多
The relationship between the paleolithic-neolithic cultural transition and environmentalevolvement has been a focus of the paleoanthropologists, archeologists, and Quaternary geolo-gists in the world. The analysis res...The relationship between the paleolithic-neolithic cultural transition and environmentalevolvement has been a focus of the paleoanthropologists, archeologists, and Quaternary geolo-gists in the world. The analysis result of the paleoanthropic living environment at Yujiagou site ofNihewan Basin in the north of China shows that the microlithic culture at the Yujiagou site occurredduring the opening centuries of the last deglaciation and developed markedly in the continuouswarm and dry climatic conditions from late period of last deglaciation to early postglacial. Moreover,it also shows that the neolithic culture at the Yujiagou site occurred in the early postglacial anddeveloped rapidly in a warm and humid climatic condition in the Holocene Megathermal. Climatevariation is an important factor leading to the paleolithic-neolithic cultural展开更多
Beidong minorities living together in Qingshui River valley are deeply influenced by Jing and Chu culture. Their ethnic and traditional culture was developed in the process of collision with foreign culture. In the se...Beidong minorities living together in Qingshui River valley are deeply influenced by Jing and Chu culture. Their ethnic and traditional culture was developed in the process of collision with foreign culture. In the several great social transformations,their cultural ecology was not imbalanced,but evolved and developed. Through the study on local knowledge of cultural ecology including agricultural production,ancestral hall and local- style dwelling house,full- scale drama and Yang Drama,genealogical system,marriage customs,religious belief,sacrificial rites and funeral rites,it is expected to reveal reasons and rules of transition of Beidong ethnic culture,favorable for correctly understanding cultural connotation and promote cultural and tourism development in ethnic minority areas.展开更多
基金We are grateful to Shuye Wang, Hai Guo, and seminar participants at Renmin University for helpful comments. Xinchun Li acknowledges the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC projects No. 71232009 and No. 71172167）. All errors are our own.
文摘At the beginning of the reform period, though informal institutions as a substitute for formal institutions efficiently promoted the development of private enterprises, it eroded and destroyed the authority and execution efficiency of formal institutions with guanxi behaviors and implicit rules. With the progress of marketization, how to restrain and guide the evolution of informal institutions is an tmavoidable obstacle for the development of private enterprises-- transforming their competitive strategy from ＂non-market＂ dominance to ＂market＂ dominance. Based on survey data of 2,628 private enterprises from 31 provinces in China, we establish a regional commercial culture index to empirically investigate the different influences of guanxi behavior between entrepreneurs of different ages and regional guanxi culture. The results show that, compared with entrepreneurs who started businesses in recent years, i.e., after the 1990s, those who started businesses during the 1970s and the 1980s are more dependent on guanxi behaviors. Meanwhile, the higher the level of education, the less an entrepreneur is likely to be dependent on guanxi behaviors. However, compared with the constraint of the degree of regional marketization, regional guanxi culture promotes entrepreneurs＇ guanxi behaviors. Further research indicates that the more enterprises depart from regional guanxi culture, the stronger the ability to innovation. This study can not only enrich the institutional analysis of entrepreneurs＇ guanxi behaviors, but also provide a theoretical foundation for further expansion and deepening of reform.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49771074, 49381008)
文摘The relationship between the paleolithic-neolithic cultural transition and environmentalevolvement has been a focus of the paleoanthropologists, archeologists, and Quaternary geolo-gists in the world. The analysis result of the paleoanthropic living environment at Yujiagou site ofNihewan Basin in the north of China shows that the microlithic culture at the Yujiagou site occurredduring the opening centuries of the last deglaciation and developed markedly in the continuouswarm and dry climatic conditions from late period of last deglaciation to early postglacial. Moreover,it also shows that the neolithic culture at the Yujiagou site occurred in the early postglacial anddeveloped rapidly in a warm and humid climatic condition in the Holocene Megathermal. Climatevariation is an important factor leading to the paleolithic-neolithic cultural
基金Supported by Joint Fund of Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Guizhou Normal University(LKS[2011]No.55)
文摘Beidong minorities living together in Qingshui River valley are deeply influenced by Jing and Chu culture. Their ethnic and traditional culture was developed in the process of collision with foreign culture. In the several great social transformations,their cultural ecology was not imbalanced,but evolved and developed. Through the study on local knowledge of cultural ecology including agricultural production,ancestral hall and local- style dwelling house,full- scale drama and Yang Drama,genealogical system,marriage customs,religious belief,sacrificial rites and funeral rites,it is expected to reveal reasons and rules of transition of Beidong ethnic culture,favorable for correctly understanding cultural connotation and promote cultural and tourism development in ethnic minority areas.
